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<title data-rh="true">Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals | Logos Research</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="default"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="default"><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="https://research.logos.co/_og/4f494ba824568d2bc60673a1991edefd1c6f54ad.png"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals | Logos Research"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/theme/image/favicon.svg"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison" hreflang="x-default"><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison","mainEntityOfPage":"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison","url":"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison","headline":"Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals","name":"Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals","description":"The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes.","datePublished":"2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Umar Farooq"},"keywords":[],"isPartOf":{"@type":"Blog","@id":"https://research.logos.co/rlog","name":"Research Blog"}}</script><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="/theme/image/favicon.png">
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id="__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback" class="theme-layout-main main-wrapper mainWrapper_z2l0 blog-wrapper"><div class="container margin-vert--lg"><div class="row"><main class="col col--9 col--offset-1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"><article class=""><header><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_RLvU" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><a class="breadcrumbs__item" href="/blog"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3">All posts</span></a><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3 breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><h1 class="title_f1Hy">Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals</h1><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">August 12, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Umar Farooq</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>18 min read</div></div><hr class="blog-divider"></header><div id="__blog-post-container" class="markdown"><p>The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes.
However, emerging use cases—such as Ethereum&#x27;s EIP-4844 and
data availability sampling (DAS) require rapid propagation of high data volumes,
often in the form of large messages.
Many ongoing research efforts attempt to find solutions
for efficiently forwarding large messages through the GossipSub network.
This post provides a concise overview and performance evaluation of some research initiatives
aimed at improving GossipSub to meet the performance needs of modern P2P networks.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="overview">Overview<a href="#overview" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Overview" title="Direct link to Overview">​</a></h2>
<p>For each subscribed topic, GossipSub nodes maintain a full-message mesh of peers with a target degree <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span>,
bounded by lower and upper thresholds <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{low}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{high}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">hi</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>​, respectively.
In parallel, a metadata-only (gossip) mesh includes additional <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">K</span></span></span></span> peers for metadata exchange.
All messages flow through the full-message mesh, and metadata flows through the gossip mesh.</p>
<p>The metadata contains IHAVE messages, announcing IDs of seen messages.
Upon receiving an IHAVE announcement about an unseen message ID,
a receiver responds with an IWANT request to retrieve the announced message.
IHAVE announcements serve multiple purposes:</p>
<ol>
<li>Offer additional resilience in situations involving non-conforming peers or network partitions.</li>
<li>Speed up message propagation by allowing far-off peers to fetch overdue messages.</li>
</ol>
<p>Since GossipSub v1.1 [<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">1</a>],
replying to IWANT requests is optional, to safeguard honest peers from adversaries.
This change encourages peers to make redundant IWANT requests for the same message.
While this arrangement works well for small messages, it can be inefficient for bigger ones.
This inefficiency arises from an increase in duplicates
and a higher number of IWANT requests due to longer transmission times for large messages.
As a result, we observe a significant rise in bandwidth utilization and message dissemination times across the network.</p>
<p>IDONTWANT messages in GossipSub v1.2 [<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2</a>] help reduce some duplicates.
However, further efforts are necessary to mitigate this problem
[<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">3</a>,
<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/impact-of-idontwant-in-the-number-of-duplicates/22652" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">4</a>].
That is why many recent works focus on improving GossipSub&#x27;s performance when handling large messages
[<a href="https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">5</a>,
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10365" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">6</a>,
<a href="https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">7</a>,
<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/fulldas-towards-massive-scalability-with-32mb-blocks-and-beyond/19529" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/681" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">9</a>,
<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">11</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">12</a>].</p>
<p>In this post, we evaluate the push-pull phase transition (PPPT) mechanism
[<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10</a>],
the GossipSub v1.4 proposal [<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">11</a>,
<a href="https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">5</a>],
and the GossipSub v2.0 proposal [<a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">12</a>]
for performance against Gossipsub v1.2.
For this purpose, we implement minimal proof-of-concept (PoC) versions of these protocols in nim-libp2p
[<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">13</a>]
and use the shadow simulator to provide performance evaluation results.</p>
<p>We begin by discussing the issues of message dissemination times and duplicate messages in GossipSub.
