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Deneb -- The Beacon Chain

Notice: This document is a work-in-progress for researchers and implementers.

Introduction
Custom types
Constants
- Domain types
- Blob
Preset
- Execution
Configuration
Containers
- Extended containers
Helper functions
- Misc
  - kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash
Beacon chain state transition function
- Execution engine
  - Request data
    - Modified NewPayloadRequest
  - Engine APIs
    - is_valid_versioned_hashes
    - Modified verify_and_notify_new_payload
- Block processing
  - Execution payload
    - Modified process_execution_payload
  - Modified process_voluntary_exit
Testing

Introduction

Deneb is a consensus-layer upgrade containing a number of features. Including:

EIP-4844: Shard Blob Transactions scale data-availability of Ethereum in a simple, forwards-compatible manner
EIP-7044: Perpetually Valid Signed Voluntary Exits

Custom types

Name	SSZ equivalent	Description
`VersionedHash`	`Bytes32`	[New in Deneb:EIP4844]
`BlobIndex`	`uint64`	[New in Deneb:EIP4844]

Constants

Domain types

Name	Value
`DOMAIN_BLOB_SIDECAR`	`DomainType('0x0B000000')`

Blob

Name	Value
`BLOB_TX_TYPE`	`uint8(0x03)`
`VERSIONED_HASH_VERSION_KZG`	`Bytes1('0x01')`

Preset

Execution

Name	Value	Description
`MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK`	`uint64(2**12)` (= 4096)	[New in Deneb:EIP4844] hardfork independent fixed theoretical limit same as `LIMIT_BLOBS_PER_TX` (see EIP 4844)
`MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK`	`uint64(6)`	[New in Deneb:EIP4844] maximum number of blobs in a single block limited by `MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK`

Note: The blob transactions are packed into the execution payload by the EL/builder with their corresponding blobs being independently transmitted and are limited by MAX_DATA_GAS_PER_BLOCK // DATA_GAS_PER_BLOB. However the CL limit is independently defined by MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK.

Configuration

Containers

Extended containers

`BeaconBlockBody`

Note: BeaconBlock and SignedBeaconBlock types are updated indirectly.

class BeaconBlockBody(Container):
    randao_reveal: BLSSignature
    eth1_data: Eth1Data  # Eth1 data vote
    graffiti: Bytes32  # Arbitrary data
    # Operations
    proposer_slashings: List[ProposerSlashing, MAX_PROPOSER_SLASHINGS]
    attester_slashings: List[AttesterSlashing, MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS]
    attestations: List[Attestation, MAX_ATTESTATIONS]
    deposits: List[Deposit, MAX_DEPOSITS]
    voluntary_exits: List[SignedVoluntaryExit, MAX_VOLUNTARY_EXITS]
    sync_aggregate: SyncAggregate
    # Execution
    execution_payload: ExecutionPayload  # [Modified in Deneb:EIP4844]
    bls_to_execution_changes: List[SignedBLSToExecutionChange, MAX_BLS_TO_EXECUTION_CHANGES]
    blob_kzg_commitments: List[KZGCommitment, MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK]  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]

`ExecutionPayload`

class ExecutionPayload(Container):
    # Execution block header fields
    parent_hash: Hash32
    fee_recipient: ExecutionAddress  # 'beneficiary' in the yellow paper
    state_root: Bytes32
    receipts_root: Bytes32
    logs_bloom: ByteVector[BYTES_PER_LOGS_BLOOM]
    prev_randao: Bytes32  # 'difficulty' in the yellow paper
    block_number: uint64  # 'number' in the yellow paper
    gas_limit: uint64
    gas_used: uint64
    timestamp: uint64
    extra_data: ByteList[MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES]
    base_fee_per_gas: uint256
    # Extra payload fields
    block_hash: Hash32  # Hash of execution block
    transactions: List[Transaction, MAX_TRANSACTIONS_PER_PAYLOAD]
    withdrawals: List[Withdrawal, MAX_WITHDRAWALS_PER_PAYLOAD]
    data_gas_used: uint64  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]
    excess_data_gas: uint64  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]

