lez-fuzzing/docs/fuzzing.md

Fuzzing Guide

This document covers how to run fuzz targets, add new targets, minimise failures, and convert findings into regression tests.

The fuzzing infrastructure lives in a separate repository (lez-fuzzing/) which reads the Logos Execution Zone (LEZ) codebase from ../logos-execution-zone/ (a sibling directory that must be cloned separately).

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Prerequisites

# Rust nightly is required by cargo-fuzz / libFuzzer
rustup install nightly
rustup component add llvm-tools-preview --toolchain nightly

cargo install cargo-fuzz

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Repository Setup

lez-fuzzing is a standalone repository — it does not use git submodules. It expects the LEZ codebase to be cloned at ../logos-execution-zone relative to itself.

# Clone both repositories side-by-side into the same parent directory:
git clone <LEZ_REPO_URL>           logos-execution-zone
git clone <LEZ_FUZZING_REPO_URL>   lez-fuzzing

# The directory layout must be:
#   <parent>/
#   ├── logos-execution-zone/
#   └── lez-fuzzing/

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How to Run

All fuzz targets must be run with RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 to disable expensive ZK proof generation. The just recipes handle this automatically.

# From lez-fuzzing/

# Run all targets for 30 s each
just fuzz

# Run a specific target for 120 s
RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 cargo fuzz run fuzz_state_transition -- -max_total_time=120

# Run the saved corpus (regression mode, no mutations)
just fuzz-regression

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Available Fuzz Targets

Target	What it fuzzes	Entry point
fuzz_transaction_decoding	Borsh decoding of NSSATransaction, Block, and HashableBlockData; roundtrip re-encoding of successfully decoded transactions	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_transaction_decoding.rs
fuzz_stateless_verification	transaction_stateless_check() no-panic on arbitrary bytes; idempotency — a transaction that passes the check must pass it again	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_stateless_verification.rs
fuzz_state_transition	execute_check_on_state() across up to 8 transactions with fuzz-driven initial state and monotonically-advancing block context; asserts StateIsolationOnFailure (balances unchanged on rejection), BalanceConservation (total balance unchanged on success), and ReplayRejection (nonce consumed on first acceptance)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_state_transition.rs
fuzz_block_verification	Three block-hash invariants: HashRoundTrip (HashableBlockData::from(Block) is lossless), HashPreimage (block_id, prev_block_hash, timestamp each individually affect the hash), TxOrderCommitment (reversing the transaction list changes the hash)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_block_verification.rs
fuzz_encoding_roundtrip	decode(encode(tx)) == Ok(tx) and encode(decode(encode(tx))) == encode(tx) for PublicTransaction and ProgramDeploymentTransaction; raw bytes that decode successfully must re-encode identically (canonical encoding)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_encoding_roundtrip.rs
fuzz_signature_verification	Signature correctness (sign→verify), no-panic on random bytes, cross-key soundness	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_signature_verification.rs
fuzz_replay_prevention	A tx accepted in block N must be rejected when replayed in block N+1 (nonce consumed); fuzz-driven initial state exposes nonce edge cases (nonce 0, u128::MAX, zero-balance sender)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_replay_prevention.rs
fuzz_state_diff_computation	Forward containment: ValidatedStateDiff only modifies accounts declared in affected_public_account_ids(); Reverse completeness: every declared account actually modified by execute_check_on_state appears in the diff	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_state_diff_computation.rs
fuzz_validate_execute_consistency	validate_on_state and execute_check_on_state must agree on success/failure; diff accuracy (forward + reverse); BalanceConservation on success	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_validate_execute_consistency.rs
fuzz_state_serialization	V03State Borsh no-panic (NoPanic) + StateSerializationRoundtrip (encode(decode(encode(decode(data)))) == encode(decode(data))) + NullifierDeduplication (hand-written NullifierSet deserializer returns Err, not panic, on duplicate nullifiers)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_state_serialization.rs
fuzz_witness_set_verification	WitnessSet::is_valid_for no-panic on adversarial input (NoPanic); CorrectVerification (WitnessSet::for_message always passes is_valid_for on the same message); MessageIsolation (witness set built for message A fails is_valid_for on any Borsh-distinct message B)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_witness_set_verification.rs
fuzz_program_deployment_lifecycle	V03State::transition_from_program_deployment_transaction no-panic on arbitrary WASM bytecode (NoPanic); BalanceIsolation (successful deployment must not move tokens); StateIsolationOnFailure (failed deployment must not change any genesis account balance or nonce)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_program_deployment_lifecycle.rs
fuzz_apply_state_diff_split_path	SplitPathEquivalence: for every known account, validate_on_state + apply_state_diff must produce exactly the same balance, nonce, data, and program_owner as execute_check_on_state; NonceIncrementCorrectness: nonce after the split path equals nonce after the direct path for all signer accounts (catches bugs in the two-step apply_state_diff nonce-increment logic)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_apply_state_diff_split_path.rs
fuzz_multi_block_state_sequence	LongRangeBalanceConservation: total genesis-account balance identical before and after all N (≤ 16) blocks; FailedTxNonceStability: every genesis-account nonce unchanged after a rejected transaction; PerBlockReplayRejection: every transaction accepted in block B is rejected in block B+1 (cumulative nonce-interaction coverage)	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_multi_block_state_sequence.rs

