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Blocks to fixed size, add proposal signatures

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vbuterin 2018-11-25 08:06:37 -05:00 committed by GitHub
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specs/core/1_shard-data-chains.md
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@ -19,7 +19,14 @@ Phase 1 depends upon all of the constants defined in [Phase 0](0_beacon-chain.md
| Constant | Value | Unit | Approximation |
|------------------------|-----------------|-------|---------------|
| `CHUNK_SIZE` | 2**8 (= 256) | bytes | |
| `MAX_SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE` | 2**15 (= 32768) | bytes | |
| `SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE` | 2**14 (= 16384) | bytes | |
### Flags, domains, etc.
| Constant | Value |
|------------------------|-----------------|
| `SHARD_PROPOSER_DOMAIN`| 129 |
| `SHARD_ATTESTER_DOMAIN`| 130 |
## Data Structures
@ -43,7 +50,9 @@ A `ShardBlock` object has the following fields:
'data_root': 'hash32'
# State root (placeholder for now)
'state_root': 'hash32',
# Attestation (including block signature)
# Block signature
'signature': ['uint256'],
# Attestation
'attester_bitfield': 'bytes',
'aggregate_sig': ['uint256'],
}
@ -61,31 +70,27 @@ To validate a block header on shard `shard_id`, compute as follows:
* Verify that `beacon_chain_ref` is the hash of a block in the beacon chain with slot less than or equal to `slot`. Verify that `beacon_chain_ref` is equal to or a descendant of the `beacon_chain_ref` specified in the `ShardBlock` pointed to by `parent_hash`.
* Let `state` be the state of the beacon chain block referred to by `beacon_chain_ref`. Let `validators` be `[validators[i] for i in state.current_persistent_committees[shard_id]]`.
* Assert `len(attester_bitfield) == ceil_div8(len(validators))`
* Let `curblock_proposer_index = hash(state.randao_mix + bytes8(shard_id) + bytes8(slot)) % len(validators)`. Let `parent_proposer_index` be the same value calculated for the parent block.
* Make sure that the `parent_proposer_index`'th bit in the `attester_bitfield` is set to 1.
* Generate the group public key by adding the public keys of all the validators for whom the corresponding position in the bitfield is set to 1. Verify the `aggregate_sig` using this as the pubkey and the `parent_hash` as the message.
* Let `proposer_index = hash(state.randao_mix + bytes8(shard_id) + bytes8(slot)) % len(validators)`. Let `msg` be the block but with the `block.signature` set to `[0, 0]`. Verify that `BLSVerify(pub=validators[proposer_index].pubkey, msg=hash(msg), sig=block.signature, domain=get_domain(state, slot, SHARD_PROPOSER_DOMAIN))` passes.
* Generate the `group_public_key` by adding the public keys of all the validators for whom the corresponding position in the bitfield is set to 1. Verify that `BLSVerify(pub=group_public_key, msg=parent_hash, sig=block.aggregate_sig, domain=get_domain(state, slot, SHARD_ATTESTER_DOMAIN))` passes.
### Block Merklization heper
```python
def merkle_root(block_body):
assert len(block_body) == SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE
chunks = SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE // CHUNK_SIZE
o = [0] * chunks + [block_body[i * CHUNK_SIZE: (i+1) * CHUNK_SIZE] for i in range(chunks)]
for i in range(chunks-1, 0, -1):
o[i] = hash(o[i*2] + o[i*2+1])
return o[1]
```
### Verifying shard block data
At network layer, we expect a shard block header to be broadcast along with its `block_body`. First, we define a helper function that takes as input beacon chain state and outputs the max block size in bytes:
At network layer, we expect a shard block header to be broadcast along with its `block_body`.
```python
def shard_block_maxbytes(state):
max_grains = MAX_SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE // CHUNK_SIZE
validators_at_target_committee_size = SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE
# number of grains per block is proportional to the number of validators
# up until `validators_at_target_committee_size`
grains = min(
len(get_active_validator_indices(state.validators)) * max_grains // validators_at_target_committee_size,
max_grains
)
return CHUNK_SIZE * grains
```
* Verify that `len(block_body) == shard_block_maxbytes(state)`
* Define `filler_bytes = next_power_of_2(len(block_body)) - len(block_body)`. Compute a simple binary Merkle tree of `block_body + bytes([0] * filler_bytes)` and verify that the root equals the `data_root` in the header.
