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Cleanups and fixes 

Cleanups

* (typo) Remove `get_new_validator_registry_delta_chain_tip` from table of contents
* (typo) Update "Routines for updating validator status" in table of contents
* Update `FAR_FUTURE_SLOT` from `2**63` to `2**64 - 1`
* Put more constants in "Initial values", homogenise
* Cleanup note formatting
* Remove `ZERO_BALANCE_VALIDATOR_TTL` logic (to be possibly reintroduced in phase 2).
* Cleanup `min_empty_validator_index`
* Rename `deposit` to `amount` in `process_deposit` and `DepositData`.
* (typo) Remove new line under `process_penalties_and_exits`
* (typo) "Status codes" => "Status flags" in the table of contents
* (typo) `(state.slot - EPOCH_LENGTH) % LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH` => Use `SEED_LOOKAHEAD` instead.
* Put `state.validator_registry_latest_change_slot = state.slot` in `update_validator_registry`.
* Use `GENESIS_SLOT` for `last_poc_change_slot=0` and `second_last_poc_change_slot=0`.

Bugfixes

* (typo) `validator_exit` => `exit.validator_index`
* Separate initial deposits and initial activations to avoid double activations
* Replace `proposer.status != EXITED_WITH_PENALTY` with `validator.penalized_slot > state.slot` in two different places.
* Replace `status == EXITED_WITH_PENALTY` with `validator.penalized_slot <= state.slot` (and validator active) in two different places.
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specs/core/0_beacon-chain.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
- [Initial values](#initial-values)
- [Time parameters](#time-parameters)
- [Reward and penalty quotients](#reward-and-penalty-quotients)
- [Status codes](#status-codes)
- [Status flags](#status-flags)
- [Max operations per block](#max-operations-per-block)
- [Validator registry delta flags](#validator-registry-delta-flags)
- [Signature domains](#signature-domains)
@ -74,7 +74,6 @@
- [`get_attestation_participants`](#get_attestation_participants)
- [`bytes1`, `bytes2`, ...](#bytes1-bytes2-)
- [`get_effective_balance`](#get_effective_balance)
- [`get_new_validator_registry_delta_chain_tip`](#get_new_validator_registry_delta_chain_tip)
- [`get_fork_version`](#get_fork_version)
- [`get_domain`](#get_domain)
- [`verify_slashable_vote_data`](#verify_slashable_vote_data)
@ -86,7 +85,7 @@
- [`bls_aggregate_pubkeys`](#bls_aggregate_pubkeys)
- [On startup](#on-startup)
- [Routine for processing deposits](#routine-for-processing-deposits)
- [Routine for updating validator status](#routine-for-updating-validator-status)
- [Routines for updating validator status](#routines-for-updating-validator-status)
- [Per-slot processing](#per-slot-processing)
- [Misc counters](#misc-counters)
- [Block roots](#block-roots)
@ -164,12 +163,10 @@ Unless otherwise indicated, code appearing in `this style` is to be interpreted
| `MAX_BALANCE_CHURN_QUOTIENT` | `2**5` (= 32) | - |
| `GWEI_PER_ETH` | `10**9` | Gwei/ETH |
| `BEACON_CHAIN_SHARD_NUMBER` | `2**64 - 1` | - |
| `BLS_WITHDRAWAL_PREFIX_BYTE` | `0x00` | - |
| `MAX_CASPER_VOTES` | `2**10` (= 1,024) | votes |
| `LATEST_BLOCK_ROOTS_LENGTH` | `2**13` (= 8,192) | block roots |
| `LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH` | `2**13` (= 8,192) | randao mixes |
| `LATEST_PENALIZED_EXIT_LENGTH` | `2**13` (= 8,192) | epochs | ~36 days |
| `EMPTY_SIGNATURE` | `[bytes48(0), bytes48(0)]` | - |
* For the safety of crosslinks `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE` exceeds [the recommended minimum committee size of 111](https://vitalik.ca/files/Ithaca201807_Sharding.pdf); with sufficient active validators (at least `EPOCH_LENGTH * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`), the shuffling algorithm ensures committee sizes at least `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`. (Unbiasable randomness with a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) will improve committee robustness and lower the safe minimum committee size.)
