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# Deneb -- The Beacon Chain
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**Notice**: This document is a work-in-progress for researchers and implementers.
## Table of contents
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- [Introduction ](#introduction )
- [Custom types ](#custom-types )
- [Constants ](#constants )
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- [Domain types ](#domain-types )
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- [Blob ](#blob )
- [Preset ](#preset )
- [Execution ](#execution )
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- [Configuration ](#configuration )
- [Containers ](#containers )
- [Extended containers ](#extended-containers )
- [`BeaconBlockBody` ](#beaconblockbody )
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- [`ExecutionPayload` ](#executionpayload )
- [`ExecutionPayloadHeader` ](#executionpayloadheader )
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- [Helper functions ](#helper-functions )
- [Misc ](#misc )
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- [`kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash` ](#kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash )
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- [`tx_peek_blob_versioned_hashes` ](#tx_peek_blob_versioned_hashes )
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- [`verify_kzg_commitments_against_transactions` ](#verify_kzg_commitments_against_transactions )
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- [Beacon chain state transition function ](#beacon-chain-state-transition-function )
- [Block processing ](#block-processing )
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- [Execution payload ](#execution-payload )
- [`process_execution_payload` ](#process_execution_payload )
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- [Blob KZG commitments ](#blob-kzg-commitments )
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- [Testing ](#testing )
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## Introduction
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This upgrade adds blobs to the beacon chain as part of Deneb. This is an extension of the Capella upgrade.
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The blob transactions are packed into the execution payload by the EL/builder with their corresponding blobs being independently transmitted and are limited by `MAX_DATA_GAS_PER_BLOCK // DATA_GAS_PER_BLOB` . However the CL limit is independently defined by `MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK` .
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## Custom types
| Name | SSZ equivalent | Description |
| - | - | - |
| `VersionedHash` | `Bytes32` | |
Free the blobs
This PR reintroduces and further decouples blocks and blobs in EIP-4844,
so as to improve network and processing performance.
Block and blob processing, for the purpose of gossip validation, are
independent: they can both be propagated and gossip-validated
in parallel - the decoupled design allows 4 important optimizations
(or, if you are so inclined, removes 4 unnecessary pessimizations):
* Blocks and blobs travel on independent meshes allowing for better
parallelization and utilization of high-bandwidth peers
* Re-broadcasting after validation can start earlier allowing more
efficient use of upload bandwidth - blocks for example can be
rebroadcast to peers while blobs are still being downloaded
* bandwidth-reduction techniques such as per-peer deduplication are more
efficient because of the smaller message size
* gossip verification happens independently for blocks and blobs,
allowing better sharing / use of CPU and I/O resources in clients
With growing block sizes and additional blob data to stream, the network
streaming time becomes a dominant factor in propagation times - on a
100mbit line, streaming 1mb to 8 peers takes ~1s - this process is
repeated for each hop in both incoming and outgoing directions.
This design in particular sends each blob on a separate subnet, thus
maximising the potential for parallelisation and providing a natural
path for growing the number of blobs per block should the network be
judged to be able to handle it.
Changes compared to the current design include:
* `BlobsSidecar` is split into individual `BlobSidecar` containers -
each container is signed individually by the proposer
* the signature is used during gossip validation but later dropped.
* KZG commitment verification is moved out of the gossip pipeline and
instead done before fork choice addition, when both block and sidecars
have arrived
* clients may verify individual blob commitments earlier
* more generally and similar to block verification, gossip propagation
is performed solely based on trivial consistency checks and proposer
signature verification
* by-root blob requests are done per-blob, so as to retain the ability
to fill in blobs one-by-one assuming clients generally receive blobs
from gossip
* by-range blob requests are done per-block, so as to simplify
historical sync
* range and root requests are limited to `128` entries for both blocks
and blobs - practically, the current higher limit of `1024` for blocks
does not get used and keeping the limits consistent simplifies
implementation - with the merge, block sizes have grown significantly
and clients generally fetch smaller chunks.