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How to Add a New Fuzz Target

Step 1 — Scaffold with just new-target

just new-target my_feature

This single command does four things automatically:

What	Where
Creates the corpus directory	fuzz/corpus/fuzz_my_feature/
Writes a typed fuzz target template	fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_my_feature.rs
Appends [[bin]] entry	fuzz/Cargo.toml
Inserts target into every CI matrix + perf loop	.github/workflows/fuzz.yml

The generated template uses ArbNSSATransaction from fuzz_props::arbitrary_types so libfuzzer drives every field of NSSATransaction independently — no manual Unstructured wiring required.

Step 2 — Implement the target

Edit fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_my_feature.rs. Replace the placeholder with the function under test and any invariant assertions. Use the typed wrappers from fuzz_props::arbitrary_types for structured input, or the proptest generators from fuzz_props::generators for richer strategies.

Step 3 — Register the binary (automated)

just new-target calls scripts/add_fuzz_target.py which appends the [[bin]] entry to fuzz/Cargo.toml automatically. Once present, cargo fuzz list (and therefore just fuzz, just fuzz-regression, just corpus-cmin) pick up the target automatically — no further Justfile edits required.

Manual fallback: if you create a target without just new-target, add the entry yourself:

[[bin]]
name = "fuzz_my_feature"
path = "fuzz_targets/fuzz_my_feature.rs"
test = false
bench = false

Step 4 — Add to CI matrix (automated)

just new-target also inserts fuzz_my_feature into every strategy matrix and the perf-baseline shell loop in .github/workflows/fuzz.yml automatically via scripts/add_fuzz_target.py.

Manual fallback: if you created the target without just new-target, add - fuzz_my_feature to the target: list in the three places shown in .github/workflows/fuzz.yml (smoke-fuzz, regression, perf-baseline).

Step 5 — Verify

RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 cargo fuzz build fuzz_my_feature
just fuzz-regression   # runs the new target against its (empty) corpus

Quick reference: what to touch

File	Action	Automated?
fuzz/fuzz_targets/fuzz_<name>.rs	Create	✅ just new-target
fuzz/corpus/fuzz_<name>/	Create	✅ just new-target
fuzz/Cargo.toml	Add [[bin]]	✅ just new-target
Justfile	Nothing — auto-discovers	✅ automatic
.github/workflows/fuzz.yml	Add to 3 matrix lists	✅ just new-target

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Updating the LEZ Dependency

lez-fuzzing reads LEZ source directly from ../logos-execution-zone. To pick up LEZ changes, simply update that repo:

cd ../logos-execution-zone
git pull --ff-only
cd ../lez-fuzzing

# Rebuild to confirm compatibility:
cargo build -p fuzz_props
RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 cargo fuzz build

The just update-lez recipe automates the pull:

just update-lez

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Minimising & Reproducing Failures

When cargo fuzz finds a crash it writes an artifact to fuzz/artifacts/fuzz_<target>/crash-<hash>.

