eth2.0-specs/specs/simple-serialize.md

SimpleSerialize (SSZ)

This is a work in progress describing typing, serialization and Merkleization of Ethereum 2.0 objects.

Table of contents

• Constants
• Typing
  • Basic types
  • Composite types
  • Aliases
  • Default values
• Serialization
  • "uintN"
  • "bool"
  • Containers, vectors, lists
• Deserialization
• Merkleization
• Self-signed containers
• Implementations

Constants

Name	Value	Description
BYTES_PER_CHUNK	32	Number of bytes per chunk.
BYTES_PER_LENGTH_OFFSET	4	Number of bytes per serialized length offset.
BITS_PER_BYTE	8	Number of bits per byte.

Typing

Basic types

• "uintN": N-bit unsigned integer (where N in [8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256])
• "bool": True or False

Composite types

• container: ordered heterogeneous collection of values
  • key-pair curly bracket notation {}, e.g. {"foo": "uint64", "bar": "bool"}
• vector: ordered fixed-length homogeneous collection of values
  • angle bracket notation [type, N], e.g. ["uint64", N]
• list: ordered variable-length homogeneous collection of values
  • angle bracket notation [type], e.g. ["uint64"]

We recursively define "variable-size" types to be lists and all types that contains a variable-size type. All other types are said to be "fixed-size".

Aliases

For convenience we alias:

• "byte" to "uint8" (this is a basic type)
• "bytes" to ["byte"] (this is not a basic type)
• "bytesN" to ["byte", N] (this is not a basic type)

Default values

The default value of a type upon initialization is recursively defined using 0 for "uintN", False for "bool", and [] for lists.

Serialization

We recursively define the serialize function which consumes an object value (of the type specified) and returns a bytestring of type "bytes".

Note: In the function definitions below (serialize, hash_tree_root, signing_root, is_variable_size, etc.) objects implicitly carry their type.

"uintN"

assert N in [8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256]
return value.to_bytes(N // 8, "little")

"bool"

assert value in (True, False)
return b"\x01" if value is True else b"\x00"

Containers, vectors, lists

# Reccursively serialize
fixed_parts = [serialize(element) if not is_variable_size(element) else None for element in value]
variable_parts = [serialize(element) if is_variable_size(element) else b"" for element in value]

# Compute and check lengths
fixed_lengths = [len(part) if part != None else BYTES_PER_LENGTH_OFFSET for part in fixed_parts]
variable_lengths = [len(part) for part in variable_parts]
assert sum(fixed_lengths + variable_lengths) < 2**(BYTES_PER_LENGTH_OFFSET * BITS_PER_BYTE)

# Interleave offsets of variable-size parts with fixed-size parts
variable_offsets = [serialize(sum(fixed_lengths + variable_lengths[:i])) for i in range(len(value))]
fixed_parts = [part if part != None else variable_offsets[i] for i, part in enumerate(fixed_parts)]

# Return the concatenation of the fixed-size parts (offsets interleaved) with the variable-size parts
return b"".join(fixed_parts + variable_parts)

Deserialization

Because serialization is an injective function (i.e. two distinct objects of the same type will serialize to different values) any bytestring has at most one object it could deserialize to. Efficient algorithms for computing this object can be found in the implementations.

Merkleization

We first define helper functions:

• pack: Given ordered objects of the same basic type, serialize them, pack them into BYTES_PER_CHUNK-byte chunks, right-pad the last chunk with zero bytes, and return the chunks.
• merkleize: Given ordered BYTES_PER_CHUNK-byte chunks, if necessary append zero chunks so that the number of chunks is a power of two, Merkleize the chunks, and return the root.
• mix_in_length: Given a Merkle root root and a length length ("uint256" little-endian serialization) return hash(root + length).

We now define Merkleization hash_tree_root(value) of an object value recursively:

• merkleize(pack(value)) if value is a basic object or a vector of basic objects
• mix_in_length(merkleize(pack(value)), len(value)) if value is a list of basic objects
• merkleize([hash_tree_root(element) for element in value]) if value is a vector of composite objects or a container
• mix_in_length(merkleize([hash_tree_root(element) for element in value]), len(value)) if value is a list of composite objects

Self-signed containers

Let value be a self-signed container object. The convention is that the signature (e.g. a "bytes96" BLS12-381 signature) be the last field of value. Further, the signed message for value is signing_root(value) = hash_tree_root(truncate_last(value)) where truncate_last truncates the last element of value.

Implementations

Language	Project	Maintainer	Implementation
Python	Ethereum 2.0	Ethereum Foundation	https://github.com/ethereum/py-ssz
Rust	Lighthouse	Sigma Prime	https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/tree/master/eth2/utils/ssz
Nim	Nimbus	Status	https://github.com/status-im/nim-beacon-chain/blob/master/beacon_chain/ssz.nim
Rust	Shasper	ParityTech	https://github.com/paritytech/shasper/tree/master/util/ssz
TypeScript	Lodestar	ChainSafe Systems	https://github.com/ChainSafe/ssz-js
Java	Cava	ConsenSys	https://www.github.com/ConsenSys/cava/tree/master/ssz
Go	Prysm	Prysmatic Labs	https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/tree/master/shared/ssz
Swift	Yeeth	Dean Eigenmann	https://github.com/yeeth/SimpleSerialize.swift
C#		Jordan Andrews	https://github.com/codingupastorm/csharp-ssz
C++			https://github.com/NAKsir-melody/cpp_ssz