`ExecutionPayloadHeader`

class ExecutionPayloadHeader(Container):
    # Execution block header fields
    parent_hash: Hash32
    fee_recipient: ExecutionAddress
    state_root: Bytes32
    receipts_root: Bytes32
    logs_bloom: ByteVector[BYTES_PER_LOGS_BLOOM]
    prev_randao: Bytes32
    block_number: uint64
    gas_limit: uint64
    gas_used: uint64
    timestamp: uint64
    extra_data: ByteList[MAX_EXTRA_DATA_BYTES]
    base_fee_per_gas: uint256
    # Extra payload fields
    block_hash: Hash32  # Hash of execution block
    transactions_root: Root
    withdrawals_root: Root
    data_gas_used: uint64  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]
    excess_data_gas: uint64  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]

Helper functions

Misc

`kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash`

def kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash(kzg_commitment: KZGCommitment) -> VersionedHash:
    return VERSIONED_HASH_VERSION_KZG + hash(kzg_commitment)[1:]

Beacon chain state transition function

Execution engine

Request data

Modified `NewPayloadRequest`

@dataclass
class NewPayloadRequest(object):
    execution_payload: ExecutionPayload
    versioned_hashes: Sequence[VersionedHash]

Engine APIs

`is_valid_versioned_hashes`

def is_valid_versioned_hashes(self: ExecutionEngine, new_payload_request: NewPayloadRequest) -> bool:
    """
    Return ``True`` if and only if the version hashes computed by the blob transactions of
    ``new_payload_request.execution_payload`` matches ``new_payload_request.version_hashes``.
    """
    ...

Modified `verify_and_notify_new_payload`

def verify_and_notify_new_payload(self: ExecutionEngine,
                                  new_payload_request: NewPayloadRequest) -> bool:
    """
    Return ``True`` if and only if ``new_payload_request`` is valid with respect to ``self.execution_state``.
    """
    if not self.is_valid_block_hash(new_payload_request.execution_payload):
        return False

    # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]
    if not self.is_valid_versioned_hashes(new_payload_request):
        return False

    if not self.notify_new_payload(new_payload_request.execution_payload):
        return False

    return True

Block processing

Execution payload

Modified `process_execution_payload`

def process_execution_payload(state: BeaconState, body: BeaconBlockBody, execution_engine: ExecutionEngine) -> None:
    payload = body.execution_payload

    # Verify consistency of the parent hash with respect to the previous execution payload header
    assert payload.parent_hash == state.latest_execution_payload_header.block_hash
    # Verify prev_randao
    assert payload.prev_randao == get_randao_mix(state, get_current_epoch(state))
    # Verify timestamp
    assert payload.timestamp == compute_timestamp_at_slot(state, state.slot)

    # [New in Deneb:EIP4844] Verify commitments are under limit
    assert len(body.blob_kzg_commitments) <= MAX_BLOBS_PER_BLOCK

    # Verify the execution payload is valid
    # [Modified in Deneb:EIP4844] Pass `versioned_hashes` to Execution Engine
    versioned_hashes = [kzg_commitment_to_versioned_hash(commitment) for commitment in body.blob_kzg_commitments]
    assert execution_engine.verify_and_notify_new_payload(
        NewPayloadRequest(execution_payload=payload, versioned_hashes=versioned_hashes)
    )

    # Cache execution payload header
    state.latest_execution_payload_header = ExecutionPayloadHeader(
        parent_hash=payload.parent_hash,
        fee_recipient=payload.fee_recipient,
        state_root=payload.state_root,
        receipts_root=payload.receipts_root,
        logs_bloom=payload.logs_bloom,
        prev_randao=payload.prev_randao,
        block_number=payload.block_number,
        gas_limit=payload.gas_limit,
        gas_used=payload.gas_used,
        timestamp=payload.timestamp,
        extra_data=payload.extra_data,
        base_fee_per_gas=payload.base_fee_per_gas,
        block_hash=payload.block_hash,
        transactions_root=hash_tree_root(payload.transactions),
        withdrawals_root=hash_tree_root(payload.withdrawals),
        data_gas_used=payload.data_gas_used,  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]
        excess_data_gas=payload.excess_data_gas,  # [New in Deneb:EIP4844]
    )