Minimise

# Produces a smaller input that still triggers the same crash
just fuzz-tmin fuzz_state_transition fuzz/artifacts/fuzz_state_transition/crash-abc123

Convert to a regression test

# Print the bytes as a Rust byte-literal (paste into a #[test])
cargo fuzz fmt fuzz_state_transition fuzz/artifacts/fuzz_state_transition/crash-abc123

Add the minimised file to the corpus so CI always reproduces it:

cp fuzz/artifacts/fuzz_state_transition/crash-abc123-minimised \
   fuzz/corpus/fuzz_state_transition/regression_001

Open a PR. The regression CI job will permanently block re-introduction of this bug.

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Invariant Framework

Shared invariants live in fuzz_props/src/invariants.rs. Each invariant implements ProtocolInvariant and is automatically run by assert_invariants().

Concrete invariants currently registered in assert_invariants():

Invariant	Description	Implementation status
StateIsolationOnFailure	Per-account balance must not change for any tracked account when a transaction is rejected	✅ Fully implemented
BalanceConservation	Total balance of all known accounts must be conserved when a transaction succeeds	✅ Fully implemented
FailedTxNonceStability	Every account's nonce must remain unchanged when a transaction is rejected	✅ Fully implemented
ReplayRejection	An accepted transaction must be rejected when replayed	⚠️ Registry stub — always returns None from InvariantCtx; use assert_replay_rejection() directly (see note below)
NonceIncrementCorrectness	Every signer account's nonce must be incremented by exactly one after a successful transaction	⚠️ Registry stub — always returns None from InvariantCtx; use assert_nonce_increment_correctness() directly (see note below)

Note on stub invariants: ReplayRejection and NonceIncrementCorrectness cannot be fully exercised through InvariantCtx alone. Each requires information that is consumed before InvariantCtx is built:

• ReplayRejection: execute_check_on_state returns the NSSATransaction on Ok, consuming self. Replaying it requires re-applying the returned transaction to the post-execution state — not possible via a shared &InvariantCtx. Use the standalone assert_replay_rejection(applied_tx, state, next_block_id, next_timestamp) helper immediately after each successful execution. The proptest suite replay_rejection_proptest in fuzz_props/src/invariants.rs provides reproducible structured coverage of this invariant.

• NonceIncrementCorrectness: apply_state_diff consumes the ValidatedStateDiff whose signer-account list is private to the nssa crate. The caller must derive signer IDs from the transaction's witness set before consuming the diff, then call the standalone assert_nonce_increment_correctness(signer_ids, nonces_before, state_after) helper.

Additional invariants enforced inline in specific targets (not via ProtocolInvariant):

Invariant	Targets
HashRoundTrip / HashPreimage / TxOrderCommitment	fuzz_block_verification
Diff forward containment / reverse completeness	fuzz_state_diff_computation

To add a new invariant:

1. Add a zero-size struct implementing ProtocolInvariant.
2. Register it in the invariants slice inside assert_invariants().
3. Write a #[test] in fuzz_props that triggers and detects a synthetic violation.

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Input Generators

The fuzz_props crate provides two layers of input generation:

fuzz_props::arbitrary_types (libFuzzer / Arbitrary)

Typed wrappers that implement Arbitrary for LEZ structs. Use them directly as fuzz target parameters for zero-boilerplate structured fuzzing.

Wrapper	Wraps
ArbAccountId	AccountId (any 32-byte array)
ArbNonce	Nonce (any u128)
ArbPrivateKey	PrivateKey (valid scalar; known-good fallback for the negligible invalid range)
ArbPublicKey	PublicKey (50 % derived from a valid private key; 50 % raw bytes with fallback)
ArbSignature	Signature (random 64-byte value; may be cryptographically invalid)
ArbPubTxMessage	Message for PublicTransaction (0–7 accounts, arbitrary instruction data)
ArbWitnessSet	WitnessSet (0–3 (Signature, PublicKey) pairs; mixes valid and invalid)
ArbPublicTransaction	PublicTransaction (composed from ArbPubTxMessage + ArbWitnessSet)
ArbProgramDeploymentTransaction	ProgramDeploymentTransaction (arbitrary bytecode)
ArbHashableBlockData	HashableBlockData (0–7 ArbNSSATransaction entries, random header fields)
ArbNSSATransaction	NSSATransaction (Public or ProgramDeployment variant; PrivacyPreserving excluded)

fuzz_props::generators (libFuzzer helpers + proptest strategies)

