Merge branch 'dev' into vbuterin-patch-16

2019-03-19 11:04:11 -06:00 · 2019-03-19 11:04:11 -06:00 · 0737494694
parent 68d1c74784 8b1972e77d
commit 0737494694
26 changed files with 1647 additions and 58 deletions
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Python CircleCI 2.0 configuration file
+version: 2
+jobs:
+  build:
+    docker:
+      - image: circleci/python:3.6
+    working_directory: ~/repo
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      # Download and cache dependencies
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+            - v1-dependencies-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }}
+            # fallback to using the latest cache if no exact match is found
+            - v1-dependencies-
+
+      - run:
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            python3 -m venv venv
+            . venv/bin/activate
+            pip install -r requirements.txt
+      - run:
+          name: build phase0 spec
+          command: make build/phase0
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - ./venv
+          key: v1-dependencies-{{ checksum "requirements.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: run tests
+          command: |
+            . venv/bin/activate
+            pytest tests
+
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: test-reports
+          destination: test-reports
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+*.pyc
+/__pycache__
+/venv
+/.pytest_cache
+
+build/
--- a/29
+++ b/29
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+SPEC_DIR = ./specs
+SCRIPT_DIR = ./scripts
+BUILD_DIR = ./build
+UTILS_DIR = ./utils
+
+
+.PHONY: clean all test
+
+
+all: $(BUILD_DIR)/phase0
+
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)
+
+
+# runs a limited set of tests against a minimal config
+# run pytest with `-m` option to full suite
+test:
+	pytest -m "sanity and minimal_config" tests/
+
+
+$(BUILD_DIR)/phase0:
+	mkdir -p $@
+	python3 $(SCRIPT_DIR)/phase0/build_spec.py  $(SPEC_DIR)/core/0_beacon-chain.md $@/spec.py
+	mkdir -p $@/utils
+	cp $(UTILS_DIR)/phase0/* $@/utils
+	cp $(UTILS_DIR)/phase0/state_transition.py $@
+	touch $@/__init__.py $@/utils/__init__.py
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+eth-utils>=1.3.0,<2
+eth-typing>=2.1.0,<3.0.0
+oyaml==0.7
+pycryptodome==3.7.3
+py_ecc>=1.6.0
+pytest>=3.6,<3.7
--- a/scripts/init.py
+++ b/scripts/init.py
--- a/scripts/phase0/init.py
+++ b/scripts/phase0/init.py
--- a/scripts/phase0/build_spec.py
+++ b/scripts/phase0/build_spec.py
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import sys
+import function_puller
+
+
+def build_spec(sourcefile, outfile):
+    code_lines = []
+
+    code_lines.append("from build.phase0.utils.minimal_ssz import *")
+    code_lines.append("from build.phase0.utils.bls_stub import *")
+    for i in (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 32, 48, 96):
+        code_lines.append("def int_to_bytes%d(x): return x.to_bytes(%d, 'little')" % (i, i))
+    code_lines.append("SLOTS_PER_EPOCH = 64")  # stub, will get overwritten by real var
+    code_lines.append("def slot_to_epoch(x): return x // SLOTS_PER_EPOCH")
+
+    code_lines.append("""
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    List,
+    NewType,
+    Tuple,
+)
+
+
+Slot = NewType('Slot', int)  # uint64
+Epoch = NewType('Epoch', int)  # uint64
+Shard = NewType('Shard', int)  # uint64
+ValidatorIndex = NewType('ValidatorIndex', int)  # uint64
+Gwei = NewType('Gwei', int)  # uint64
+Bytes32 = NewType('Bytes32', bytes)  # bytes32
+BLSPubkey = NewType('BLSPubkey', bytes)  # bytes48
+BLSSignature = NewType('BLSSignature', bytes)  # bytes96
+Any = None
+Store = None
+    """)
+
+    code_lines += function_puller.get_lines(sourcefile)
+
+    code_lines.append("""
+# Monkey patch validator shuffling cache
+_get_shuffling = get_shuffling
+shuffling_cache = {}
+def get_shuffling(seed: Bytes32,
+                  validators: List[Validator],
+                  epoch: Epoch) -> List[List[ValidatorIndex]]:
+
+    param_hash = (seed, hash_tree_root(validators, [Validator]), epoch)
+
+    if param_hash in shuffling_cache:
+        # print("Cache hit, epoch={0}".format(epoch))
+        return shuffling_cache[param_hash]
+    else:
+        # print("Cache miss, epoch={0}".format(epoch))
+        ret = _get_shuffling(seed, validators, epoch)
+        shuffling_cache[param_hash] = ret
+        return ret
+
+
+# Monkey patch hash cache
+_hash = hash
+hash_cache = {}
+def hash(x):
+    if x in hash_cache:
+        return hash_cache[x]
+    else:
+        ret = _hash(x)
+        hash_cache[x] = ret
+        return ret
+    """)
+
+    with open(outfile, 'w') as out:
+        out.write("\n".join(code_lines))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        print("Error: spec source and outfile must defined")
+    build_spec(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
--- a/scripts/phase0/function_puller.py
+++ b/scripts/phase0/function_puller.py
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import sys
+
+
+def get_lines(file_name):
+    code_lines = []
+    pulling_from = None
+    current_name = None
+    processing_typedef = False
+    for linenum, line in enumerate(open(sys.argv[1]).readlines()):
+        line = line.rstrip()
+        if pulling_from is None and len(line) > 0 and line[0] == '#' and line[-1] == '`':
+            current_name = line[line[:-1].rfind('`') + 1: -1]
+        if line[:9] == '```python':
+            assert pulling_from is None
+            pulling_from = linenum + 1
+        elif line[:3] == '```':
+            if pulling_from is None:
+                pulling_from = linenum
+            else:
+                if processing_typedef:
+                    assert code_lines[-1] == '}'
+                    code_lines[-1] = '})'
+                pulling_from = None
+                processing_typedef = False
+        else:
+            if pulling_from == linenum and line == '{':
+                code_lines.append('%s = SSZType({' % current_name)
+                processing_typedef = True
+            elif pulling_from is not None:
+                code_lines.append(line)
+            elif pulling_from is None and len(line) > 0 and line[0] == '|':
+                row = line[1:].split('|')
+                if len(row) >= 2:
+                    for i in range(2):
+                        row[i] = row[i].strip().strip('`')
+                        if '`' in row[i]:
+                            row[i] = row[i][:row[i].find('`')]
+                    eligible = True
+                    if row[0][0] not in 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_':
+                        eligible = False
+                    for c in row[0]:
+                        if c not in 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ_0123456789':
+                            eligible = False
+                    if eligible:
+                        code_lines.append(row[0] + ' = ' + (row[1].replace('**TBD**', '0x1234567890123567890123456789012357890')))
+    return code_lines
--- a/specs/bls_signature.md
+++ b/specs/bls_signature.md
@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ def modular_squareroot(value: Fq2) -> Fq2:

 ### `bls_aggregate_pubkeys`

-Let `bls_aggregate_pubkeys(pubkeys: List[Bytes48]) -> Bytes48` return `pubkeys[0] + .... + pubkeys[len(pubkeys)-1]`, where `+` is the elliptic curve addition operation over the G1 curve.
+Let `bls_aggregate_pubkeys(pubkeys: List[Bytes48]) -> Bytes48` return `pubkeys[0] + .... + pubkeys[len(pubkeys)-1]`, where `+` is the elliptic curve addition operation over the G1 curve. (When `len(pubkeys) == 0` the empty sum is the G1 point at infinity.)

 ### `bls_aggregate_signatures`

-Let `bls_aggregate_signatures(signatures: List[Bytes96]) -> Bytes96` return `signatures[0] + .... + signatures[len(signatures)-1]`, where `+` is the elliptic curve addition operation over the G2 curve.
+Let `bls_aggregate_signatures(signatures: List[Bytes96]) -> Bytes96` return `signatures[0] + .... + signatures[len(signatures)-1]`, where `+` is the elliptic curve addition operation over the G2 curve. (When `len(signatures) == 0` the empty sum is the G2 point at infinity.)

 ## Signature verification

--- a/specs/core/0_beacon-chain.md
+++ b/specs/core/0_beacon-chain.md
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Code snippets appearing in `this style` are to be interpreted as Python code.
 | `MAX_EXIT_DEQUEUES_PER_EPOCH` | `2**2` (= 4) |
 | `SHUFFLE_ROUND_COUNT` | 90 |

-* For the safety of crosslinks `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE` exceeds [the recommended minimum committee size of 111](https://vitalik.ca/files/Ithaca201807_Sharding.pdf); with sufficient active validators (at least `SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`), the shuffling algorithm ensures committee sizes at least `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`. (Unbiasable randomness with a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) will improve committee robustness and lower the safe minimum committee size.)
+* For the safety of crosslinks `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE` exceeds [the recommended minimum committee size of 111](https://vitalik.ca/files/Ithaca201807_Sharding.pdf); with sufficient active validators (at least `SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`), the shuffling algorithm ensures committee sizes of at least `TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE`. (Unbiasable randomness with a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) will improve committee robustness and lower the safe minimum committee size.)