@ -188,8 +185,10 @@ Unless otherwise indicated, code appearing in `this style` is to be interpreted
| - | - |
| `GENESIS_FORK_VERSION` | `0` |
| `GENESIS_SLOT` | `0` |
| `ZERO_HASH` | `bytes([0] * 32)` |
| `FAR_FUTURE_SLOT` | `2**63` |
| `FAR_FUTURE_SLOT` | `2**64 - 1` |
| `ZERO_HASH` | `bytes32(0)` |
| `EMPTY_SIGNATURE` | `[bytes48(0), bytes48(0)]` |
| `BLS_WITHDRAWAL_PREFIX_BYTE` | `bytes1(0)` |
### Time parameters
@ -202,7 +201,6 @@ Unless otherwise indicated, code appearing in `this style` is to be interpreted
| `ENTRY_EXIT_DELAY` | `2**8` (= 256) | slots | 25.6 minutes |
| `POW_RECEIPT_ROOT_VOTING_PERIOD` | `2**10` (= 1,024) | slots | ~1.7 hours |
| `SHARD_PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_CHANGE_PERIOD` | `2**17` (= 131,072) | slots | ~9 days |
| `ZERO_BALANCE_VALIDATOR_TTL` | `2**22` (= 4,194,304) | slots | ~291 days |
### Reward and penalty quotients
@ -373,8 +371,8 @@ Unless otherwise indicated, code appearing in `this style` is to be interpreted
{
# Deposit parameters
'deposit_input': DepositInput,
# Value in Gwei
'value': 'uint64',
# Amount in Gwei
'amount': 'uint64',
# Timestamp from deposit contract
'timestamp': 'uint64',
}
@ -1196,25 +1194,28 @@ def get_initial_beacon_state(initial_validator_deposits: List[Deposit],
candidate_pow_receipt_roots=[],
)
# handle initial deposits and activations
# Process initial deposits
for deposit in initial_validator_deposits:
validator_index = process_deposit(
state=state,
pubkey=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.pubkey,
deposit=deposit.deposit_data.value,
amount=deposit.deposit_data.amount,
proof_of_possession=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.proof_of_possession,
withdrawal_credentials=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.withdrawal_credentials,
randao_commitment=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.randao_commitment,
poc_commitment=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.poc_commitment,
)
# Process initial activations
for validator_index, _ in enumerate(state.validator_registry):
if get_effective_balance(state, validator_index) >= MAX_DEPOSIT * GWEI_PER_ETH:
activate_validator(state, validator_index, True)
# set initial committee shuffling
# Set initial committee shuffling
initial_shuffling = get_shuffling(ZERO_HASH, state.validator_registry, 0, GENESIS_SLOT)
state.shard_committees_at_slots = initial_shuffling + initial_shuffling
# set initial persistent shuffling
# Set initial persistent shuffling
active_validator_indices = get_active_validator_indices(state.validator_registry, state.slot)
state.persistent_committees = split(shuffle(active_validator_indices, ZERO_HASH), SHARD_COUNT)
@ -1223,16 +1224,7 @@ def get_initial_beacon_state(initial_validator_deposits: List[Deposit],
### Routine for processing deposits
First, two helper functions:
```python
def min_empty_validator_index(validators: List[ValidatorRecord],
validator_balances: List[int],
current_slot: int) -> int:
# In phase 2, add logic that seeks the lowest-index validator that
# has been withdrawn for more than ~1 year
return None
```
First, a helper function:
```python
def validate_proof_of_possession(state: BeaconState,
@ -1266,7 +1258,7 @@ Now, to add a [validator](#dfn-validator) or top up an existing [validator](#dfn
```python
def process_deposit(state: BeaconState,
pubkey: int,
deposit: int,
amount: int,
proof_of_possession: bytes,
withdrawal_credentials: Hash32,
randao_commitment: Hash32,
@ -1301,31 +1293,27 @@ def process_deposit(state: BeaconState,
exit_count=0,
status_flags=0,
poc_commitment=poc_commitment,
last_poc_change_slot=0,
second_last_poc_change_slot=0,
last_poc_change_slot=GENESIS_SLOT,
second_last_poc_change_slot=GENESIS_SLOT,
)
index = min_empty_validator_index(state.validator_registry, state.validator_balances, state.slot)
if index is None:
state.validator_registry.append(validator)
state.validator_balances.append(deposit)
index = len(state.validator_registry) - 1
else:
state.validator_registry[index] = validator
state.validator_balances[index] = deposit
# Note: In phase 2 registry indices that has been withdrawn for a long time will be recycled.
index = len(state.validator_registry)
state.validator_registry.append(validator)
state.validator_balances.append(amount)
else:
# Increase balance by deposit
# Increase balance by deposit amount
index = validator_pubkeys.index(pubkey)
assert state.validator_registry[index].withdrawal_credentials == withdrawal_credentials
state.validator_balances[index] += deposit
state.validator_balances[index] += amount
return index
```
### Routines for updating validator status
_Note that all functions in this section mutate `state`_.