Next, we provide a brief overview of the proposals under review,
followed by the experiments and findings from our performance evaluations.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="message-transfer-time-and-duplicates">Message Transfer Time and Duplicates<a href="#message-transfer-time-and-duplicates" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Message Transfer Time and Duplicates" title="Direct link to Message Transfer Time and Duplicates">​</a></h2>
<p>Assuming uniform link characteristics, message dissemination to full-message mesh concludes in
<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>≈</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_D \approx (D \times \tau_{tx}) + \tau_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6331em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2806em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> time, where <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>S</mi><mi>R</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_{tx} = \frac{S}{R}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2806em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8723em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05764em">S</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span>,
with <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em">S</span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span></span></span></span>, and <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> being the message size, data rate, and link latency, respectively.</p>
<p>This simplifies network-wide dissemination time to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>N</mi></msub><mo>≈</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_{N} \approx \tau_D \times h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6331em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span>,
with <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span> indicating the number of hops along the longest path.
This implies that a tenfold increase in message size results in an eightyfold rise in <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D \times \tau_{tx}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2806em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> for a mesh with <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D = 8</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">8</span></span></span></span>,
which accumulates across <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span> hops.
This leads to two fundamental problems:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>A longer contention interval (<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) increases the chance that peers receive the same message from multiple mesh members during that interval,<br>
leading to redundant transmissions and more duplicates.
Reducing <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span> inadvertently increases <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span> — potentially slowing propagation overall.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Peers are unaware of ongoing message receptions and may generate redundant IWANT requests
for the messages they are already receiving.
Most of these requests are entertained by early message receivers,
which increases message dissemination time by increasing the workload at peers situated along the optimal path.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Talking about duplicates, a network comprising <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span> peers,
each with a degree <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span>, has a total of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac {N \times D}{2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8723em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mbin mtight">×</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span> edges (links),
as every link connects two peers.
Assuming that a message traverses every link exactly once,
we get at least <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac {N \times D}{2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8723em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mbin mtight">×</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span> transmissions.</p>
<p>Only <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> transmissions are necessary for delivering a message to all peers.
As a result, we get <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac {N \times D}{2} -(N-1)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8723em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mbin mtight">×</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> duplicates in the network.
We can simplify average duplicates received by a single peer to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>ˉ</mo></mover><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mfrac><mi>D</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{d}_{min} \approx \frac{D}{2}-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9812em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8312em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span><span style="top:-3.2634em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.0833em"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">min</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2173em;vertical-align:-0.345em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8723em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span>.
Here, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>ˉ</mo></mover><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{d}_{min}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9812em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8312em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span><span style="top:-3.2634em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.0833em"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">min</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> represents the lower bound on average duplicates
because we assume that the send and receive operations are mutually exclusive.
This assumption requires that message transmission times (and link latencies)
are so small that no two peers simultaneously transmit the same message to each other.</p>
<p>However, a large message can noticeably increase the contention interval,
which increases the likelihood that many peers will simultaneously transmit the same message to each other.</p>
<p>Authors in [<a href="https://streamr-public.s3.amazonaws.com/streamr-network-scalability-whitepaper-2020-08-20.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">14</a>]
explore the upper bound (<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>ˉ</mo></mover><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{d}_{max}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9812em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8312em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span><span style="top:-3.2634em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.0833em"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) on duplicates.
They argue that a node can forward a received message to a maximum of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> peers
while the original publisher sends it to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span> peers.
As a result, we get <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N(D-1)+1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> transmissions in the network.
Only <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> transmissions are necessary to deliver a message to all peers.
Remaining <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>N</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N(D-1)+1-(N-1)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> transmissions are duplicates,
which simplifies the upper bound on average duplicates received by each peer to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>ˉ</mo></mover><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{d}_{max} \approx D-2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9812em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8312em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span><span style="top:-3.2634em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.0833em"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">≈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">2</span></span></span></span>.
This rise indicates that larger messages can lead to more duplicates due to longer contention intervals.
It is essential to highlight that the impact of IWANT/IDONTWANT messages is not considered in <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>ˉ</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{d}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8312em"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8312em"><span style="top:-3em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span><span style="top:-3.2634em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.0833em"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> computations above.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="protocols-considered">Protocols Considered<a href="#protocols-considered" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Protocols Considered" title="Direct link to Protocols Considered">​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="push-pull-phase-transition-pppt"><a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Push-Pull Phase Transition (PPPT)</a><a href="#push-pull-phase-transition-pppt" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to push-pull-phase-transition-pppt" title="Direct link to push-pull-phase-transition-pppt">​</a></h3>
<p>In PPPT, authors argue that most redundant transmissions occur during the later stages of message propagation.