 ### Deposit contract

@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Code snippets appearing in `this style` are to be interpreted as Python code.

 | Name | Value |
 | - | - |
-| `GENESIS_FORK_VERSION` | `0` |
+| `GENESIS_FORK_VERSION` | `int_to_bytes4(0)` |
 | `GENESIS_SLOT` | `2**32` |
 | `GENESIS_EPOCH` | `slot_to_epoch(GENESIS_SLOT)` |
 | `GENESIS_START_SHARD` | `0` |
@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ The types are defined topologically to aid in facilitating an executable version
    # Ethereum 1.0 chain data
    'latest_eth1_data': Eth1Data,
    'eth1_data_votes': [Eth1DataVote],
-    'deposit_index': 'uint64'
+    'deposit_index': 'uint64',
 }
 ```

@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ def get_attestation_participants(state: BeaconState,
                                 attestation_data: AttestationData,
                                 bitfield: bytes) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
    """
-    Return the participant indices at for the ``attestation_data`` and ``bitfield``.
+    Return the participant indices corresponding to ``attestation_data`` and ``bitfield``.
    """
    # Find the committee in the list with the desired shard
    crosslink_committees = get_crosslink_committees_at_slot(state, attestation_data.slot)
@ -1510,8 +1510,8 @@ def get_genesis_beacon_state(genesis_validator_deposits: List[Deposit],
        slot=GENESIS_SLOT,
        genesis_time=genesis_time,
        fork=Fork(
-            previous_version=int_to_bytes4(GENESIS_FORK_VERSION),
-            current_version=int_to_bytes4(GENESIS_FORK_VERSION),
+            previous_version=GENESIS_FORK_VERSION,
+            current_version=GENESIS_FORK_VERSION,
            epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH,
        ),

@ -1521,7 +1521,7 @@ def get_genesis_beacon_state(genesis_validator_deposits: List[Deposit],
        validator_registry_update_epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH,

        # Randomness and committees
-        latest_randao_mixes=[ZERO_HASH for _ in range(LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH)],
+        latest_randao_mixes=Vector([ZERO_HASH for _ in range(LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH)]),
        previous_shuffling_start_shard=GENESIS_START_SHARD,
        current_shuffling_start_shard=GENESIS_START_SHARD,
        previous_shuffling_epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH,
@ -1541,11 +1541,11 @@ def get_genesis_beacon_state(genesis_validator_deposits: List[Deposit],
        finalized_root=ZERO_HASH,

        # Recent state
-        latest_crosslinks=[Crosslink(epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH, crosslink_data_root=ZERO_HASH) for _ in range(SHARD_COUNT)],
-        latest_block_roots=[ZERO_HASH for _ in range(SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT)],
-        latest_state_roots=[ZERO_HASH for _ in range(SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT)],
-        latest_active_index_roots=[ZERO_HASH for _ in range(LATEST_ACTIVE_INDEX_ROOTS_LENGTH)],
-        latest_slashed_balances=[0 for _ in range(LATEST_SLASHED_EXIT_LENGTH)],
+        latest_crosslinks=Vector([Crosslink(epoch=GENESIS_EPOCH, crosslink_data_root=ZERO_HASH) for _ in range(SHARD_COUNT)]),
+        latest_block_roots=Vector([ZERO_HASH for _ in range(SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT)]),
+        latest_state_roots=Vector([ZERO_HASH for _ in range(SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT)]),
+        latest_active_index_roots=Vector([ZERO_HASH for _ in range(LATEST_ACTIVE_INDEX_ROOTS_LENGTH)]),
+        latest_slashed_balances=Vector([0 for _ in range(LATEST_SLASHED_EXIT_LENGTH)]),
        latest_block_header=get_temporary_block_header(get_empty_block()),
        historical_roots=[],

--- a/specs/core/1_shard-data-chains.md
+++ b/specs/core/1_shard-data-chains.md
@ -17,41 +17,51 @@ At the current stage, Phase 1, while fundamentally feature-complete, is still su
            - [Time parameters](#time-parameters)
            - [Max operations per block](#max-operations-per-block)
            - [Signature domains](#signature-domains)
-    - [Shard chains and crosslink data](#shard-chains-and-crosslink-data)
-      - [Helper functions](#helper-functions)
+- [Shard chains and crosslink data](#shard-chains-and-crosslink-data)
+    - [Helper functions](#helper-functions)
            - [`get_split_offset`](#get_split_offset)
            - [`get_shuffled_committee`](#get_shuffled_committee)
            - [`get_persistent_committee`](#get_persistent_committee)
            - [`get_shard_proposer_index`](#get_shard_proposer_index)
-      - [Data Structures](#data-structures)
+    - [Data Structures](#data-structures)
        - [Shard chain blocks](#shard-chain-blocks)
-      - [Shard block processing](#shard-block-processing)
+    - [Shard block processing](#shard-block-processing)
        - [Verifying shard block data](#verifying-shard-block-data)
        - [Verifying a crosslink](#verifying-a-crosslink)
        - [Shard block fork choice rule](#shard-block-fork-choice-rule)
-    - [Updates to the beacon chain](#updates-to-the-beacon-chain)
-      - [Data structures](#data-structures)
+- [Updates to the beacon chain](#updates-to-the-beacon-chain)
+    - [Data structures](#data-structures)
        - [`Validator`](#validator)
        - [`BeaconBlockBody`](#beaconblockbody)
+        - [`BeaconState`](#beaconstate)
        - [`BranchChallenge`](#branchchallenge)
        - [`BranchResponse`](#branchresponse)
        - [`BranchChallengeRecord`](#branchchallengerecord)
+        - [`InteractiveCustodyChallengeRecord`](#interactivecustodychallengerecord)
+        - [`InteractiveCustodyChallengeInitiation`](#interactivecustodychallengeinitiation)
+        - [`InteractiveCustodyChallengeResponse`](#interactivecustodychallengeresponse)
+        - [`InteractiveCustodyChallengeContinuation`](#interactivecustodychallengecontinuation)
        - [`SubkeyReveal`](#subkeyreveal)
    - [Helpers](#helpers)
-        - [`get_attestation_data_merkle_depth`](#get_attestation_data_merkle_depth)
+        - [`get_branch_challenge_record_by_id`](#get_branch_challenge_record_by_id)
+        - [`get_custody_challenge_record_by_id`](#get_custody_challenge_record_by_id)
+        - [`get_attestation_merkle_depth`](#get_attestation_merkle_depth)
        - [`epoch_to_custody_period`](#epoch_to_custody_period)
        - [`slot_to_custody_period`](#slot_to_custody_period)
        - [`get_current_custody_period`](#get_current_custody_period)
        - [`verify_custody_subkey_reveal`](#verify_custody_subkey_reveal)
-        - [`prepare_validator_for_withdrawal`](#prepare_validator_for_withdrawal)
+        - [`verify_signed_challenge_message`](#verify_signed_challenge_message)
        - [`penalize_validator`](#penalize_validator)
-      - [Per-slot processing](#per-slot-processing)
+    - [Per-slot processing](#per-slot-processing)
        - [Operations](#operations)
            - [Branch challenges](#branch-challenges)
            - [Branch responses](#branch-responses)
            - [Subkey reveals](#subkey-reveals)
-      - [Per-epoch processing](#per-epoch-processing)
-      - [One-time phase 1 initiation transition](#one-time-phase-1-initiation-transition)
+            - [Interactive custody challenge initiations](#interactive-custody-challenge-initiations)
+            - [Interactive custody challenge responses](#interactive-custody-challenge-responses)
+            - [Interactive custody challenge continuations](#interactive-custody-challenge-continuations)
+    - [Per-epoch processing](#per-epoch-processing)
+    - [One-time phase 1 initiation transition](#one-time-phase-1-initiation-transition)

 <!-- /TOC -->

@ -118,9 +128,9 @@ Phase 1 depends upon all of the constants defined in [Phase 0](0_beacon-chain.md
 def get_split_offset(list_size: int, chunks: int, index: int) -> int:
  """
  Returns a value such that for a list L, chunk count k and index i,
-  split(L, k)[i] == L[get_split_offset(len(L), k, i): get_split_offset(len(L), k+1, i)]
+  split(L, k)[i] == L[get_split_offset(len(L), k, i): get_split_offset(len(L), k, i+1)]
  """
-  return (len(list_size) * index) // chunks
+  return (list_size * index) // chunks
 ````