Note: All functions in this section mutate `state`.
```python
def activate_validator(state: BeaconState, index: int, genesis: bool) -> None:
@ -1455,7 +1443,7 @@ For each `proposer_slashing` in `block.body.proposer_slashings`:
* Verify that `proposer_slashing.proposal_data_1.slot == proposer_slashing.proposal_data_2.slot`.
* Verify that `proposer_slashing.proposal_data_1.shard == proposer_slashing.proposal_data_2.shard`.
* Verify that `proposer_slashing.proposal_data_1.block_root != proposer_slashing.proposal_data_2.block_root`.
* Verify that `proposer.status != EXITED_WITH_PENALTY`.
* Verify that `validator.penalized_slot > state.slot`.
* Verify that `bls_verify(pubkey=proposer.pubkey, message=hash_tree_root(proposer_slashing.proposal_data_1), signature=proposer_slashing.proposal_signature_1, domain=get_domain(state.fork_data, proposer_slashing.proposal_data_1.slot, DOMAIN_PROPOSAL))`.
* Verify that `bls_verify(pubkey=proposer.pubkey, message=hash_tree_root(proposer_slashing.proposal_data_2), signature=proposer_slashing.proposal_signature_2, domain=get_domain(state.fork_data, proposer_slashing.proposal_data_2.slot, DOMAIN_PROPOSAL))`.
* Run `penalize_validator(state, proposer_slashing.proposer_index)`.
@ -1475,7 +1463,7 @@ For each `casper_slashing` in `block.body.casper_slashings`:
* Verify that `is_double_vote(slashable_vote_data_1.data, slashable_vote_data_2.data)` or `is_surround_vote(slashable_vote_data_1.data, slashable_vote_data_2.data)`.
* Verify that `verify_slashable_vote_data(state, slashable_vote_data_1)`.
* Verify that `verify_slashable_vote_data(state, slashable_vote_data_2)`.
* For each [validator](#dfn-validator) index `i` in `intersection`, if `state.validator_registry[i].status` does not equal `EXITED_WITH_PENALTY`, then run `penalize_validator(state, i)`.
* For each [validator](#dfn-validator) index `i` in `intersection` run `penalize_validator(state, i)` if `state.validator_registry[i].penalized_slot > state.slot`.
#### Attestations
@ -1503,7 +1491,7 @@ Verify that `len(block.body.deposits) <= MAX_DEPOSITS`.
For each `deposit` in `block.body.deposits`:
* Let `serialized_deposit_data` be the serialized form of `deposit.deposit_data`. It should be the `DepositInput` followed by 8 bytes for `deposit_data.value` and 8 bytes for `deposit_data.timestamp`. That is, it should match `deposit_data` in the [Ethereum 1.0 deposit contract](#ethereum-10-deposit-contract) of which the hash was placed into the Merkle tree.
* Let `serialized_deposit_data` be the serialized form of `deposit.deposit_data`. It should be the `DepositInput` followed by 8 bytes for `deposit_data.amount` and 8 bytes for `deposit_data.timestamp`. That is, it should match `deposit_data` in the [Ethereum 1.0 deposit contract](#ethereum-10-deposit-contract) of which the hash was placed into the Merkle tree.
* Use the following procedure to verify `deposit.merkle_branch`, setting `leaf=serialized_deposit_data`, `depth=DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH` and `root=state.processed_pow_receipt_root`:
```python
@ -1517,14 +1505,13 @@ def verify_merkle_branch(leaf: Hash32, branch: [Hash32], depth: int, index: int,
return value == root
```
* Verify that `state.slot - (deposit.deposit_data.timestamp - state.genesis_time) // SLOT_DURATION < ZERO_BALANCE_VALIDATOR_TTL`.
* Run the following:
```python
process_deposit(
state=state,
pubkey=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.pubkey,
deposit=deposit.deposit_data.value,
amount=deposit.deposit_data.amount,
proof_of_possession=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.proof_of_possession,
withdrawal_credentials=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.withdrawal_credentials,
randao_commitment=deposit.deposit_data.deposit_input.randao_commitment,
@ -1542,7 +1529,7 @@ For each `exit` in `block.body.exits`:
* Verify that `validator.exit_slot > state.slot + ENTRY_EXIT_DELAY`.