Modified `process_voluntary_exit`

Note: The function process_voluntary_exit is modified to use the a fixed fork version -- CAPELLA_FORK_VERSION -- for EIP-7044

def process_voluntary_exit(state: BeaconState, signed_voluntary_exit: SignedVoluntaryExit) -> None:
    voluntary_exit = signed_voluntary_exit.message
    validator = state.validators[voluntary_exit.validator_index]
    # Verify the validator is active
    assert is_active_validator(validator, get_current_epoch(state))
    # Verify exit has not been initiated
    assert validator.exit_epoch == FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
    # Exits must specify an epoch when they become valid; they are not valid before then
    assert get_current_epoch(state) >= voluntary_exit.epoch
    # Verify the validator has been active long enough
    assert get_current_epoch(state) >= validator.activation_epoch + SHARD_COMMITTEE_PERIOD
    # Verify signature
    # [Modified in Deneb:EIP7044]
    domain = compute_domain(DOMAIN_VOLUNTARY_EXIT, CAPELLA_FORK_VERSION, state.genesis_validators_root)
    signing_root = compute_signing_root(voluntary_exit, domain)
    assert bls.Verify(validator.pubkey, signing_root, signed_voluntary_exit.signature)
    # Initiate exit
    initiate_validator_exit(state, voluntary_exit.validator_index)

Testing

Note: The function initialize_beacon_state_from_eth1 is modified for pure Deneb testing only.

The BeaconState initialization is unchanged, except for the use of the updated deneb.BeaconBlockBody type when initializing the first body-root.

def initialize_beacon_state_from_eth1(eth1_block_hash: Hash32,
                                      eth1_timestamp: uint64,
                                      deposits: Sequence[Deposit],
                                      execution_payload_header: ExecutionPayloadHeader=ExecutionPayloadHeader()
                                      ) -> BeaconState:
    fork = Fork(
        previous_version=DENEB_FORK_VERSION,  # [Modified in Deneb] for testing only
        current_version=DENEB_FORK_VERSION,  # [Modified in Deneb]
        epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH,
    )
    state = BeaconState(
        genesis_time=eth1_timestamp + GENESIS_DELAY,
        fork=fork,
        eth1_data=Eth1Data(block_hash=eth1_block_hash, deposit_count=uint64(len(deposits))),
        latest_block_header=BeaconBlockHeader(body_root=hash_tree_root(BeaconBlockBody())),
        randao_mixes=[eth1_block_hash] * EPOCHS_PER_HISTORICAL_VECTOR,  # Seed RANDAO with Eth1 entropy
    )

    # Process deposits
    leaves = list(map(lambda deposit: deposit.data, deposits))
    for index, deposit in enumerate(deposits):
        deposit_data_list = List[DepositData, 2**DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH](*leaves[:index + 1])
        state.eth1_data.deposit_root = hash_tree_root(deposit_data_list)
        process_deposit(state, deposit)

    # Process activations
    for index, validator in enumerate(state.validators):
        balance = state.balances[index]
        validator.effective_balance = min(balance - balance % EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT, MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE)
        if validator.effective_balance == MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE:
            validator.activation_eligibility_epoch = GENESIS_EPOCH
            validator.activation_epoch = GENESIS_EPOCH

    # Set genesis validators root for domain separation and chain versioning
    state.genesis_validators_root = hash_tree_root(state.validators)

    # Fill in sync committees
    # Note: A duplicate committee is assigned for the current and next committee at genesis
    state.current_sync_committee = get_next_sync_committee(state)
    state.next_sync_committee = get_next_sync_committee(state)

    # Initialize the execution payload header
    # If empty, will initialize a chain that has not yet gone through the Merge transition
    state.latest_execution_payload_header = execution_payload_header

    return state

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