 #### `get_shuffled_committee`
@ -128,16 +138,27 @@ def get_split_offset(list_size: int, chunks: int, index: int) -> int:
 ```python
 def get_shuffled_committee(state: BeaconState,
                           shard: Shard,
-                           committee_start_epoch: Epoch) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
+                           committee_start_epoch: Epoch,
+                           index: int,
+                           committee_count: int) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
    """
    Return shuffled committee.
    """
-    validator_indices = get_active_validator_indices(state.validators, committee_start_epoch)
+    active_validator_indices = get_active_validator_indices(state.validator_registry, committee_start_epoch)
+    length = len(active_validator_indices)
    seed = generate_seed(state, committee_start_epoch)
-    start_offset = get_split_offset(len(validator_indices), SHARD_COUNT, shard)
-    end_offset = get_split_offset(len(validator_indices), SHARD_COUNT, shard + 1)
+    start_offset = get_split_offset(
+        length,
+        SHARD_COUNT * committee_count,
+        shard * committee_count + index,
+    )
+    end_offset = get_split_offset(
+        length,
+        SHARD_COUNT * committee_count,
+        shard * committee_count + index + 1,
+    )
    return [
-        validator_indices[get_permuted_index(i, len(validator_indices), seed)]
+        active_validator_indices[get_permuted_index(i, length, seed)]
        for i in range(start_offset, end_offset)
    ]
 ```
@ -147,15 +168,24 @@ def get_shuffled_committee(state: BeaconState,
 ```python
 def get_persistent_committee(state: BeaconState,
                             shard: Shard,
-                             epoch: Epoch) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
+                             slot: Slot) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
    """
-    Return the persistent committee for the given ``shard`` at the given ``epoch``.
+    Return the persistent committee for the given ``shard`` at the given ``slot``.
    """
-    earlier_committee_start_epoch = epoch - (epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD) - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD * 2
-    earlier_committee = get_shuffled_committee(state, shard, earlier_committee_start_epoch)
+        
+    earlier_start_epoch = epoch - (epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD) - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD * 2
+    later_start_epoch = epoch - (epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD) - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD

-    later_committee_start_epoch = epoch - (epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD) - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD
-    later_committee = get_shuffled_committee(state, shard, later_committee_start_epoch)
+    committee_count = max(
+        len(get_active_validator_indices(state.validator_registry, earlier_start_epoch)) //
+        (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE),
+        len(get_active_validator_indices(state.validator_registry, later_start_epoch)) //
+        (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE),
+    ) + 1
+    
+    index = slot % committee_count
+    earlier_committee = get_shuffled_committee(state, shard, earlier_start_epoch, index, committee_count)
+    later_committee = get_shuffled_committee(state, shard, later_start_epoch, index, committee_count)

    def get_switchover_epoch(index):
        return (
@ -170,6 +200,7 @@ def get_persistent_committee(state: BeaconState,
        [i for i in later_committee if epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD >= get_switchover_epoch(i)]
    )))
 ```
+
 #### `get_shard_proposer_index`

 ```python
@ -181,14 +212,14 @@ def get_shard_proposer_index(state: BeaconState,
        int_to_bytes8(shard) +
        int_to_bytes8(slot)
    )
-    persistent_committee = get_persistent_committee(state, shard, slot_to_epoch(slot))
+    persistent_committee = get_persistent_committee(state, shard, slot)
    # Default proposer
    index = bytes_to_int(seed[0:8]) % len(persistent_committee)
    # If default proposer exits, try the other proposers in order; if all are exited
    # return None (ie. no block can be proposed)
    validators_to_try = persistent_committee[index:] + persistent_committee[:index]
    for index in validators_to_try:
-        if is_active_validator(state.validators[index], get_current_epoch(state)):
+        if is_active_validator(state.validator_registry[index], get_current_epoch(state)):
            return index
    return None
 ```
@ -233,14 +264,14 @@ To validate a block header on shard `shard_block.shard_id`, compute as follows:
 * Verify that `shard_block.beacon_chain_ref` is the hash of a block in the (canonical) beacon chain with slot less than or equal to `slot`.
 * Verify that `shard_block.beacon_chain_ref` is equal to or a descendant of the `shard_block.beacon_chain_ref` specified in the `ShardBlock` pointed to by `shard_block.parent_root`.
 * Let `state` be the state of the beacon chain block referred to by `shard_block.beacon_chain_ref`.
-* Let `persistent_committee = get_persistent_committee(state, shard_block.shard_id, slot_to_epoch(shard_block.slot))`.
+* Let `persistent_committee = get_persistent_committee(state, shard_block.shard_id, shard_block.slot)`.
 * Assert `verify_bitfield(shard_block.participation_bitfield, len(persistent_committee))`
-* For every `i in range(len(persistent_committee))` where `is_active_validator(state.validators[persistent_committee[i]], get_current_epoch(state))` returns `False`, verify that `get_bitfield_bit(shard_block.participation_bitfield, i) == 0`
+* For every `i in range(len(persistent_committee))` where `is_active_validator(state.validator_registry[persistent_committee[i]], get_current_epoch(state))` returns `False`, verify that `get_bitfield_bit(shard_block.participation_bitfield, i) == 0`
 * Let `proposer_index = get_shard_proposer_index(state, shard_block.shard_id, shard_block.slot)`.
 * Verify that `proposer_index` is not `None`.
 * Let `msg` be the `shard_block` but with `shard_block.signature` set to `[0, 0]`.
 * Verify that `bls_verify(pubkey=validators[proposer_index].pubkey, message_hash=hash(msg), signature=shard_block.signature, domain=get_domain(state, slot_to_epoch(shard_block.slot), DOMAIN_SHARD_PROPOSER))` passes.
-* Let `group_public_key = bls_aggregate_pubkeys([state.validators[index].pubkey for i, index in enumerate(persistent_committee) if get_bitfield_bit(shard_block.participation_bitfield, i) is True])`.
+* Let `group_public_key = bls_aggregate_pubkeys([state.validator_registry[index].pubkey for i, index in enumerate(persistent_committee) if get_bitfield_bit(shard_block.participation_bitfield, i) is True])`.
 * Verify that `bls_verify(pubkey=group_public_key, message_hash=shard_block.parent_root, sig=shard_block.aggregate_signature, domain=get_domain(state, slot_to_epoch(shard_block.slot), DOMAIN_SHARD_ATTESTER))` passes.

