EIPs/EIPS/eip-2098.md

---
eip: 2098
title: Compact Signature Representation
status: Draft
type: Informational
author: Richard Moore (@ricmoo), Nick Johnson <nick@ethereum.org>
discussions-to: https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/2440
created: 2019-03-14
---

## Simple Summary

This proposal describes a compact representation of an Ethereum Signature.


## Abstract

The secp256k1 curve permits the computation of the public key of signed
digest when coupled with a signature, which is used implicitly to
establish the origin of a transaction from an Externally Owned Account
as well as on-chain in EVM contracts for example, in meta-transactions and
multi-sig contracts.

Currently signatures require 65 bytes to represent, which when aligned
to 256-bit words, requires 96 bytes (with 31 zero bytes injected). With
compact signatures, this can be reduced to 64 bytes, which remains 64
bytes when word-aligned.


## Motivation

The motivations for a compact representation are to simplify handling
transactions in client code, reduce gas costs and reduce transaction sizes.


## Specification

A secp256k1 signature is made up of 3 parameters, `r`, `s` and `v`. The `r`
represents the `x` component on the curve (from which the `y` can be
computed), and the `s` represents the challenge solution for signing by a
private key. Due to the symmetric nature of an elliptic curve, a `v` is
required, which indicates which of the 2 possible solutions was intended,
by indicating its parity (odd-ness).

Two key observations are required to create a compact representation.

First, the `v` parameter is always either 0 or 1 (canonically the values used
have been 27 and 28, as these values didn't collide with other binary prefixes
used in Bitcoin.)

Second, the top bit of the `s` parameters is **always** 0, due to the use of
canonical signatures which flip the solution parity to prevent negative values,
which was introduced as [a constraint in Homestead](http://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2).

So, we can hijack the top bit in the `s` parameter to store the value of `v`, resulting in:

```
[256-bit r value][1-bit v value][255-bit s value]
```


### Example Implementation In Python

```python
def to_compact(r, s, v):
    return {
        "r": r,
        "vs": ((v - 27) << 255) | s
    }

def to_canonical(r, vs):
    return {
        "r": r,
        "s": vs & ((1 << 255) - 1),
        "v": (27 + (vs >> 255))
    }
```


## Rationale

The compact representation proposed is simple to both compose and decompose
in clients and in Solidity, so that it can be easily (and intuitively) supported,
while reducing transaction sizes and gas costs.


## Backwards Compatibility

The Compact Representation does not collide with canonical signature as
it uses 2 parameters (r, vs) while canonical signatures involve 3
separate parameters (r, s, v).


## Test Vectors

```
Private Key: 0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
Message: "Hello World"
Signature:
  r:  0x68a020a209d3d56c46f38cc50a33f704f4a9a10a59377f8dd762ac66910e9b90
  s:  0x7e865ad05c4035ab5792787d4a0297a43617ae897930a6fe4d822b8faea52064
  v:  27
Compact Signature:
  r:  0x68a020a209d3d56c46f38cc50a33f704f4a9a10a59377f8dd762ac66910e9b90
  vs: 0x7e865ad05c4035ab5792787d4a0297a43617ae897930a6fe4d822b8faea52064
```

```
Private Key: 0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234
Message: "It's a small(er) world"
Signature:
  r:  0x9328da16089fcba9bececa81663203989f2df5fe1faa6291a45381c81bd17f76
  s:  0x139c6d6b623b42da56557e5e734a43dc83345ddfadec52cbe24d0cc64f550793
  v:  28
Compact Signature:
  r:  0x9328da16089fcba9bececa81663203989f2df5fe1faa6291a45381c81bd17f76
  vs: 0x939c6d6b623b42da56557e5e734a43dc83345ddfadec52cbe24d0cc64f550793  
```


## Gas Analysis

**Solidity**

```
// See: https://ropsten.etherscan.io/address/0xce826fbc499e3723df5668ea90a4bc51aeca13b8

pragma solidity 0.5.6;

contract TestCompact {
    address _lastAddr;
    
    function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public returns (address) {
         _lastAddr = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }

    function recoverCompact(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) public returns (address) {
        bytes32 s = vs & 0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff;
        uint8 v = 27 + uint8(uint256(vs) >> 255);
        _lastAddr = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
    }
    
    function lastAddr() public view returns (address) {
        return _lastAddr;
    }
}
```

**JavaScript**

```
let address = "0xcE826fbC499e3723DF5668Ea90a4BC51AeCa13b8";
let abi = [
  'function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) public returns (address)',
  'function recoverCompact(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) public returns (address)',
  'function lastAddr() public view returns (address)'
];
let wallet = Wallet.fromMnemonic("relief cousin sorry cabin burst frog slush flavor pitch tragic hip disagree").connect(provider);

let hash = "0x6ac9e083f46825a57816e023ae641ee45ac9b82cc2c370c10ec1ef4c835fa182";
let sig = wallet.signingKey.signDigest(hash)

let contract = new Contract(address, abi, wallet);
(async function() {
    let tx, receipt;

    console.log("Canonical:");
    tx = await contract.recover(hash, sig.v, sig.r, sig.s);
    console.log("  Hash:    ", tx.hash);
    console.log("  Data:    ", tx.data);
    console.log("  Length:  ", utils.hexDataLength(tx.data));  
    receipt = await tx.wait();
    console.log("  Gas Used:", receipt.gasUsed.toString());

    console.log("Compact:");
    tx = await contract.recoverCompact(hash, sig.r, sig._vs);
    console.log("  Hash:    ", tx.hash);
    console.log("  Data:    ", tx.data);
    console.log("  Length:  ", utils.hexDataLength(tx.data));
    receipt = await tx.wait();
    console.log("  Gas Used:", receipt.gasUsed.toString());
})();
```


**Result**

```
/home/ricmoo> ethers --network ropsten run test.js 
Canonical:
  Hash:     0x3280985011d2f25e76141681e865216e796cf065880eb9dd1f8221f3243028d2
  Data:     0xc2bf17b06ac9e083f46825a57816e023ae641ee45ac9b82cc2c370c10ec1ef4c835fa182000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001be95b1a8633ee7ff851f68cf4303030b1e2596d686cafd9803cef74919a9139291c492d05696da754cf342bec961d00d9f7dfac3ab90b1e9352177c7b9bfa2a5d
  Length:   132
  Gas Used: 37541
Compact:
  Hash:     0x513bd8bd8710a84903235ca60591fc60f2f3db524d14cc1b6874edc628512176
  Data:     0x1230abb66ac9e083f46825a57816e023ae641ee45ac9b82cc2c370c10ec1ef4c835fa182e95b1a8633ee7ff851f68cf4303030b1e2596d686cafd9803cef74919a9139291c492d05696da754cf342bec961d00d9f7dfac3ab90b1e9352177c7b9bfa2a5d
  Length:   100
  Gas Used: 37329
```


## Implementations

The ethers.js library [supports this in v5](https://github.com/ethers-io/ethers.js/blob/ethers-v5-beta/packages/bytes/src.ts/index.ts#L323)
as an unofficial property of split signatures (i.e. `sig._vs`), but should be
considered an internal property that may change at discretion of the community
and any changes to this EIP.


## Acknowledgments

- [Original Tweet from Nick and conversation](https://twitter.com/nicksdjohnson/status/1030830279487709185)
- [Original Solidity Inspiration](https://github.com/HarryR/solcrypto/blob/01a3c5d91053f3b8bffde328146d5f18015ebfed/contracts/ECDSA.sol#L6)


## Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).