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| `BlobIndex` | `uint64` | |
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## Constants
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### Domain types
| Name | Value |
| - | - |
| `DOMAIN_BLOB_SIDECAR` | `DomainType('0x0B000000')` |
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### Blob
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| Name | Value |
| - | - |
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| `BLOB_TX_TYPE` | `uint8(0x03)` |
Free the blobs
This PR reintroduces and further decouples blocks and blobs in EIP-4844,
so as to improve network and processing performance.
Block and blob processing, for the purpose of gossip validation, are
independent: they can both be propagated and gossip-validated
in parallel - the decoupled design allows 4 important optimizations
(or, if you are so inclined, removes 4 unnecessary pessimizations):
* Blocks and blobs travel on independent meshes allowing for better
parallelization and utilization of high-bandwidth peers
* Re-broadcasting after validation can start earlier allowing more
efficient use of upload bandwidth - blocks for example can be
rebroadcast to peers while blobs are still being downloaded
* bandwidth-reduction techniques such as per-peer deduplication are more
efficient because of the smaller message size
* gossip verification happens independently for blocks and blobs,
allowing better sharing / use of CPU and I/O resources in clients
With growing block sizes and additional blob data to stream, the network
streaming time becomes a dominant factor in propagation times - on a
100mbit line, streaming 1mb to 8 peers takes ~1s - this process is
repeated for each hop in both incoming and outgoing directions.
This design in particular sends each blob on a separate subnet, thus
maximising the potential for parallelisation and providing a natural
path for growing the number of blobs per block should the network be
judged to be able to handle it.
Changes compared to the current design include:
* `BlobsSidecar` is split into individual `BlobSidecar` containers -
each container is signed individually by the proposer
* the signature is used during gossip validation but later dropped.
* KZG commitment verification is moved out of the gossip pipeline and
instead done before fork choice addition, when both block and sidecars
have arrived
* clients may verify individual blob commitments earlier
* more generally and similar to block verification, gossip propagation
is performed solely based on trivial consistency checks and proposer
signature verification
* by-root blob requests are done per-blob, so as to retain the ability
to fill in blobs one-by-one assuming clients generally receive blobs
from gossip
* by-range blob requests are done per-block, so as to simplify
historical sync
* range and root requests are limited to `128` entries for both blocks
and blobs - practically, the current higher limit of `1024` for blocks
does not get used and keeping the limits consistent simplifies
implementation - with the merge, block sizes have grown significantly
and clients generally fetch smaller chunks.
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| `VERSIONED_HASH_VERSION_KZG` | `Bytes1('0x01')` |
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## Preset
### Execution
| Name | Value |
| - | - |
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| `MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK` | `uint64(2**12)` (= 4096) | hardfork independent fixed theoretical limit same as `LIMIT_BLOBS_PER_TX` (see EIP 4844) |
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| `MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK` | `uint64(2**2)` (= 4) | Maximum number of blobs in a single block limited by `MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK` |
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## Configuration
## Containers
### Extended containers
#### `BeaconBlockBody`
Note: `BeaconBlock` and `SignedBeaconBlock` types are updated indirectly.