 ### Verifying shard block data
--- a/specs/light_client/merkle_proofs.md
+++ b/specs/light_client/merkle_proofs.md
@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+### Generalized Merkle tree index
+
+In a binary Merkle tree, we define a "generalized index" of a node as `2**depth + index`. Visually, this looks as follows:
+
+```
+    1
+ 2     3
+4 5   6 7
+   ...
+```
+
+Note that the generalized index has the convenient property that the two children of node `k` are `2k` and `2k+1`, and also that it equals the position of a node in the linear representation of the Merkle tree that's computed by this function:
+
+```python
+def merkle_tree(leaves):
+    o = [0] * len(leaves) + leaves
+    for i in range(len(leaves)-1, 0, -1):
+        o[i] = hash(o[i*2] + o[i*2+1])
+    return o
+```
+
+We will define Merkle proofs in terms of generalized indices.
+
+### SSZ object to index
+
+We can describe the hash tree of any SSZ object, rooted in `hash_tree_root(object)`, as a binary Merkle tree whose depth may vary. For example, an object `{x: bytes32, y: List[uint64]}` would look as follows:
+
+```
+     root
+    /    \
+   x    y_root
+        /    \
+y_data_root  len(y)
+    / \
+   /\ /\
+  .......
+```
+
+We can now define a concept of a "path", a way of describing a function that takes as input an SSZ object and outputs some specific (possibly deeply nested) member. For example, `foo -> foo.x` is a path, as are `foo -> len(foo.y)` and `foo -> foo[5]`. We'll describe paths as lists: in these three cases they are `["x"]`, `["y", "len"]` and `["y", 5]` respectively. We can now define a function `get_generalized_indices(object: Any, path: List[str OR int], root=1: int) -> int` that converts an object and a path to a set of generalized indices (note that for constant-sized objects, there is only one generalized index and it only depends on the path, but for dynamically sized objects the indices may depend on the object itself too). For dynamically-sized objects, the set of indices will have more than one member because of the need to access an array's length to determine the correct generalized index for some array access.
+
+```python
+def get_generalized_indices(obj: Any, path: List[str or int], root=1) -> List[int]:
+    if len(path) == 0:
+        return [root]
+    elif isinstance(obj, StaticList):
+        items_per_chunk = (32 // len(serialize(x))) if isinstance(x, int) else 1
+        new_root = root * next_power_of_2(len(obj) // items_per_chunk) + path[0] // items_per_chunk
+        return get_generalized_indices(obj[path[0]], path[1:], new_root)
+    elif isinstance(obj, DynamicList) and path[0] == "len":
+        return [root * 2 + 1]
+    elif isinstance(obj, DynamicList) and isinstance(path[0], int):
+        assert path[0] < len(obj)
+        items_per_chunk = (32 // len(serialize(x))) if isinstance(x, int) else 1
+        new_root = root * 2 * next_power_of_2(len(obj) // items_per_chunk) + path[0] // items_per_chunk
+        return [root *2 + 1] + get_generalized_indices(obj[path[0]], path[1:], new_root)
+    elif hasattr(obj, "fields"):
+        index = list(fields.keys()).index(path[0])
+        new_root = root * next_power_of_2(len(fields)) + index
+        return get_generalized_indices(getattr(obj, path[0]), path[1:], new_root)
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Unknown type / path")
+```
+
+### Merkle multiproofs
+
+We define a Merkle multiproof as a minimal subset of nodes in a Merkle tree needed to fully authenticate that a set of nodes actually are part of a Merkle tree with some specified root, at a particular set of generalized indices. For example, here is the Merkle multiproof for positions 0, 1, 6 in an 8-node Merkle tree (ie. generalized indices 8, 9, 14):
+
+```
+       .
+   .       .
+ .   *   *   .
+x x . . . . x *
+```
+
+. are unused nodes, * are used nodes, x are the values we are trying to prove. Notice how despite being a multiproof for 3 values, it requires only 3 auxiliary nodes, only one node more than would be required to prove a single value. Normally the efficiency gains are not quite that extreme, but the savings relative to individual Merkle proofs are still significant. As a rule of thumb, a multiproof for k nodes at the same level of an n-node tree has size `k * (n/k + log(n/k))`.
+
+Here is code for creating and verifying a multiproof. First a helper:
+
+```python
+def log2(x):
+    return 0 if x == 1 else 1 + log2(x//2)
+```
+
+First, a method for computing the generalized indices of the auxiliary tree nodes that a proof of a given set of generalized indices will require:
+
+```python
+def get_proof_indices(tree_indices: List[int]) -> List[int]:
+    # Get all indices touched by the proof
+    maximal_indices = set({})
+    for i in tree_indices:
+        x = i
+        while x > 1:
+            maximal_indices.add(x ^ 1)
+            x //= 2
+    maximal_indices = tree_indices + sorted(list(maximal_indices))[::-1]
+    # Get indices that cannot be recalculated from earlier indices
+    redundant_indices = set({})
+    proof = []
+    for index in maximal_indices:
+        if index not in redundant_indices:
+            proof.append(index)
+            while index > 1:
+                redundant_indices.add(index)
+                if (index ^ 1) not in redundant_indices:
+                    break
+                index //= 2
+    return [i for i in proof if i not in tree_indices]
+````
+
+Generating a proof is simply a matter of taking the node of the SSZ hash tree with the union of the given generalized indices for each index given by `get_proof_indices`, and outputting the list of nodes in the same order.
+
+```python
+def verify_multi_proof(root, indices, leaves, proof):
+    tree = {}
+    for index, leaf in zip(indices, leaves):
+        tree[index] = leaf
+    for index, proofitem in zip(get_proof_indices(indices), proof):
+        tree[index] = proofitem
+    indexqueue = sorted(tree.keys())[:-1]
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(indexqueue):
+        index = indexqueue[i]
+        if index >= 2 and index^1 in tree:
+            tree[index//2] = hash(tree[index - index%2] + tree[index - index%2 + 1])
+            indexqueue.append(index//2)
+        i += 1
+    return (indices == []) or (1 in tree and tree[1] == root)
+```
+
+#### Proofs for execution
+
+We define `MerklePartial(f, arg1, arg2...)` as being a list of Merkle multiproofs of the sets of nodes in the hash trees of the SSZ objects that are needed to authenticate the values needed to compute some function `f(arg1, arg2...)`. An individual Merkle multiproof is given as a dynamic sized list of `bytes32` values, a `MerklePartial` is a fixed-size list of objects `{proof: ["bytes32"], value: "bytes32"}`, one for each `arg` to `f` (if some `arg` is a base type, then the multiproof is empty).
+
+Ideally, any function which accepts an SSZ object should also be able to accept a `MerklePartial` object as a substitute.
--- a/specs/light_client/sync_protocol.md
+++ b/specs/light_client/sync_protocol.md
@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# Beacon chain light client syncing
+
+One of the design goals of the eth2 beacon chain is light-client friendlines, both to allow low-resource clients (mobile phones, IoT, etc) to maintain access to the blockchain in a reasonably safe way, but also to facilitate the development of "bridges" between the eth2 beacon chain and other chains.
+
+### Preliminaries
+
+We define an "expansion" of an object as an object where a field in an object that is meant to represent the `hash_tree_root` of another object is replaced by the object. Note that defining expansions is not a consensus-layer-change; it is merely a "re-interpretation" of the object. Particularly, the `hash_tree_root` of an expansion of an object is identical to that of the original object, and we can define expansions where, given a complete history, it is always possible to compute the expansion of any object in the history. The opposite of an expansion is a "summary" (eg. `BeaconBlockHeader` is a summary of `BeaconBlock`).
+
+We define two expansions:
+
+* `ExtendedBeaconBlock`, which is identical to a `BeaconBlock` except `state_root` is replaced with the corresponding `state: ExtendedBeaconState`
+* `ExtendedBeaconState`, which is identical to a `BeaconState` except `latest_active_index_roots: List[Bytes32]` is replaced by `latest_active_indices: List[List[ValidatorIndex]]`, where `BeaconState.latest_active_index_roots[i] = hash_tree_root(ExtendedBeaconState.latest_active_indices[i])`
+
+Note that there is now a new way to compute `get_active_validator_indices`:
+
+```python
+def get_active_validator_indices(state: BeaconState, epoch: Epoch) -> List[ValidatorIndex]:
+    return state.latest_active_indices[epoch % LATEST_ACTIVE_INDEX_ROOTS_LENGTH]
+```
+
+Note that it takes `state` instead of `state.validator_registry` as an argument. This does not affect its use in `get_shuffled_committee`, because `get_shuffled_committee` has access to the full `state` as one of its arguments.
+
+A `MerklePartial(f, *args)` is an object that contains a minimal Merkle proof needed to compute `f(*args)`. A `MerklePartial` can be used in place of a regular SSZ object, though a computation would return an error if it attempts to access part of the object that is not contained in the proof.
+
+We add a data type `PeriodData` and four helpers:
+
+```python
+{
+    'validator_count': 'uint64',
+    'seed': 'bytes32',
+    'committee': [Validator]
+}
+```
+
+```python
+def get_earlier_start_epoch(slot: Slot) -> int:
+    return slot - slot % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD * 2
+
+def get_later_start_epoch(slot: Slot) -> int:
+    return slot - slot % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD - PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD
+    
+def get_earlier_period_data(block: ExtendedBeaconBlock, shard_id: Shard) -> PeriodData:
+    period_start = get_earlier_start_epoch(header.slot)
+    validator_count = len(get_active_validator_indices(state, period_start))
+    committee_count = validator_count // (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE) + 1
+    indices = get_shuffled_committee(block.state, shard_id, period_start, 0, committee_count)
+    return PeriodData(
+        validator_count,
+        generate_seed(block.state, period_start),
+        [block.state.validator_registry[i] for i in indices]
+    )
+    
+def get_later_period_data(block: ExtendedBeaconBlock, shard_id: Shard) -> PeriodData:
+    period_start = get_later_start_epoch(header.slot)
+    validator_count = len(get_active_validator_indices(state, period_start))
+    committee_count = validator_count // (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE) + 1
+    indices = get_shuffled_committee(block.state, shard_id, period_start, 0, committee_count)
+    return PeriodData(
+        validator_count,
+        generate_seed(block.state, period_start),
+        [block.state.validator_registry[i] for i in indices]
+    )
+```
+
+### Light client state
+
+A light client will keep track of:
+
+* A random `shard_id` in `[0...SHARD_COUNT-1]` (selected once and retained forever)
+* A block header that they consider to be finalized (`finalized_header`) and do not expect to revert.
+* `later_period_data = get_maximal_later_committee(finalized_header, shard_id)`
+* `earlier_period_data = get_maximal_earlier_committee(finalized_header, shard_id)`
+
+We use the struct `validator_memory` to keep track of these variables.
+
+### Updating the shuffled committee
+
+If a client's `validator_memory.finalized_header` changes so that `header.slot // PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD` increases, then the client can ask the network for a `new_committee_proof = MerklePartial(get_maximal_later_committee, validator_memory.finalized_header, shard_id)`. It can then compute:
+
+```python
+earlier_period_data = later_period_data
+later_period_data = get_later_period_data(new_committee_proof, finalized_header, shard_id)
+```
+
+The maximum size of a proof is `128 * ((22-7) * 32 + 110) = 75520` bytes for validator records and `(22-7) * 32 + 128 * 8 = 1504` for the active index proof (much smaller because the relevant active indices are all beside each other in the Merkle tree). This needs to be done once per `PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD` epochs (2048 epochs / 9 days), or ~38 bytes per epoch.
+
+### Computing the current committee
+
+Here is a helper to compute the committee at a slot given the maximal earlier and later committees:
+
+```python
+def compute_committee(header: BeaconBlockHeader,
+                      validator_memory: ValidatorMemory):
+                      
+    earlier_validator_count = validator_memory.earlier_period_data.validator_count
+    later_validator_count = validator_memory.later_period_data.validator_count
+    earlier_committee = validator_memory.earlier_period_data.committee
+    later_committee = validator_memory.later_period_data.committee
+    earlier_start_epoch = get_earlier_start_epoch(header.slot)
+    later_start_epoch = get_later_start_epoch(header.slot)
+    epoch = slot_to_epoch(header.slot)
+    
+    actual_committee_count = max(
+        earlier_validator_count // (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE),
+        later_validator_count // (SHARD_COUNT * TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE),
+    ) + 1
+    
+    def get_offset(count, end:bool):
+        return get_split_offset(count,
+                                SHARD_COUNT * committee_count,
+                                validator_memory.shard_id * committee_count + (1 if end else 0))
+                                
+    actual_earlier_committee = maximal_earlier_committee[
+        0:get_offset(earlier_validator_count, True) - get_offset(earlier_validator_count, False)
+    ]
+    actual_later_committee = maximal_later_committee[
+        0:get_offset(later_validator_count, True) - get_offset(later_validator_count, False)
+    ]
+    def get_switchover_epoch(index):
+        return (
+            bytes_to_int(hash(validator_memory.earlier_period_data.seed + bytes3(index))[0:8]) %
+            PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD
+        )
+
+    # Take not-yet-cycled-out validators from earlier committee and already-cycled-in validators from
+    # later committee; return a sorted list of the union of the two, deduplicated
+    return sorted(list(set(
+        [i for i in earlier_committee if epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD < get_switchover_epoch(i)] +
+        [i for i in later_committee if epoch % PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD >= get_switchover_epoch(i)]
+    )))
+                    
+```
+
+Note that this method makes use of the fact that the committee for any given shard always starts and ends at the same validator index independently of the committee count (this is because the validator set is split into `SHARD_COUNT * committee_count` slices but the first slice of a shard is a multiple `committee_count * i`, so the start of the slice is `n * committee_count * i // (SHARD_COUNT * committee_count) = n * i // SHARD_COUNT`, using the slightly nontrivial algebraic identity `(x * a) // ab == x // b`).
+
+### Verifying blocks
+
+If a client wants to update its `finalized_header` it asks the network for a `BlockValidityProof`, which is simply:
+
+```python
+{
+    'header': BlockHeader,
+    'shard_aggregate_signature': 'bytes96',
+    'shard_bitfield': 'bytes',
+    'shard_parent_block': ShardBlock
+}
+```
+
+The verification procedure is as follows:
+
+```python
+def verify_block_validity_proof(proof: BlockValidityProof, validator_memory: ValidatorMemory) -> bool:
+    assert proof.shard_parent_block.beacon_chain_ref == hash_tree_root(proof.header)
+    committee = compute_committee(proof.header, validator_memory)
+    # Verify that we have >=50% support
+    support_balance = sum([c.high_balance for i, c in enumerate(committee) if get_bitfield_bit(proof.shard_bitfield, i) is True])
+    total_balance = sum([c.high_balance for i, c in enumerate(committee)]
+    assert support_balance * 2 > total_balance
+    # Verify shard attestations
+    group_public_key = bls_aggregate_pubkeys([
+        v.pubkey for v, index in enumerate(committee) if
+        get_bitfield_bit(proof.shard_bitfield, i) is True
+    ])
+    assert bls_verify(
+        pubkey=group_public_key,
+        message_hash=hash_tree_root(shard_parent_block),
+        signature=shard_aggregate_signature,
+        domain=get_domain(state, slot_to_epoch(shard_block.slot), DOMAIN_SHARD_ATTESTER)
+    )
+```
+
+The size of this proof is only 200 (header) + 96 (signature) + 16 (bitfield) + 352 (shard block) = 664 bytes. It can be reduced further by replacing `ShardBlock` with `MerklePartial(lambda x: x.beacon_chain_ref, ShardBlock)`, which would cut off ~220 bytes.
--- a/specs/simple-serialize.md
+++ b/specs/simple-serialize.md
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This is a **work in progress** describing typing, serialization and Merkleizatio
 - [Serialization](#serialization)
    - [`"uintN"`](#uintn)
    - [`"bool"`](#bool)
-    - [Tuples, containers, lists](#tuples-containers-lists)
+    - [Vectors, containers, lists](#vectors-containers-lists)
 - [Deserialization](#deserialization)
 - [Merkleization](#merkleization)
 - [Self-signed containers](#self-signed-containers)
@ -34,12 +34,14 @@ This is a **work in progress** describing typing, serialization and Merkleizatio
 ### Composite types

