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eth2.0-specs/specs/altair/light-client/sync-protocol.md

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# Altair Light Client -- Sync Protocol
**Notice**: This document is a work-in-progress for researchers and implementers.
## Table of contents
<!-- TOC -->
<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
- [Introduction](#introduction)
- [Constants](#constants)
- [Preset](#preset)
- [Misc](#misc)
- [Containers](#containers)
- [`LightClientHeader`](#lightclientheader)
- [`LightClientBootstrap`](#lightclientbootstrap)
- [`LightClientUpdate`](#lightclientupdate)
- [`LightClientFinalityUpdate`](#lightclientfinalityupdate)
- [`LightClientOptimisticUpdate`](#lightclientoptimisticupdate)
- [`LightClientStore`](#lightclientstore)
- [Helper functions](#helper-functions)
- [`is_valid_light_client_header`](#is_valid_light_client_header)
- [`is_sync_committee_update`](#is_sync_committee_update)
- [`is_finality_update`](#is_finality_update)
- [`is_better_update`](#is_better_update)
- [`is_next_sync_committee_known`](#is_next_sync_committee_known)
- [`get_safety_threshold`](#get_safety_threshold)
- [`get_subtree_index`](#get_subtree_index)
- [`compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot`](#compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot)
- [Light client initialization](#light-client-initialization)
- [`initialize_light_client_store`](#initialize_light_client_store)
- [Light client state updates](#light-client-state-updates)
- [`validate_light_client_update`](#validate_light_client_update)
- [`apply_light_client_update`](#apply_light_client_update)
- [`process_light_client_store_force_update`](#process_light_client_store_force_update)
- [`process_light_client_update`](#process_light_client_update)
- [`process_light_client_finality_update`](#process_light_client_finality_update)
- [`process_light_client_optimistic_update`](#process_light_client_optimistic_update)
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- /TOC -->
## Introduction
The beacon chain is designed to be light client friendly for constrained environments to
access Ethereum with reasonable safety and liveness.
Such environments include resource-constrained devices (e.g. phones for trust-minimized wallets)
and metered VMs (e.g. blockchain VMs for cross-chain bridges).
This document suggests a minimal light client design for the beacon chain that
uses sync committees introduced in [this beacon chain extension](../beacon-chain.md).
Additional documents describe how the light client sync protocol can be used:
- [Full node](./full-node.md)
- [Light client](./light-client.md)
- [Networking](./p2p-interface.md)
## Constants
| Name | Value |
| - | - |
| `FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX` | `get_generalized_index(BeaconState, 'finalized_checkpoint', 'root')` (= 105) |
| `CURRENT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX` | `get_generalized_index(BeaconState, 'current_sync_committee')` (= 54) |
| `NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX` | `get_generalized_index(BeaconState, 'next_sync_committee')` (= 55) |
## Preset
### Misc
| Name | Value | Unit | Duration |
| - | - | - | - |
| `MIN_SYNC_COMMITTEE_PARTICIPANTS` | `1` | validators | |
| `UPDATE_TIMEOUT` | `SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * EPOCHS_PER_SYNC_COMMITTEE_PERIOD` | slots | ~27.3 hours |
## Containers
### `LightClientHeader`
```python
class LightClientHeader(Container):
# Beacon block header
beacon: BeaconBlockHeader
```
Future upgrades may introduce additional fields to this structure, and validate them by extending [`is_valid_light_client_header`](#is_valid_light_client_header).