Generator	Covers
arbitrary_fuzz_state()	1–8 fuzz-driven accounts with arbitrary IDs, balances, and private keys; used by fuzz_state_transition, fuzz_replay_prevention, fuzz_validate_execute_consistency, fuzz_state_diff_computation
arb_fuzz_native_transfer()	Correctly-signed native-transfer NSSATransaction referencing accounts from an arbitrary_fuzz_state() result; gives the fuzzer a path to successful state transitions
arbitrary_transaction()	Structured NSSATransaction (Public or ProgramDeployment) from unstructured bytes via ArbNSSATransaction
arb_borsh_transaction_bytes()	Raw Borsh bytes including invalid encodings
arb_native_transfer_tx()	Valid native-transfer NSSATransaction between known testnet genesis accounts (proptest strategy)
test_accounts()	Returns (AccountId, PrivateKey) pairs from testnet_initial_state
arb_hashable_block_data()	HashableBlockData with 0–8 valid native transfers (proptest strategy)
arb_invalid_account_state_tx()	Phantom accounts + overflow amounts — expected to be rejected (IS-3)
arb_duplicate_tx_sequence()	Duplicated + re-ordered transaction sequences (IS-4)
arb_pathological_sequence()	Zero-value, self-transfer, max-nonce inputs (IS-5)

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Performance Baseline

Measured on a 4-core x86_64 Linux runner with RISC0_DEV_MODE=1:

Target	Throughput
fuzz_transaction_decoding	~200 000 exec/sec
fuzz_stateless_verification	~30 000 exec/sec
fuzz_state_transition	~5 000 exec/sec
fuzz_block_verification	~50 000 exec/sec
fuzz_encoding_roundtrip	~150 000 exec/sec
fuzz_signature_verification	~20 000 exec/sec
fuzz_replay_prevention	~5 000 exec/sec
fuzz_state_diff_computation	~10 000 exec/sec
fuzz_validate_execute_consistency	~3 000 exec/sec
fuzz_state_serialization	~100 000 exec/sec (estimate)
fuzz_witness_set_verification	~15 000 exec/sec (estimate)
fuzz_program_deployment_lifecycle	~4 000 exec/sec (estimate)
fuzz_apply_state_diff_split_path	~5 000 exec/sec (estimate)
fuzz_multi_block_state_sequence	~1 000 exec/sec (estimate)

Throughput figures for the five new targets are rough estimates; run just perf-baseline locally or check the perf-baseline CI artifact for up-to-date measurements.

Recommended local settings for longer runs:

# Use all available cores
RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 cargo fuzz run fuzz_state_transition \
  -- -max_total_time=3600 -jobs=$(nproc) -workers=$(nproc)

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ZK-Proof Cost Warning

PrivacyPreservingTransaction uses risc0-zkvm (seconds per proof). All fuzz targets must set RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 in the environment and the just recipes handle this automatically via:

export RISC0_DEV_MODE := "1"

Do not invoke full proof generation inside any fuzz target. The RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 flag stubs out ZK proof generation and replaces it with a fast mock implementation.

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Known Limitations & Future Work

Item	Notes
PrivacyPreservingTransaction coverage	Excluded from fuzz_encoding_roundtrip because its ZK receipt cannot be reconstructed in a fuzzing loop. A dedicated slow target with RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 and proptest should be added after the current targets are stable
fuzz_validate_execute_consistency new-account detection	If execute_check_on_state creates a brand-new account absent from both the genesis set and the diff, that state-widening will not be detected — full detection requires iterating all accounts in V03State, which the API does not currently expose
AFL++ integration	A just fuzz-afl recipe can be added later; the same corpus is compatible
Differential testing (sequencer vs replayer)	Add a target that feeds the same block to SequencerCore and indexer_core and asserts identical state roots
LEZ version tracking	There is no submodule pin — lez-fuzzing reads ../logos-execution-zone as checked out. Update that repo to a release tag or a tested commit, then run just update-lez (which does git pull --ff-only) and open a PR to bump it