 * **container**: ordered heterogenous collection of values
-    * key-pair curly bracket notation `{}`, e.g. `{'foo': "uint64", 'bar': "bool"}`
-* **tuple**: ordered fixed-length homogeneous collection of values
+    * key-pair curly bracket notation `{}`, e.g. `{"foo": "uint64", "bar": "bool"}`
+* **vector**: ordered fixed-length homogeneous collection of values
    * angle bracket notation `[type, N]`, e.g. `["uint64", N]`
 * **list**: ordered variable-length homogenous collection of values
    * angle bracket notation `[type]`, e.g. `["uint64"]`

+We recursively define "variable-size" types to be lists and all types that contains a variable-size type. All other types are said to be "fixed-size".
+
 ### Aliases

 For convenience we alias:
@ -54,34 +56,34 @@ We recursively define the `serialize` function which consumes an object `value`

 *Note*: In the function definitions below (`serialize`, `hash_tree_root`, `signed_root`, etc.) objects implicitly carry their type.

-### `uintN`
+### `"uintN"`

 ```python
 assert N in [8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256]
-return value.to_bytes(N // 8, 'little')
+return value.to_bytes(N // 8, "little")
 ```

-### `bool`
+### `"bool"`

 ```python
 assert value in (True, False)
-return b'\x01' if value is True else b'\x00'
+return b"\x01" if value is True else b"\x00"
 ```

-### Tuples, containers, lists
+### Vectors, containers, lists

-If `value` is fixed-length (i.e. does not embed a list):
+If `value` is fixed-size:

 ```python
-return ''.join([serialize(element) for element in value])
+return "".join([serialize(element) for element in value])
 ```

-If `value` is variable-length (i.e. embeds a list):
+If `value` is variable-size:

 ```python
-serialized_bytes = ''.join([serialize(element) for element in value])
+serialized_bytes = "".join([serialize(element) for element in value])
 assert len(serialized_bytes) < 2**(8 * BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX)
-serialized_length = len(serialized_bytes).to_bytes(BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX, 'little')
+serialized_length = len(serialized_bytes).to_bytes(BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX, "little")
 return serialized_length + serialized_bytes
 ```

@ -99,9 +101,9 @@ We first define helper functions:

 We now define Merkleization `hash_tree_root(value)` of an object `value` recursively:

-* `merkleize(pack(value))` if `value` is a basic object or a tuple of basic objects
+* `merkleize(pack(value))` if `value` is a basic object or a vector of basic objects
 * `mix_in_length(merkleize(pack(value)), len(value))` if `value` is a list of basic objects
-* `merkleize([hash_tree_root(element) for element in value])` if `value` is a tuple of composite objects or a container
+* `merkleize([hash_tree_root(element) for element in value])` if `value` is a vector of composite objects or a container
 * `mix_in_length(merkleize([hash_tree_root(element) for element in value]), len(value))` if `value` is a list of composite objects