### `LightClientBootstrap`
```python
class LightClientBootstrap(Container):
# Header matching the requested beacon block root
header: LightClientHeader
# Current sync committee corresponding to `header.beacon.state_root`
current_sync_committee: SyncCommittee
current_sync_committee_branch: Vector[Bytes32, floorlog2(CURRENT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX)]
```
### `LightClientUpdate`
```python
class LightClientUpdate(Container):
# Header attested to by the sync committee
attested_header: LightClientHeader
# Next sync committee corresponding to `attested_header.beacon.state_root`
next_sync_committee: SyncCommittee
next_sync_committee_branch: Vector[Bytes32, floorlog2(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX)]
# Finalized header corresponding to `attested_header.beacon.state_root`
finalized_header: LightClientHeader
finality_branch: Vector[Bytes32, floorlog2(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX)]
# Sync committee aggregate signature
sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate
# Slot at which the aggregate signature was created (untrusted)
signature_slot: Slot
```
### `LightClientFinalityUpdate`
```python
class LightClientFinalityUpdate(Container):
# Header attested to by the sync committee
attested_header: LightClientHeader
# Finalized header corresponding to `attested_header.beacon.state_root`
finalized_header: LightClientHeader
finality_branch: Vector[Bytes32, floorlog2(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX)]
# Sync committee aggregate signature
sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate
# Slot at which the aggregate signature was created (untrusted)
signature_slot: Slot
```
### `LightClientOptimisticUpdate`
```python
class LightClientOptimisticUpdate(Container):
# Header attested to by the sync committee
attested_header: LightClientHeader
# Sync committee aggregate signature
sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate
# Slot at which the aggregate signature was created (untrusted)
signature_slot: Slot
```
### `LightClientStore`
```python
@dataclass
class LightClientStore(object):
# Header that is finalized
finalized_header: LightClientHeader
# Sync committees corresponding to the finalized header
current_sync_committee: SyncCommittee
next_sync_committee: SyncCommittee
# Best available header to switch finalized head to if we see nothing else
best_valid_update: Optional[LightClientUpdate]
# Most recent available reasonably-safe header
optimistic_header: LightClientHeader
# Max number of active participants in a sync committee (used to calculate safety threshold)
previous_max_active_participants: uint64
current_max_active_participants: uint64
```
## Helper functions
### `is_valid_light_client_header`
```python
def is_valid_light_client_header(header: LightClientHeader) -> bool:
# pylint: disable=unused-argument
return True
```
### `is_sync_committee_update`
```python
def is_sync_committee_update(update: LightClientUpdate) -> bool:
return update.next_sync_committee_branch != [Bytes32() for _ in range(floorlog2(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX))]
```
### `is_finality_update`
```python
def is_finality_update(update: LightClientUpdate) -> bool:
return update.finality_branch != [Bytes32() for _ in range(floorlog2(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX))]
```
### `is_better_update`
```python
def is_better_update(new_update: LightClientUpdate, old_update: LightClientUpdate) -> bool:
# Compare supermajority (> 2/3) sync committee participation
max_active_participants = len(new_update.sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits)
new_num_active_participants = sum(new_update.sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits)
old_num_active_participants = sum(old_update.sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits)
new_has_supermajority = new_num_active_participants * 3 >= max_active_participants * 2
old_has_supermajority = old_num_active_participants * 3 >= max_active_participants * 2
if new_has_supermajority != old_has_supermajority:
return new_has_supermajority > old_has_supermajority
if not new_has_supermajority and new_num_active_participants != old_num_active_participants:
return new_num_active_participants > old_num_active_participants
# Compare presence of relevant sync committee
new_has_relevant_sync_committee = is_sync_committee_update(new_update) and (
compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(new_update.attested_header.beacon.slot)
== compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(new_update.signature_slot)
)
old_has_relevant_sync_committee = is_sync_committee_update(old_update) and (
compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(old_update.attested_header.beacon.slot)
== compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(old_update.signature_slot)
)
if new_has_relevant_sync_committee != old_has_relevant_sync_committee:
return new_has_relevant_sync_committee
# Compare indication of any finality
new_has_finality = is_finality_update(new_update)
old_has_finality = is_finality_update(old_update)
if new_has_finality != old_has_finality:
return new_has_finality
# Compare sync committee finality
if new_has_finality:
new_has_sync_committee_finality = (
compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(new_update.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
== compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(new_update.attested_header.beacon.slot)
)
old_has_sync_committee_finality = (
compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(old_update.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
== compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(old_update.attested_header.beacon.slot)
)
if new_has_sync_committee_finality != old_has_sync_committee_finality:
return new_has_sync_committee_finality
# Tiebreaker 1: Sync committee participation beyond supermajority
if new_num_active_participants != old_num_active_participants:
return new_num_active_participants > old_num_active_participants
# Tiebreaker 2: Prefer older data (fewer changes to best)
if new_update.attested_header.beacon.slot != old_update.attested_header.beacon.slot:
return new_update.attested_header.beacon.slot < old_update.attested_header.beacon.slot
return new_update.signature_slot < old_update.signature_slot
```
### `is_next_sync_committee_known`
```python
def is_next_sync_committee_known(store: LightClientStore) -> bool:
return store.next_sync_committee != SyncCommittee()
```
### `get_safety_threshold`
```python
def get_safety_threshold(store: LightClientStore) -> uint64:
return max(
store.previous_max_active_participants,
store.current_max_active_participants,
) // 2
```
### `get_subtree_index`
```python
def get_subtree_index(generalized_index: GeneralizedIndex) -> uint64:
return uint64(generalized_index % 2**(floorlog2(generalized_index)))
```
### `compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot`
```python
def compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(slot: Slot) -> uint64:
return compute_sync_committee_period(compute_epoch_at_slot(slot))
```
## Light client initialization
A light client maintains its state in a `store` object of type `LightClientStore`. `initialize_light_client_store` initializes a new `store` with a received `LightClientBootstrap` derived from a given `trusted_block_root`.