* Verify that `len(block_body) == SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE`
* Verify that `merkle_root(block_body)` equals the `data_root` in the header.
### Verifying a crosslink
@ -93,23 +98,13 @@ A node should sign a crosslink only if the following conditions hold. **If a nod
First, the conditions must recursively apply to the crosslink referenced in `last_crosslink_hash` for the same shard (unless `last_crosslink_hash` equals zero, in which case we are at the genesis).
Second, we verify the `shard_block_combined_data_root`. Let `h` be the slot _immediately after_ the slot of the shard block included by the last crosslink, and `h+n-1` be the slot number of the block directly referenced by the current `shard_block_hash`. Let `B[i]` be the block at slot `h+i` in the shard chain. Let `bodies[0] .... bodies[n-1]` be the bodies of these blocks and `roots[0] ... roots[n-1]` the data roots. If there is a missing slot in the shard chain at position `h+i`, then `bodies[i] == b'\x00' * shard_block_maxbytes(state[i])` and `roots[i]` be the Merkle root of the empty data. Define `compute_merkle_root` be a simple Merkle root calculating function that takes as input a list of objects, where the list's length must be an exact power of two. Let `state[i]` be the beacon chain state at height `h+i` (if the beacon chain is missing a block at some slot, the state is unchanged), and `depths[i]` be equal to `log2(next_power_of_2(shard_block_maxbytes(state[i]) // CHUNK_SIZE))` (ie. the expected depth of the i'th data tree). We define the function for computing the combined data root as follows:
Second, we verify the `shard_block_combined_data_root`. Let `h` be the slot _immediately after_ the slot of the shard block included by the last crosslink, and `h+n-1` be the slot number of the block directly referenced by the current `shard_block_hash`. Let `B[i]` be the block at slot `h+i` in the shard chain. Let `bodies[0] .... bodies[n-1]` be the bodies of these blocks and `roots[0] ... roots[n-1]` the data roots. If there is a missing slot in the shard chain at position `h+i`, then `bodies[i] == b'\x00' * shard_block_maxbytes(state[i])` and `roots[i]` be the Merkle root of the empty data. Define `compute_merkle_root` be a simple Merkle root calculating function that takes as input a list of objects, where the list's length must be an exact power of two. We define the function for computing the combined data root as follows:
```python
def get_zeroroot_at_depth(n):
o = b'\x00' * CHUNK_SIZE
for i in range(n):
o = hash(o + o)
return o
ZERO_ROOT = merkle_root(bytes([0] * SHARD_BLOCK_SIZE))
def mk_combined_data_root(depths, roots):
default_value = get_zeroroot_at_depth(max(depths))
data = [default_value for _ in range(next_power_of_2(len(roots)))]
for i, (depth, root) in enumerate(zip(depths, roots)):
value = root
for j in range(depth, max(depths)):
value = hash(value, get_zeroroot_at_depth(depth + j))
data[i] = value
def mk_combined_data_root(roots):
data = roots + [ZERO_ROOT for _ in range(len(roots), next_power_of_2(len(roots)))]
return compute_merkle_root(data)
```
@ -117,12 +112,7 @@ This outputs the root of a tree of the data roots, with the data roots all adjus
```python
def mk_combined_data_root(depths, bodies):
default_value = get_zeroroot_at_depth(max(depths))
padded_body_length = max([CHUNK_SIZE * 2**d for d in depths])
data = b''
for body in bodies:
padded_body = body + bytes([0] * (padded_body_length - len(body)))
data += padded_body
data = b''.join(bodies)
data += bytes([0] * (next_power_of_2(len(data)) - len(data))
return compute_merkle_root([data[pos:pos+CHUNK_SIZE] for pos in range(0, len(data), CHUNK_SIZE)])
```