 ## Self-signed containers
--- a/tests/init.py
+++ b/tests/init.py
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
--- a/tests/phase0/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/phase0/conftest.py
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import pytest
+
+from build.phase0 import spec
+
+from tests.phase0.helpers import (
+    privkeys_list,
+    pubkeys_list,
+    create_genesis_state,
+)
+
+
+DEFAULT_CONFIG = {}  # no change
+
+MINIMAL_CONFIG = {
+    "SHARD_COUNT": 8,
+    "MIN_ATTESTATION_INCLUSION_DELAY": 2,
+    "TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE": 4,
+    "SLOTS_PER_EPOCH": 8,
+    "GENESIS_EPOCH": spec.GENESIS_SLOT // 8,
+    "SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT": 64,
+    "LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH": 64,
+    "LATEST_ACTIVE_INDEX_ROOTS_LENGTH": 64,
+    "LATEST_SLASHED_EXIT_LENGTH": 64,
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def privkeys():
+    return privkeys_list
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def pubkeys():
+    return pubkeys_list
+
+
+def overwrite_spec_config(config):
+    for field in config:
+        setattr(spec, field, config[field])
+        if field == "LATEST_RANDAO_MIXES_LENGTH":
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_randao_mixes'][1] = config[field]
+        elif field == "SHARD_COUNT":
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_crosslinks'][1] = config[field]
+        elif field == "SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT":
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_block_roots'][1] = config[field]
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_state_roots'][1] = config[field]
+            spec.HistoricalBatch.fields['block_roots'][1] = config[field]
+            spec.HistoricalBatch.fields['state_roots'][1] = config[field]
+        elif field == "LATEST_ACTIVE_INDEX_ROOTS_LENGTH":
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_active_index_roots'][1] = config[field]
+        elif field == "LATEST_SLASHED_EXIT_LENGTH":
+            spec.BeaconState.fields['latest_slashed_balances'][1] = config[field]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(
+    params=[
+        pytest.param(MINIMAL_CONFIG, marks=pytest.mark.minimal_config),
+        DEFAULT_CONFIG,
+    ]
+)
+def config(request):
+    return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def overwrite_config(config):
+    overwrite_spec_config(config)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def num_validators():
+    return 100
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def deposit_data_leaves():
+    return list()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def state(num_validators, deposit_data_leaves):
+    return create_genesis_state(num_validators, deposit_data_leaves)
--- a/tests/phase0/helpers.py
+++ b/tests/phase0/helpers.py
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+from py_ecc import bls
+
+import build.phase0.spec as spec
+from build.phase0.utils.minimal_ssz import signed_root
+from build.phase0.spec import (
+    # constants
+    EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    # SSZ
+    AttestationData,
+    Deposit,
+    DepositInput,
+    DepositData,
+    Eth1Data,
+    # functions
+    get_block_root,
+    get_current_epoch,
+    get_domain,
+    get_empty_block,
+    get_epoch_start_slot,
+    get_genesis_beacon_state,
+    verify_merkle_branch,
+    hash,
+)
+from build.phase0.utils.merkle_minimal import (
+    calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves,
+    get_merkle_proof,
+    get_merkle_root,
+)
+
+
+privkeys_list = [i + 1 for i in range(1000)]
+pubkeys_list = [bls.privtopub(privkey) for privkey in privkeys_list]
+pubkey_to_privkey = {pubkey: privkey for privkey, pubkey in zip(privkeys_list, pubkeys_list)}
+
+
+def create_mock_genesis_validator_deposits(num_validators, deposit_data_leaves):
+    deposit_timestamp = 0
+    proof_of_possession = b'\x33' * 96
+
+    deposit_data_list = []
+    for i in range(num_validators):
+        pubkey = pubkeys_list[i]
+        deposit_data = DepositData(
+            amount=spec.MAX_DEPOSIT_AMOUNT,
+            timestamp=deposit_timestamp,
+            deposit_input=DepositInput(
+                pubkey=pubkey,
+                # insecurely use pubkey as withdrawal key as well
+                withdrawal_credentials=spec.BLS_WITHDRAWAL_PREFIX_BYTE + hash(pubkey)[1:],
+                proof_of_possession=proof_of_possession,
+            ),
+        )
+        item = hash(deposit_data.serialize())
+        deposit_data_leaves.append(item)
+        tree = calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves(tuple(deposit_data_leaves))
+        root = get_merkle_root((tuple(deposit_data_leaves)))
+        proof = list(get_merkle_proof(tree, item_index=i))
+        assert verify_merkle_branch(item, proof, spec.DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH, i, root)
+        deposit_data_list.append(deposit_data)
+
+    genesis_validator_deposits = []
+    for i in range(num_validators):
+        genesis_validator_deposits.append(Deposit(
+            proof=list(get_merkle_proof(tree, item_index=i)),
+            index=i,
+            deposit_data=deposit_data_list[i]
+        ))
+    return genesis_validator_deposits, root
+
+
+def create_genesis_state(num_validators, deposit_data_leaves):
+    initial_deposits, deposit_root = create_mock_genesis_validator_deposits(num_validators, deposit_data_leaves)
+    return get_genesis_beacon_state(
+        initial_deposits,
+        genesis_time=0,
+        genesis_eth1_data=Eth1Data(
+            deposit_root=deposit_root,
+            block_hash=spec.ZERO_HASH,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def build_empty_block_for_next_slot(state):
+    empty_block = get_empty_block()
+    empty_block.slot = state.slot + 1
+    previous_block_header = deepcopy(state.latest_block_header)
+    if previous_block_header.state_root == spec.ZERO_HASH:
+        previous_block_header.state_root = state.hash_tree_root()
+    empty_block.previous_block_root = previous_block_header.hash_tree_root()
+    return empty_block
+
+
+def build_deposit_data(state, pubkey, privkey, amount):
+    deposit_input = DepositInput(
+        pubkey=pubkey,
+        # insecurely use pubkey as withdrawal key as well
+        withdrawal_credentials=spec.BLS_WITHDRAWAL_PREFIX_BYTE + hash(pubkey)[1:],
+        proof_of_possession=EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    )
+    proof_of_possession = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=signed_root(deposit_input),
+        privkey=privkey,
+        domain=get_domain(
+            state.fork,
+            get_current_epoch(state),
+            spec.DOMAIN_DEPOSIT,
+        )
+    )
+    deposit_input.proof_of_possession = proof_of_possession
+    deposit_data = DepositData(
+        amount=amount,
+        timestamp=0,
+        deposit_input=deposit_input,
+    )
+    return deposit_data
+
+
+def build_attestation_data(state, slot, shard):
+    assert state.slot >= slot
+
+    block_root = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(state).previous_block_root
+
+    epoch_start_slot = get_epoch_start_slot(get_current_epoch(state))
+    if epoch_start_slot == slot:
+        epoch_boundary_root = block_root
+    else:
+        get_block_root(state, epoch_start_slot)
+
+    if slot < epoch_start_slot:
+        justified_block_root = state.previous_justified_root
+    else:
+        justified_block_root = state.current_justified_root
+
+    return AttestationData(
+        slot=slot,
+        shard=shard,
+        beacon_block_root=block_root,
+        source_epoch=state.current_justified_epoch,
+        source_root=justified_block_root,
+        target_root=epoch_boundary_root,
+        crosslink_data_root=spec.ZERO_HASH,
+        previous_crosslink=deepcopy(state.latest_crosslinks[shard]),
+    )
--- a/tests/phase0/test_sanity.py
+++ b/tests/phase0/test_sanity.py
@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+import pytest
+
+from py_ecc import bls
+import build.phase0.spec as spec
+
+from build.phase0.utils.minimal_ssz import signed_root
+from build.phase0.spec import (
+    # constants
+    EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    ZERO_HASH,
+    # SSZ
+    Attestation,
+    AttestationDataAndCustodyBit,
+    BeaconBlockHeader,
+    Deposit,
+    Transfer,
+    ProposerSlashing,
+    VoluntaryExit,
+    # functions
+    get_active_validator_indices,
+    get_attestation_participants,
+    get_block_root,
+    get_crosslink_committees_at_slot,
+    get_current_epoch,
+    get_domain,
+    get_state_root,
+    advance_slot,
+    cache_state,
+    verify_merkle_branch,
+    hash,
+)
+from build.phase0.state_transition import (
+    state_transition,
+)
+from build.phase0.utils.merkle_minimal import (
+    calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves,
+    get_merkle_proof,
+    get_merkle_root,
+)
+from tests.phase0.helpers import (
+    build_attestation_data,
+    build_deposit_data,
+    build_empty_block_for_next_slot,
+)
+
+
+# mark entire file as 'sanity'
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.sanity
+
+
+def test_slot_transition(state):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    cache_state(test_state)
+    advance_slot(test_state)
+    assert test_state.slot == state.slot + 1
+    assert get_state_root(test_state, state.slot) == state.hash_tree_root()
+    return test_state
+
+
+def test_empty_block_transition(state):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    state_transition(test_state, block)
+
+    assert len(test_state.eth1_data_votes) == len(state.eth1_data_votes) + 1
+    assert get_block_root(test_state, state.slot) == block.previous_block_root
+
+    return state, [block], test_state
+
+
+def test_skipped_slots(state):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    block.slot += 3
+
+    state_transition(test_state, block)
+
+    assert test_state.slot == block.slot
+    for slot in range(state.slot, test_state.slot):
+        assert get_block_root(test_state, slot) == block.previous_block_root
+
+    return state, [block], test_state
+
+
+def test_empty_epoch_transition(state):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    block.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
+
+    state_transition(test_state, block)
+
+    assert test_state.slot == block.slot
+    for slot in range(state.slot, test_state.slot):
+        assert get_block_root(test_state, slot) == block.previous_block_root
+
+    return state, [block], test_state
+
+
+def test_empty_epoch_transition_not_finalizing(state):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    block.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * 5
+
+    state_transition(test_state, block)
+
+    assert test_state.slot == block.slot
+    assert test_state.finalized_epoch < get_current_epoch(test_state) - 4
+
+    return state, [block], test_state
+
+
+def test_proposer_slashing(state, pubkeys, privkeys):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    current_epoch = get_current_epoch(test_state)
+    validator_index = get_active_validator_indices(test_state.validator_registry, current_epoch)[-1]
+    privkey = privkeys[validator_index]
+    slot = spec.GENESIS_SLOT
+    header_1 = BeaconBlockHeader(
+        slot=slot,
+        previous_block_root=ZERO_HASH,
+        state_root=ZERO_HASH,
+        block_body_root=ZERO_HASH,
+        signature=EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    )
+    header_2 = deepcopy(header_1)
+    header_2.previous_block_root = b'\x02' * 32
+    header_2.slot = slot + 1
+
+    domain = get_domain(
+        fork=test_state.fork,
+        epoch=get_current_epoch(test_state),
+        domain_type=spec.DOMAIN_BEACON_BLOCK,
+    )
+    header_1.signature = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=signed_root(header_1),
+        privkey=privkey,
+        domain=domain,
+    )
+    header_2.signature = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=signed_root(header_2),
+        privkey=privkey,
+        domain=domain,
+    )
+
+    proposer_slashing = ProposerSlashing(
+        proposer_index=validator_index,
+        header_1=header_1,
+        header_2=header_2,
+    )
+
+    #
+    # Add to state via block transition
+    #