### `initialize_light_client_store`
```python
def initialize_light_client_store(trusted_block_root: Root,
bootstrap: LightClientBootstrap) -> LightClientStore:
assert is_valid_light_client_header(bootstrap.header)
assert hash_tree_root(bootstrap.header.beacon) == trusted_block_root
assert is_valid_merkle_branch(
leaf=hash_tree_root(bootstrap.current_sync_committee),
branch=bootstrap.current_sync_committee_branch,
depth=floorlog2(CURRENT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX),
index=get_subtree_index(CURRENT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX),
root=bootstrap.header.beacon.state_root,
)
return LightClientStore(
finalized_header=bootstrap.header,
current_sync_committee=bootstrap.current_sync_committee,
next_sync_committee=SyncCommittee(),
best_valid_update=None,
optimistic_header=bootstrap.header,
previous_max_active_participants=0,
current_max_active_participants=0,
)
```
## Light client state updates
- A light client receives objects of type `LightClientUpdate`, `LightClientFinalityUpdate` and `LightClientOptimisticUpdate`:
- **`update: LightClientUpdate`**: Every `update` triggers `process_light_client_update(store, update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)` where `current_slot` is the current slot based on a local clock.
- **`finality_update: LightClientFinalityUpdate`**: Every `finality_update` triggers `process_light_client_finality_update(store, finality_update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)`.
- **`optimistic_update: LightClientOptimisticUpdate`**: Every `optimistic_update` triggers `process_light_client_optimistic_update(store, optimistic_update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)`.
- `process_light_client_store_force_update` MAY be called based on use case dependent heuristics if light client sync appears stuck.
### `validate_light_client_update`
```python
def validate_light_client_update(store: LightClientStore,
update: LightClientUpdate,
current_slot: Slot,
genesis_validators_root: Root) -> None:
# Verify sync committee has sufficient participants
sync_aggregate = update.sync_aggregate
assert sum(sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits) >= MIN_SYNC_COMMITTEE_PARTICIPANTS
# Verify update does not skip a sync committee period
assert is_valid_light_client_header(update.attested_header)
update_attested_slot = update.attested_header.beacon.slot
update_finalized_slot = update.finalized_header.beacon.slot
assert current_slot >= update.signature_slot > update_attested_slot >= update_finalized_slot
store_period = compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(store.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
update_signature_period = compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(update.signature_slot)
if is_next_sync_committee_known(store):
assert update_signature_period in (store_period, store_period + 1)
else:
assert update_signature_period == store_period
# Verify update is relevant
update_attested_period = compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(update_attested_slot)
update_has_next_sync_committee = not is_next_sync_committee_known(store) and (
is_sync_committee_update(update) and update_attested_period == store_period
)
assert (
update_attested_slot > store.finalized_header.beacon.slot
or update_has_next_sync_committee
)
# Verify that the `finality_branch`, if present, confirms `finalized_header`
# to match the finalized checkpoint root saved in the state of `attested_header`.
# Note that the genesis finalized checkpoint root is represented as a zero hash.
if not is_finality_update(update):
assert update.finalized_header == LightClientHeader()
else:
if update_finalized_slot == GENESIS_SLOT:
assert update.finalized_header == LightClientHeader()
finalized_root = Bytes32()
else:
assert is_valid_light_client_header(update.finalized_header)
finalized_root = hash_tree_root(update.finalized_header.beacon)
assert is_valid_merkle_branch(
leaf=finalized_root,
branch=update.finality_branch,
depth=floorlog2(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX),
index=get_subtree_index(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX),
root=update.attested_header.beacon.state_root,
)
# Verify that the `next_sync_committee`, if present, actually is the next sync committee saved in the
# state of the `attested_header`
if not is_sync_committee_update(update):
assert update.next_sync_committee == SyncCommittee()
else:
if update_attested_period == store_period and is_next_sync_committee_known(store):
assert update.next_sync_committee == store.next_sync_committee
assert is_valid_merkle_branch(
leaf=hash_tree_root(update.next_sync_committee),
branch=update.next_sync_committee_branch,
depth=floorlog2(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX),
index=get_subtree_index(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX),
root=update.attested_header.beacon.state_root,
)
# Verify sync committee aggregate signature
if update_signature_period == store_period:
sync_committee = store.current_sync_committee
else:
sync_committee = store.next_sync_committee
participant_pubkeys = [
pubkey for (bit, pubkey) in zip(sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits, sync_committee.pubkeys)
if bit
]
fork_version = compute_fork_version(compute_epoch_at_slot(update.signature_slot))
domain = compute_domain(DOMAIN_SYNC_COMMITTEE, fork_version, genesis_validators_root)
signing_root = compute_signing_root(update.attested_header.beacon, domain)
assert bls.FastAggregateVerify(participant_pubkeys, signing_root, sync_aggregate.sync_committee_signature)
```
### `apply_light_client_update`
```python
def apply_light_client_update(store: LightClientStore, update: LightClientUpdate) -> None:
store_period = compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(store.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
update_finalized_period = compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(update.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
if not is_next_sync_committee_known(store):
assert update_finalized_period == store_period
store.next_sync_committee = update.next_sync_committee
elif update_finalized_period == store_period + 1:
store.current_sync_committee = store.next_sync_committee
store.next_sync_committee = update.next_sync_committee
store.previous_max_active_participants = store.current_max_active_participants
store.current_max_active_participants = 0
if update.finalized_header.beacon.slot > store.finalized_header.beacon.slot:
store.finalized_header = update.finalized_header
if store.finalized_header.beacon.slot > store.optimistic_header.beacon.slot:
store.optimistic_header = store.finalized_header
```
### `process_light_client_store_force_update`
```python
def process_light_client_store_force_update(store: LightClientStore, current_slot: Slot) -> None:
if (
current_slot > store.finalized_header.beacon.slot + UPDATE_TIMEOUT
and store.best_valid_update is not None
):