* Verify that `state.slot >= exit.slot`.
* Verify that `bls_verify(pubkey=validator.pubkey, message=ZERO_HASH, signature=exit.signature, domain=get_domain(state.fork_data, exit.slot, DOMAIN_EXIT))`.
* Run `initiate_validator_exit(state, validator_index)`.
* Run `initiate_validator_exit(state, exit.validator_index)`.
#### Miscellaneous
@ -1657,7 +1644,7 @@ Case 2: `epochs_since_finality > 4`:
* Any [active validator](#dfn-active-validator) `index` not in `previous_epoch_justified_attester_indices`, loses `inactivity_penalty(state, index, epochs_since_finality)`.
* Any [active validator](#dfn-active-validator) `index` not in `previous_epoch_boundary_attester_indices`, loses `inactivity_penalty(state, index, epochs_since_finality)`.
* Any [active validator](#dfn-active-validator) `index` not in `previous_epoch_head_attester_indices`, loses `base_reward(state, index)`.
* Any [validator](#dfn-validator) `index` with `status == EXITED_WITH_PENALTY`, loses `2 * inactivity_penalty(state, index, epochs_since_finality) + base_reward(state, index)`.
* Any [active_validator](#dfn-active-validator) `index` with `validator.penalized_slot <= state.slot`, loses `2 * inactivity_penalty(state, index, epochs_since_finality) + base_reward(state, index)`.
* Any [validator](#dfn-validator) `index` in `previous_epoch_attester_indices` loses `base_reward(state, index) - base_reward(state, index) * MIN_ATTESTATION_INCLUSION_DELAY // inclusion_distance(state, index)`
#### Attestation inclusion
@ -1735,13 +1722,15 @@ def update_validator_registry(state: BeaconState) -> None:
# Exit validator
exit_validator(state, index)
state.validator_registry_latest_change_slot = state.slot
```
Regardless of whether the above conditions are satisfied, run the following:
```python
def process_penalties_and_exits(state: BeaconState) -> None:
# The active validators
active_validator_indices = get_active_validator_indices(state.validator_registry, state.slot)
# The total effective balance of active validators
@ -1769,7 +1758,7 @@ def process_penalties_and_exits(state: BeaconState) -> None:
withdrawn_so_far = 0
for index in sorted_indices:
validator = state.validator_registry[index]
if validator.status == EXITED_WITH_PENALTY:
if validator.penalized_slot <= state.slot:
# TODO: calculate and apply penalties for slashed validators
penalty = 1
state.validator_balances[index] -= penalty
@ -1781,7 +1770,6 @@ def process_penalties_and_exits(state: BeaconState) -> None:
Also perform the following updates:
* Set `state.validator_registry_latest_change_slot = state.slot`.
* Set `state.shard_committees_at_slots[:EPOCH_LENGTH] = state.shard_committees_at_slots[EPOCH_LENGTH:]`.
* Set `state.shard_committees_at_slots[EPOCH_LENGTH:] = get_shuffling(state.latest_randao_mixes[(state.slot - SEED_LOOKAHEAD) % LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH], state.validator_registry, next_start_shard, state.slot)` where `next_start_shard = (state.shard_committees_at_slots[-1][-1].shard + 1) % SHARD_COUNT`.
@ -1790,7 +1778,7 @@ If a validator registry update does _not_ happen do the following:
* Set `state.shard_committees_at_slots[:EPOCH_LENGTH] = state.shard_committees_at_slots[EPOCH_LENGTH:]`.
* Let `epochs_since_last_registry_change = (state.slot - state.validator_registry_latest_change_slot) // EPOCH_LENGTH`.
* Let `start_shard = state.shard_committees_at_slots[0][0].shard`.
* If `epochs_since_last_registry_change` is an exact power of 2, set `state.shard_committees_at_slots[EPOCH_LENGTH:] = get_shuffling(state.latest_randao_mixes[(state.slot - EPOCH_LENGTH) % LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH], state.validator_registry, start_shard, state.slot)`. Note that `start_shard` is not changed from the last epoch.
* If `epochs_since_last_registry_change` is an exact power of 2, set `state.shard_committees_at_slots[EPOCH_LENGTH:] = get_shuffling(state.latest_randao_mixes[(state.slot - SEED_LOOKAHEAD) % LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH], state.validator_registry, start_shard, state.slot)`. Note that `start_shard` is not changed from the last epoch.
### Proposer reshuffling