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    block.body.proposer_slashings.append(proposer_slashing)
+    state_transition(test_state, block)
+
+    assert not state.validator_registry[validator_index].initiated_exit
+    assert not state.validator_registry[validator_index].slashed
+
+    slashed_validator = test_state.validator_registry[validator_index]
+    assert not slashed_validator.initiated_exit
+    assert slashed_validator.slashed
+    assert slashed_validator.exit_epoch < spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+    assert slashed_validator.withdrawable_epoch < spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+    # lost whistleblower reward
+    assert test_state.validator_balances[validator_index] < state.validator_balances[validator_index]
+
+    return state, [block], test_state
+
+
+def test_deposit_in_block(state, deposit_data_leaves, pubkeys, privkeys):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+    test_deposit_data_leaves = deepcopy(deposit_data_leaves)
+
+    index = len(test_deposit_data_leaves)
+    pubkey = pubkeys[index]
+    privkey = privkeys[index]
+    deposit_data = build_deposit_data(pre_state, pubkey, privkey, spec.MAX_DEPOSIT_AMOUNT)
+
+    item = hash(deposit_data.serialize())
+    test_deposit_data_leaves.append(item)
+    tree = calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves(tuple(test_deposit_data_leaves))
+    root = get_merkle_root((tuple(test_deposit_data_leaves)))
+    proof = list(get_merkle_proof(tree, item_index=index))
+    assert verify_merkle_branch(item, proof, spec.DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH, index, root)
+
+    deposit = Deposit(
+        proof=list(proof),
+        index=index,
+        deposit_data=deposit_data,
+    )
+
+    pre_state.latest_eth1_data.deposit_root = root
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+    block.body.deposits.append(deposit)
+
+    state_transition(post_state, block)
+    assert len(post_state.validator_registry) == len(state.validator_registry) + 1
+    assert len(post_state.validator_balances) == len(state.validator_balances) + 1
+    assert post_state.validator_registry[index].pubkey == pubkeys[index]
+
+    return pre_state, [block], post_state
+
+
+def test_deposit_top_up(state, pubkeys, privkeys, deposit_data_leaves):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+    test_deposit_data_leaves = deepcopy(deposit_data_leaves)
+
+    validator_index = 0
+    amount = spec.MAX_DEPOSIT_AMOUNT // 4
+    pubkey = pubkeys[validator_index]
+    privkey = privkeys[validator_index]
+    deposit_data = build_deposit_data(pre_state, pubkey, privkey, amount)
+
+    merkle_index = len(test_deposit_data_leaves)
+    item = hash(deposit_data.serialize())
+    test_deposit_data_leaves.append(item)
+    tree = calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves(tuple(test_deposit_data_leaves))
+    root = get_merkle_root((tuple(test_deposit_data_leaves)))
+    proof = list(get_merkle_proof(tree, item_index=merkle_index))
+    assert verify_merkle_branch(item, proof, spec.DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_TREE_DEPTH, merkle_index, root)
+
+    deposit = Deposit(
+        proof=list(proof),
+        index=merkle_index,
+        deposit_data=deposit_data,
+    )
+
+    pre_state.latest_eth1_data.deposit_root = root
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(pre_state)
+    block.body.deposits.append(deposit)
+
+    pre_balance = pre_state.validator_balances[validator_index]
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+    state_transition(post_state, block)
+    assert len(post_state.validator_registry) == len(pre_state.validator_registry)
+    assert len(post_state.validator_balances) == len(pre_state.validator_balances)
+    assert post_state.validator_balances[validator_index] == pre_balance + amount
+
+    return pre_state, [block], post_state
+
+
+def test_attestation(state, pubkeys, privkeys):
+    test_state = deepcopy(state)
+    slot = state.slot
+    shard = state.current_shuffling_start_shard
+    attestation_data = build_attestation_data(state, slot, shard)
+
+    crosslink_committees = get_crosslink_committees_at_slot(state, slot)
+    crosslink_committee = [committee for committee, _shard in crosslink_committees if _shard == attestation_data.shard][0]
+
+    committee_size = len(crosslink_committee)
+    bitfield_length = (committee_size + 7) // 8
+    aggregation_bitfield = b'\x01' + b'\x00' * (bitfield_length - 1)
+    custody_bitfield = b'\x00' * bitfield_length
+    attestation = Attestation(
+        aggregation_bitfield=aggregation_bitfield,
+        data=attestation_data,
+        custody_bitfield=custody_bitfield,
+        aggregate_signature=EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    )
+    participants = get_attestation_participants(
+        test_state,
+        attestation.data,
+        attestation.aggregation_bitfield,
+    )
+    assert len(participants) == 1
+
+    validator_index = participants[0]
+    privkey = privkeys[validator_index]
+
+    message_hash = AttestationDataAndCustodyBit(
+        data=attestation.data,
+        custody_bit=0b0,
+    ).hash_tree_root()
+
+    attestation.aggregation_signature = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=message_hash,
+        privkey=privkey,
+        domain=get_domain(
+            fork=test_state.fork,
+            epoch=get_current_epoch(test_state),
+            domain_type=spec.DOMAIN_ATTESTATION,
+        )
+    )
+
+    #
+    # Add to state via block transition
+    #
+    attestation_block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    attestation_block.slot += spec.MIN_ATTESTATION_INCLUSION_DELAY
+    attestation_block.body.attestations.append(attestation)
+    state_transition(test_state, attestation_block)
+
+    assert len(test_state.current_epoch_attestations) == len(state.current_epoch_attestations) + 1
+
+    #
+    # Epoch transition should move to previous_epoch_attestations
+    #
+    pre_current_epoch_attestations = deepcopy(test_state.current_epoch_attestations)
+
+    epoch_block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(test_state)
+    epoch_block.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
+    state_transition(test_state, epoch_block)
+
+    assert len(test_state.current_epoch_attestations) == 0
+    assert test_state.previous_epoch_attestations == pre_current_epoch_attestations
+
+    return state, [attestation_block, epoch_block], test_state
+
+
+def test_voluntary_exit(state, pubkeys, privkeys):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+    validator_index = get_active_validator_indices(pre_state.validator_registry, get_current_epoch(pre_state))[-1]
+
+    # move state forward PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD epochs to allow for exit
+    pre_state.slot += spec.PERSISTENT_COMMITTEE_PERIOD * spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
+    # artificially trigger registry update at next epoch transition
+    pre_state.validator_registry_update_epoch -= 1
+
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+
+    voluntary_exit = VoluntaryExit(
+        epoch=get_current_epoch(pre_state),
+        validator_index=validator_index,
+        signature=EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    )
+    voluntary_exit.signature = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=signed_root(voluntary_exit),
+        privkey=privkeys[validator_index],
+        domain=get_domain(
+            fork=pre_state.fork,
+            epoch=get_current_epoch(pre_state),
+            domain_type=spec.DOMAIN_VOLUNTARY_EXIT,
+        )
+    )
+
+    #
+    # Add to state via block transition
+    #
+    initiate_exit_block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+    initiate_exit_block.body.voluntary_exits.append(voluntary_exit)
+    state_transition(post_state, initiate_exit_block)
+
+    assert not pre_state.validator_registry[validator_index].initiated_exit
+    assert post_state.validator_registry[validator_index].initiated_exit
+    assert post_state.validator_registry[validator_index].exit_epoch == spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+
+    #
+    # Process within epoch transition
+    #
+    exit_block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+    exit_block.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
+    state_transition(post_state, exit_block)
+
+    assert post_state.validator_registry[validator_index].exit_epoch < spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+
+    return pre_state, [initiate_exit_block, exit_block], post_state
+
+
+def test_transfer(state, pubkeys, privkeys):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+    current_epoch = get_current_epoch(pre_state)
+    sender_index = get_active_validator_indices(pre_state.validator_registry, current_epoch)[-1]
+    recipient_index = get_active_validator_indices(pre_state.validator_registry, current_epoch)[0]
+    transfer_pubkey = pubkeys[-1]
+    transfer_privkey = privkeys[-1]
+    amount = pre_state.validator_balances[sender_index]
+    pre_transfer_recipient_balance = pre_state.validator_balances[recipient_index]
+    transfer = Transfer(
+        sender=sender_index,
+        recipient=recipient_index,
+        amount=amount,
+        fee=0,
+        slot=pre_state.slot + 1,
+        pubkey=transfer_pubkey,
+        signature=EMPTY_SIGNATURE,
+    )
+    transfer.signature = bls.sign(
+        message_hash=signed_root(transfer),
+        privkey=transfer_privkey,
+        domain=get_domain(
+            fork=pre_state.fork,
+            epoch=get_current_epoch(pre_state),
+            domain_type=spec.DOMAIN_TRANSFER,
+        )
+    )
+
+    # ensure withdrawal_credentials reproducable
+    pre_state.validator_registry[sender_index].withdrawal_credentials = (
+        spec.BLS_WITHDRAWAL_PREFIX_BYTE + hash(transfer_pubkey)[1:]
+    )
+    # un-activate so validator can transfer
+    pre_state.validator_registry[sender_index].activation_epoch = spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+    #
+    # Add to state via block transition
+    #
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+    block.body.transfers.append(transfer)
+    state_transition(post_state, block)
+
+    sender_balance = post_state.validator_balances[sender_index]
+    recipient_balance = post_state.validator_balances[recipient_index]
+    assert sender_balance == 0
+    assert recipient_balance == pre_transfer_recipient_balance + amount
+
+    return pre_state, [block], post_state
+
+
+def test_ejection(state):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+
+    current_epoch = get_current_epoch(pre_state)
+    validator_index = get_active_validator_indices(pre_state.validator_registry, current_epoch)[-1]
+
+    assert pre_state.validator_registry[validator_index].exit_epoch == spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+
+    # set validator balance to below ejection threshold
+    pre_state.validator_balances[validator_index] = spec.EJECTION_BALANCE - 1
+
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+    #
+    # trigger epoch transition
+    #
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+    block.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
+    state_transition(post_state, block)
+
+    assert post_state.validator_registry[validator_index].exit_epoch < spec.FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH
+
+    return pre_state, [block], post_state
+
+
+def test_historical_batch(state):
+    pre_state = deepcopy(state)
+    pre_state.slot += spec.SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT - (pre_state.slot % spec.SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT) - 1
+
+    post_state = deepcopy(pre_state)
+
+    block = build_empty_block_for_next_slot(post_state)
+
+    state_transition(post_state, block)
+
+    assert post_state.slot == block.slot
+    assert get_current_epoch(post_state) % (spec.SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT // spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH) == 0
+    assert len(post_state.historical_roots) == len(pre_state.historical_roots) + 1
+
+    return pre_state, [block], post_state
--- a/utils/init.py
+++ b/utils/init.py
--- a/utils/phase0/init.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/init.py
--- a/utils/phase0/bls_stub.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/bls_stub.py