```python
class BeaconBlockBody(Container):
randao_reveal: BLSSignature
eth1_data: Eth1Data # Eth1 data vote
graffiti: Bytes32 # Arbitrary data
# Operations
proposer_slashings: List[ProposerSlashing, MAX_PROPOSER_SLASHINGS]
attester_slashings: List[AttesterSlashing, MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS]
attestations: List[Attestation, MAX_ATTESTATIONS]
deposits: List[Deposit, MAX_DEPOSITS]
voluntary_exits: List[SignedVoluntaryExit, MAX_VOLUNTARY_EXITS]
sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate
# Execution
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execution_payload: ExecutionPayload # [Modified in Deneb]
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bls_to_execution_changes: List[SignedBLSToExecutionChange, MAX_BLS_TO_EXECUTION_CHANGES]
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blob_kzg_commitments: List[KZGCommitment, MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK] # [New in Deneb]
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```
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#### `ExecutionPayload`
```python
class ExecutionPayload(Container):
# Execution block header fields
parent_hash: Hash32
fee_recipient: ExecutionAddress # 'beneficiary' in the yellow paper
state_root: Bytes32
receipts_root: Bytes32
logs_bloom: ByteVector[BYTES_PER_LOGS_BLOOM]
prev_randao: Bytes32 # 'difficulty' in the yellow paper
block_number: uint64 # 'number' in the yellow paper
gas_limit: uint64
gas_used: uint64
timestamp: uint64
extra_data: ByteList[MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES]
base_fee_per_gas: uint256
# Extra payload fields
block_hash: Hash32 # Hash of execution block
transactions: List[Transaction, MAX_TRANSACTIONS_PER_PAYLOAD]
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withdrawals: List[Withdrawal, MAX_WITHDRAWALS_PER_PAYLOAD]
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excess_data_gas: uint256 # [New in Deneb]
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```
#### `ExecutionPayloadHeader`
```python
class ExecutionPayloadHeader(Container):
# Execution block header fields
parent_hash: Hash32
fee_recipient: ExecutionAddress
state_root: Bytes32
receipts_root: Bytes32
logs_bloom: ByteVector[BYTES_PER_LOGS_BLOOM]
prev_randao: Bytes32
block_number: uint64
gas_limit: uint64
gas_used: uint64
timestamp: uint64
extra_data: ByteList[MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES]
base_fee_per_gas: uint256
# Extra payload fields
block_hash: Hash32 # Hash of execution block
transactions_root: Root
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withdrawals_root: Root
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excess_data_gas: uint256 # [New in Deneb]
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```
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## Helper functions
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### Misc
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#### `kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash`
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```python
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def kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash(kzg_commitment: KZGCommitment) -> VersionedHash:
return VERSIONED_HASH_VERSION_KZG + hash(kzg_commitment)[1:]
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```
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#### `tx_peek_blob_versioned_hashes`
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This function retrieves the hashes from the `SignedBlobTransaction` as defined in Deneb, using SSZ offsets.
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Offsets are little-endian `uint32` values, as defined in the [SSZ specification ](../../ssz/simple-serialize.md ).
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See [the full details of `blob_versioned_hashes` offset calculation ](https://gist.github.com/protolambda/23bd106b66f6d4bb854ce46044aa3ca3 ).
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```python
def tx_peek_blob_versioned_hashes(opaque_tx: Transaction) -> Sequence[VersionedHash]:
assert opaque_tx[0] == BLOB_TX_TYPE
message_offset = 1 + uint32.decode_bytes(opaque_tx[1:5])
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# field offset: 32 + 8 + 32 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 32 + 4 + 4 + 32 = 188
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blob_versioned_hashes_offset = (
message_offset
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+ uint32.decode_bytes(opaque_tx[(message_offset + 188):(message_offset + 192)])
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)
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# `VersionedHash` is a 32-byte object
assert (len(opaque_tx) - blob_versioned_hashes_offset) % 32 == 0
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return [
VersionedHash(opaque_tx[x:(x + 32)])
for x in range(blob_versioned_hashes_offset, len(opaque_tx), 32)
]
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```
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#### `verify_kzg_commitments_against_transactions`
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```python
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def verify_kzg_commitments_against_transactions(transactions: Sequence[Transaction],
kzg_commitments: Sequence[KZGCommitment]) -> bool:
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all_versioned_hashes: List[VersionedHash] = []
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for tx in transactions:
if tx[0] == BLOB_TX_TYPE:
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all_versioned_hashes += tx_peek_blob_versioned_hashes(tx)
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return all_versioned_hashes == [kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash(commitment) for commitment in kzg_commitments]
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```