As a message traverses through the network,
the peers forwarding the message should gradually reduce the number of mesh members that directly receive
the message (push) and send immediate IHAVE announcements to the remaining peers in the mesh.
The remaining mesh members can fetch any missing messages using IWANT requests (Pull).
The authors also suggest two strategies to estimate the message propagation stage:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Include a hop count in the message header to identify the number of hops traversed by that message.
When a peer forwards a received message,
it performs a pull operation for a subset of mesh members that equals the specified hop count
and a push operation for the remaining mesh members.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Infer the message propagation stage by looking into
the number of received IHAVE announcements and duplicates for that message.
Use this information to choose a balance between pull-based and push-based message forwarding.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The authors suggest that instead of simultaneously pushing a message to the selected peers,
sequentially initiating transmission to each peer after a short delay
enhances the likelihood of timely receiving a higher number of IDONTWANT requests.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="key-considerations-and-poc-implementation">Key Considerations and <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PoC Implementation</a><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation" title="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation">​</a></h4>
<p>The use of hop count is a more effective and straightforward method for identifying the message propagation stage
than relying on the duplicate count.
However, this approach may compromise the publisher&#x27;s anonymity and reveal information about the publisher and its mesh members.
Additional due diligence may be needed to address these issues.</p>
<p>In the PoC implementation [<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">15</a>],
we use hop count to determine the message propagation stage.
When forwarding a message, every peer selects a subset of mesh members
equal to the advertised hop count for pull operation and
forwards the message to the remaining mesh members.
If the advertised hop count exceeds the number of mesh members chosen for message forwarding,
the sender relays the message to all selected peers.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="gossipsub-v14-proposal"><a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.4 Proposal</a><a href="#gossipsub-v14-proposal" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to gossipsub-v14-proposal" title="Direct link to gossipsub-v14-proposal">​</a></h3>
<p>GossipSub v1.4 proposal considers longer large-message transfer times (<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tau_D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>) as contention intervals and
argues that most duplicates occur during these intervals for two fundamental reasons:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Peers are unaware of ongoing message receptions and
may generate redundant IWANT requests for messages they are already receiving.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Peers can send IDONTWANT announcements only after receiving the entire message.
However, a large contention interval increases the likelihood that
many redundant transmissions will start before IDONTWANT messages are issued.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>GossipSub v1.4 proposal eliminates contention interval with help from two new control messages:
PREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING.
A PREAMBLE precedes every large message transmission.
Upon receiving a preamble, a peer learns about the messages it is receiving and performs two actions:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Notify mesh members about ongoing message reception using an IMRECEIVING announcement.
On receiving an IMRECEIVING announcement from a peer,
mesh members defer sending the announced message to that peer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Defer IWANT requests for messages that are currently being received.
Peers also limit the outstanding IWANT requests for any message to one.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1">Key Considerations and <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PoC Implementation</a><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1" title="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1">​</a></h4>
<p>The use of PREAMBLE/IMRECEIVING addresses the limitation of IDONTWANT messages.
For instance, consider a peer <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">X</span></span></span></span> begins receiving a message <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span> at time <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
It can transmit IDONTWANT only after receiving <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span>, i.e., at time <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_1+\tau_D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
Therefore, it can not cancel any duplicate receptions of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span> that start before <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t1 + \tau_D + \tau_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
In contrast, IMRECEIVING announcements for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span> start at <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_1 + \Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span>,
where <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span></span></span></span> denotes PREAMBLE processing time and satisfies <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>≪</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>D</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Delta \ll \tau_D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7224em;vertical-align:-0.0391em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">≪</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.
As a result, peer <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">X</span></span></span></span> can eliminate all duplicate receptions of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span> that start after <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>τ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_1 + \Delta +\tau_p</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7651em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3011em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord">Δ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.1132em">τ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">p</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>,
which noticeably reduces duplicates.</p>
<p>The use of PREAMBLE also allows deferring IWANT requests for messages we are already receiving,
which can also improve message dissemination time by
reducing the workload on peers along the optimal message forwarding path.</p>
<p>It is worth mentioning that a malicious peer can exploit this approach by sending a PREAMBLE and
never completing (or deliberately delaying) the promised message transfer.
The optional safety strategy in GossipSub v1.4 proposal suggests using a peer score threshold
for PREAMBLE processing and a behavior penalty for broken promises.
A timeout strategy helps recover such messages.</p>
<p>It is essential to mention that sending and processing of PREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING messages is optional.