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+
+
+def bls_verify(pubkey, message_hash, signature, domain):
+    return True
+
+
+def bls_verify_multiple(pubkeys, message_hashes, signature, domain):
+    return True
+
+
+def bls_aggregate_pubkeys(pubkeys):
+    return b'\x42' * 96
--- a/utils/phase0/hash_function.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/hash_function.py
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# from hashlib import sha256
+from eth_utils import keccak
+
+
+# def hash(x): return sha256(x).digest()
+def hash(x):
+    return keccak(x)
--- a/utils/phase0/merkle_minimal.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/merkle_minimal.py
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from .hash_function import hash
+
+
+zerohashes = [b'\x00' * 32]
+for layer in range(1, 32):
+    zerohashes.append(hash(zerohashes[layer - 1] + zerohashes[layer - 1]))
+
+
+# Compute a Merkle root of a right-zerobyte-padded 2**32 sized tree
+def calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves(values):
+    values = list(values)
+    tree = [values[::]]
+    for h in range(32):
+        if len(values) % 2 == 1:
+            values.append(zerohashes[h])
+        values = [hash(values[i] + values[i + 1]) for i in range(0, len(values), 2)]
+        tree.append(values[::])
+    return tree
+
+
+def get_merkle_root(values):
+    return calc_merkle_tree_from_leaves(values)[-1][0]
+
+
+def get_merkle_proof(tree, item_index):
+    proof = []
+    for i in range(32):
+        subindex = (item_index // 2**i) ^ 1
+        proof.append(tree[i][subindex] if subindex < len(tree[i]) else zerohashes[i])
+    return proof
--- a/utils/phase0/minimal_ssz.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/minimal_ssz.py
@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+from .hash_function import hash
+
+
+BYTES_PER_CHUNK = 32
+BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX = 4
+ZERO_CHUNK = b'\x00' * BYTES_PER_CHUNK
+
+
+def SSZType(fields):
+    class SSZObject():
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            for f in fields:
+                if f not in kwargs:
+                    raise Exception("Missing constructor argument: %s" % f)
+                setattr(self, f, kwargs[f])
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return (
+                self.fields == other.fields and
+                self.serialize() == other.serialize()
+            )
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return int.from_bytes(self.hash_tree_root(), byteorder="little")
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            output = []
+            for field in self.fields:
+                output.append(f'{field}: {getattr(self, field)}')
+            return "\n".join(output)
+
+        def serialize(self):
+            return serialize_value(self, self.__class__)
+
+        def hash_tree_root(self):
+            return hash_tree_root(self, self.__class__)
+
+    SSZObject.fields = fields
+    return SSZObject
+
+
+class Vector():
+    def __init__(self, items):
+        self.items = items
+        self.length = len(items)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.items[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.items[key] = value
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.items)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.length
+
+
+def is_basic(typ):
+    return isinstance(typ, str) and (typ[:4] in ('uint', 'bool') or typ == 'byte')
+
+
+def is_constant_sized(typ):
+    if is_basic(typ):
+        return True
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 1:
+        return is_constant_sized(typ[0])
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 2:
+        return False
+    elif isinstance(typ, str) and typ[:5] == 'bytes':
+        return len(typ) > 5
+    elif hasattr(typ, 'fields'):
+        for subtype in typ.fields.values():
+            if not is_constant_sized(subtype):
+                return False
+        return True
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Type not recognized")
+
+
+def coerce_to_bytes(x):
+    if isinstance(x, str):
+        o = x.encode('utf-8')
+        assert len(o) == len(x)
+        return o
+    elif isinstance(x, bytes):
+        return x
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expecting bytes")
+
+
+def serialize_value(value, typ=None):
+    if typ is None:
+        typ = infer_type(value)
+    if isinstance(typ, str) and typ[:4] == 'uint':
+        length = int(typ[4:])
+        assert length in (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256)
+        return value.to_bytes(length // 8, 'little')
+    elif typ == 'bool':
+        assert value in (True, False)
+        return b'\x01' if value is True else b'\x00'
+    elif (isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 1) or typ == 'bytes':
+        serialized_bytes = coerce_to_bytes(value) if typ == 'bytes' else b''.join([serialize_value(element, typ[0]) for element in value])
+        assert len(serialized_bytes) < 2**(8 * BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX)
+        serialized_length = len(serialized_bytes).to_bytes(BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX, 'little')
+        return serialized_length + serialized_bytes
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 2:
+        assert len(value) == typ[1]
+        return b''.join([serialize_value(element, typ[0]) for element in value])
+    elif isinstance(typ, str) and len(typ) > 5 and typ[:5] == 'bytes':
+        assert len(value) == int(typ[5:]), (value, int(typ[5:]))
+        return coerce_to_bytes(value)
+    elif hasattr(typ, 'fields'):
+        serialized_bytes = b''.join([serialize_value(getattr(value, field), subtype) for field, subtype in typ.fields.items()])
+        if is_constant_sized(typ):
+            return serialized_bytes
+        else:
+            assert len(serialized_bytes) < 2**(8 * BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX)
+            serialized_length = len(serialized_bytes).to_bytes(BYTES_PER_LENGTH_PREFIX, 'little')
+            return serialized_length + serialized_bytes
+    else:
+        print(value, typ)
+        raise Exception("Type not recognized")
+
+
+def chunkify(bytez):
+    bytez += b'\x00' * (-len(bytez) % BYTES_PER_CHUNK)
+    return [bytez[i:i + 32] for i in range(0, len(bytez), 32)]
+
+
+def pack(values, subtype):
+    return chunkify(b''.join([serialize_value(value, subtype) for value in values]))
+
+
+def is_power_of_two(x):
+    return x > 0 and x & (x - 1) == 0
+
+
+def merkleize(chunks):
+    tree = chunks[::]
+    while not is_power_of_two(len(tree)):
+        tree.append(ZERO_CHUNK)
+    tree = [ZERO_CHUNK] * len(tree) + tree
+    for i in range(len(tree) // 2 - 1, 0, -1):
+        tree[i] = hash(tree[i * 2] + tree[i * 2 + 1])
+    return tree[1]
+
+
+def mix_in_length(root, length):
+    return hash(root + length.to_bytes(32, 'little'))
+
+
+def infer_type(value):
+    if hasattr(value.__class__, 'fields'):
+        return value.__class__
+    elif isinstance(value, Vector):
+        return [infer_type(value[0]) if len(value) > 0 else 'uint64', len(value)]
+    elif isinstance(value, list):
+        return [infer_type(value[0])] if len(value) > 0 else ['uint64']
+    elif isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
+        return 'bytes'
+    elif isinstance(value, int):
+        return 'uint64'
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Failed to infer type")
+
+
+def hash_tree_root(value, typ=None):
+    if typ is None:
+        typ = infer_type(value)
+    if is_basic(typ):
+        return merkleize(pack([value], typ))
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 1 and is_basic(typ[0]):
+        return mix_in_length(merkleize(pack(value, typ[0])), len(value))
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 1 and not is_basic(typ[0]):
+        return mix_in_length(merkleize([hash_tree_root(element, typ[0]) for element in value]), len(value))
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 2 and is_basic(typ[0]):
+        assert len(value) == typ[1]
+        return merkleize(pack(value, typ[0]))
+    elif typ == 'bytes':
+        return mix_in_length(merkleize(chunkify(coerce_to_bytes(value))), len(value))
+    elif isinstance(typ, str) and typ[:5] == 'bytes' and len(typ) > 5:
+        assert len(value) == int(typ[5:])
+        return merkleize(chunkify(coerce_to_bytes(value)))
+    elif isinstance(typ, list) and len(typ) == 2 and not is_basic(typ[0]):
+        return merkleize([hash_tree_root(element, typ[0]) for element in value])
+    elif hasattr(typ, 'fields'):
+        return merkleize([hash_tree_root(getattr(value, field), subtype) for field, subtype in typ.fields.items()])
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Type not recognized")
+
+
+def truncate(container):
+    field_keys = list(container.fields.keys())
+    truncated_fields = {
+        key: container.fields[key]
+        for key in field_keys[:-1]
+    }
+    truncated_class = SSZType(truncated_fields)
+    kwargs = {
+        field: getattr(container, field)
+        for field in field_keys[:-1]
+    }
+    return truncated_class(**kwargs)
+
+
+def signed_root(container):
+    return hash_tree_root(truncate(container))
+
+
+def serialize(ssz_object):
+    return getattr(ssz_object, 'serialize')()
--- a/utils/phase0/state_transition.py
+++ b/utils/phase0/state_transition.py
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from . import spec
+
+
+from typing import (  # noqa: F401
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    List,
+    NewType,
+    Tuple,
+)
+
+from .spec import (
+    BeaconState,
+    BeaconBlock,
+)
+
+
+def process_transaction_type(state: BeaconState,
+                             transactions: List[Any],
+                             max_transactions: int,
+                             tx_fn: Callable[[BeaconState, Any], None]) -> None:
+    assert len(transactions) <= max_transactions
+    for transaction in transactions:
+        tx_fn(state, transaction)
+
+
+def process_transactions(state: BeaconState, block: BeaconBlock) -> None:
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.proposer_slashings,
+        spec.MAX_PROPOSER_SLASHINGS,
+        spec.process_proposer_slashing,
+    )
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.attester_slashings,
+        spec.MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS,
+        spec.process_attester_slashing,
+    )
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.attestations,
+        spec.MAX_ATTESTATIONS,
+        spec.process_attestation,
+    )
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.deposits,
+        spec.MAX_DEPOSITS,
+        spec.process_deposit,
+    )
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.voluntary_exits,
+        spec.MAX_VOLUNTARY_EXITS,
+        spec.process_voluntary_exit,
+    )
+    assert len(block.body.transfers) == len(set(block.body.transfers))
+    process_transaction_type(
+        state,
+        block.body.transfers,
+        spec.MAX_TRANSFERS,
+        spec.process_transfer,
+    )
+
+
+def process_block(state: BeaconState,
+                  block: BeaconBlock,
+                  verify_state_root: bool=False) -> None:
+    spec.process_block_header(state, block)
+    spec.process_randao(state, block)
+    spec.process_eth1_data(state, block)
+
+    process_transactions(state, block)
+    if verify_state_root:
+        spec.verify_block_state_root(state, block)
+
+
+def process_epoch_transition(state: BeaconState) -> None:
+    spec.update_justification_and_finalization(state)
+    spec.process_crosslinks(state)
+    spec.maybe_reset_eth1_period(state)
+    spec.apply_rewards(state)
+    spec.process_ejections(state)
+    spec.update_registry_and_shuffling_data(state)
+    spec.process_slashings(state)
+    spec.process_exit_queue(state)
+    spec.finish_epoch_update(state)
+
+
+def state_transition(state: BeaconState,
+                     block: BeaconBlock,
+                     verify_state_root: bool=False) -> BeaconState:
+    while state.slot < block.slot:
+        spec.cache_state(state)
+        if (state.slot + 1) % spec.SLOTS_PER_EPOCH == 0:
+            process_epoch_transition(state)
+        spec.advance_slot(state)
+        if block.slot == state.slot:
+            process_block(state, block, verify_state_root)