# Forced best update when the update timeout has elapsed.
# Because the apply logic waits for `finalized_header.beacon.slot` to indicate sync committee finality,
# the `attested_header` may be treated as `finalized_header` in extended periods of non-finality
# to guarantee progression into later sync committee periods according to `is_better_update`.
if store.best_valid_update.finalized_header.beacon.slot <= store.finalized_header.beacon.slot:
store.best_valid_update.finalized_header = store.best_valid_update.attested_header
apply_light_client_update(store, store.best_valid_update)
store.best_valid_update = None
```
### `process_light_client_update`
```python
def process_light_client_update(store: LightClientStore,
update: LightClientUpdate,
current_slot: Slot,
genesis_validators_root: Root) -> None:
validate_light_client_update(store, update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)
sync_committee_bits = update.sync_aggregate.sync_committee_bits
# Update the best update in case we have to force-update to it if the timeout elapses
if (
store.best_valid_update is None
or is_better_update(update, store.best_valid_update)
):
store.best_valid_update = update
# Track the maximum number of active participants in the committee signatures
store.current_max_active_participants = max(
store.current_max_active_participants,
sum(sync_committee_bits),
)
# Update the optimistic header
if (
sum(sync_committee_bits) > get_safety_threshold(store)
and update.attested_header.beacon.slot > store.optimistic_header.beacon.slot
):
store.optimistic_header = update.attested_header
# Update finalized header
update_has_finalized_next_sync_committee = (
not is_next_sync_committee_known(store)
and is_sync_committee_update(update) and is_finality_update(update) and (
compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(update.finalized_header.beacon.slot)
== compute_sync_committee_period_at_slot(update.attested_header.beacon.slot)
)
)
if (
sum(sync_committee_bits) * 3 >= len(sync_committee_bits) * 2
and (
update.finalized_header.beacon.slot > store.finalized_header.beacon.slot
or update_has_finalized_next_sync_committee
)
):
# Normal update through 2/3 threshold
apply_light_client_update(store, update)
store.best_valid_update = None
```
### `process_light_client_finality_update`
```python
def process_light_client_finality_update(store: LightClientStore,
finality_update: LightClientFinalityUpdate,
current_slot: Slot,
genesis_validators_root: Root) -> None:
update = LightClientUpdate(
attested_header=finality_update.attested_header,
next_sync_committee=SyncCommittee(),
next_sync_committee_branch=[Bytes32() for _ in range(floorlog2(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX))],
finalized_header=finality_update.finalized_header,
finality_branch=finality_update.finality_branch,
sync_aggregate=finality_update.sync_aggregate,
signature_slot=finality_update.signature_slot,
)
process_light_client_update(store, update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)
```
### `process_light_client_optimistic_update`
```python
def process_light_client_optimistic_update(store: LightClientStore,
optimistic_update: LightClientOptimisticUpdate,
current_slot: Slot,
genesis_validators_root: Root) -> None:
update = LightClientUpdate(
attested_header=optimistic_update.attested_header,
next_sync_committee=SyncCommittee(),
next_sync_committee_branch=[Bytes32() for _ in range(floorlog2(NEXT_SYNC_COMMITTEE_INDEX))],
finalized_header=LightClientHeader(),
finality_branch=[Bytes32() for _ in range(floorlog2(FINALIZED_ROOT_INDEX))],
sync_aggregate=optimistic_update.sync_aggregate,
signature_slot=optimistic_update.signature_slot,
)
process_light_client_update(store, update, current_slot, genesis_validators_root)
```
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