## Beacon chain state transition function
### Block processing
```python
def process_block(state: BeaconState, block: BeaconBlock) -> None:
process_block_header(state, block)
if is_execution_enabled(state, block.body):
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process_withdrawals(state, block.body.execution_payload)
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process_execution_payload(state, block.body.execution_payload, EXECUTION_ENGINE) # [Modified in Deneb]
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process_randao(state, block.body)
process_eth1_data(state, block.body)
process_operations(state, block.body)
process_sync_aggregate(state, block.body.sync_aggregate)
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process_blob_kzg_commitments(block.body) # [New in Deneb]
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```
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#### Execution payload
##### `process_execution_payload`
```python
def process_execution_payload(state: BeaconState, payload: ExecutionPayload, execution_engine: ExecutionEngine) -> None:
# Verify consistency of the parent hash with respect to the previous execution payload header
if is_merge_transition_complete(state):
assert payload.parent_hash == state.latest_execution_payload_header.block_hash
# Verify prev_randao
assert payload.prev_randao == get_randao_mix(state, get_current_epoch(state))
# Verify timestamp
assert payload.timestamp == compute_timestamp_at_slot(state, state.slot)
# Verify the execution payload is valid
assert execution_engine.notify_new_payload(payload)
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# Cache execution payload header
state.latest_execution_payload_header = ExecutionPayloadHeader(
parent_hash=payload.parent_hash,
fee_recipient=payload.fee_recipient,
state_root=payload.state_root,
receipts_root=payload.receipts_root,
logs_bloom=payload.logs_bloom,
prev_randao=payload.prev_randao,
block_number=payload.block_number,
gas_limit=payload.gas_limit,
gas_used=payload.gas_used,
timestamp=payload.timestamp,
extra_data=payload.extra_data,
base_fee_per_gas=payload.base_fee_per_gas,
block_hash=payload.block_hash,
transactions_root=hash_tree_root(payload.transactions),
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withdrawals_root=hash_tree_root(payload.withdrawals),
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excess_data_gas=payload.excess_data_gas, # [New in Deneb]
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)
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```
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#### Blob KZG commitments
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```python
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def process_blob_kzg_commitments(body: BeaconBlockBody) -> None:
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assert len(body.blob_kzg_commitments) < = MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK
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assert verify_kzg_commitments_against_transactions(body.execution_payload.transactions, body.blob_kzg_commitments)
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```
## Testing
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*Note*: The function `initialize_beacon_state_from_eth1` is modified for pure Deneb testing only.
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The `BeaconState` initialization is unchanged, except for the use of the updated `deneb.BeaconBlockBody` type
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when initializing the first body-root.
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```python
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def initialize_beacon_state_from_eth1(eth1_block_hash: Hash32,
eth1_timestamp: uint64,
deposits: Sequence[Deposit],
execution_payload_header: ExecutionPayloadHeader=ExecutionPayloadHeader()
) -> BeaconState:
fork = Fork(
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previous_version=DENEB_FORK_VERSION, # [Modified in Deneb] for testing only
current_version=DENEB_FORK_VERSION, # [Modified in Deneb]
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epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH,
)
state = BeaconState(
genesis_time=eth1_timestamp + GENESIS_DELAY,
fork=fork,
eth1_data=Eth1Data(block_hash=eth1_block_hash, deposit_count=uint64(len(deposits))),
latest_block_header=BeaconBlockHeader(body_root=hash_tree_root(BeaconBlockBody())),
randao_mixes=[eth1_block_hash] * EPOCHS_PER_HISTORICAL_VECTOR, # Seed RANDAO with Eth1 entropy
)
# Process deposits
leaves = list(map(lambda deposit: deposit.data, deposits))
for index, deposit in enumerate(deposits):
deposit_data_list = List[DepositData, 2**DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH](*leaves[:index + 1])
state.eth1_data.deposit_root = hash_tree_root(deposit_data_list)
process_deposit(state, deposit)
# Process activations
for index, validator in enumerate(state.validators):
balance = state.balances[index]
validator.effective_balance = min(balance - balance % EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT, MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE)
if validator.effective_balance == MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE:
validator.activation_eligibility_epoch = GENESIS_EPOCH
validator.activation_epoch = GENESIS_EPOCH
# Set genesis validators root for domain separation and chain versioning
state.genesis_validators_root = hash_tree_root(state.validators)
# Fill in sync committees
# Note: A duplicate committee is assigned for the current and next committee at genesis
state.current_sync_committee = get_next_sync_committee(state)
state.next_sync_committee = get_next_sync_committee(state)
# Initialize the execution payload header
# If empty, will initialize a chain that has not yet gone through the Merge transition
state.latest_execution_payload_header = execution_payload_header
return state
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```