This flexibility allows for the use of custom safety strategies in various implementations.
For example, the ongoing production-grade implementation of GossipSub v1.4 in nim-libp2p
allows peers to ignore PREAMBLEs unless they come from mesh members with higher data rates
(bandwidth estimation becomes trivial with PREAMBLEs) and good peer scores.
This implementation also lets peers choose between a push or pull strategy for handling broken promises.</p>
<p>For the performance evaluations in this post, we utilize the PoC implementation of GossipSub v1.4
[<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">16</a>].
A complete, production-grade version is currently undergoing testing and validation
[<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/1448" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">17</a>].</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="gossipsub-v20-proposal"><a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v2.0 Proposal</a><a href="#gossipsub-v20-proposal" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to gossipsub-v20-proposal" title="Direct link to gossipsub-v20-proposal">​</a></h3>
<p>GossipSub v2.0 introduces a hybrid method for message dissemination
that combines both push and pull strategies through two new control messages: IANNOUNCE and INEED.
These messages are analogous to IHAVE and IWANT messages, respectively.
However, IANNOUNCE messages are issued to the mesh members
immediately after validating a received message without waiting for the heartbeat interval.
Similarly, INEED requests are made exclusively to mesh members,
and a peer generates only one INEED request for a received message.</p>
<p>The balance between push and pull approaches is determined by the <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> parameter.
On receiving a message, a peer forwards it to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D - D_{announce}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> mesh members and
sends IANNOUNCE messages to the remaining mesh peers.
On receiving an IANNOUNCE for an unseen message,
a peer can request it using an INEED message.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2">Key Considerations and <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PoC Implementation</a><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2" title="Direct link to key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2">​</a></h4>
<p>The <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> parameter governs the balance between push and pull operations.
Setting <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce} = D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span> results in a pull-only operation,
which can eliminate duplicates at the cost of increased message dissemination time.
In contrast, setting <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> to zero reverts to standard GossipSub v1.2 operation.
The authors suggest setting <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce} = D-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> to moderately decrease dissemination time
while incurring only a small number of duplicate transmissions.</p>
<p>It is important to note that malicious peers can exploit this approach
by delaying or entirely omitting responses to INEED requests.
Similarly, sending INEED requests to suboptimal or overwhelmed peers can further increase message dissemination time.
The authors propose using a timeout strategy and negative peer scoring to address these issues.
If a message transfer does not complete within the specified interval,
the receiver decreases the sender&#x27;s peer score
and issues a new INEED request to an alternative mesh member.</p>
<p>For the performance evaluations in this post,
we utilize the PoC implementation of GossipSub v2.0
[<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">18</a>] from nim-libp2p.
We set <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce} = D-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span> and allow any peer to send a single IWANT request for a message,
only if it has not previously sent an INEED request for the same message.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="experiments">Experiments<a href="#experiments" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Experiments" title="Direct link to Experiments">​</a></h2>
<p>We conducted a series of experiments under various configurations to evaluate the performance of
the GossipSub v1.4 proposal, the PPPT approach, and the GossipSub v2.0 proposal
against the baseline GossipSub v1.2 protocol.
To support these evaluations, we extended the nim-libp2p implementation to include minimal PoC implementations of the considered protocols
[<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">16</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">15</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">18</a>]<br>
and used the Shadow simulator [<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/dst-gossipsub-test-node/pull/6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">19</a>]
to carry out performance evaluations.</p>
<p>For GossipSub v1.4 and PPPT, we also report results from delayed forwarding,
where peers introduce a short delay before relaying a message to every mesh member.
This delay helps reduce the number of redundant transmissions
by increasing the likelihood of timely receiving a higher number of IDONTWANT notifications.</p>
<p>We evaluate performance using network-wide message dissemination time (latency),
network-wide bandwidth utilization (bandwidth),
and the average number of duplicates received by a peer for every transmitted message.
We also report the average number of IWANT requests transmitted by a peer for a single message.</p>
<p>For each experiment, we transmit multiple messages in the network.
We average the network-wide dissemination time for these messages to report latency.
Bandwidth refers to the total volume of traffic in the network,
encompassing control messages and data transmissions (including duplicates and IWANT replies).
A peer usually receives multiple copies of any transmitted message.
Excluding the first received message, all copies are duplicates.
We compute average duplicates received by a peer as <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>M</mi></msubsup><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>N</mi></msubsup><msub><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{1}{N M} \sum_{j=1}^{M} \sum_{i=1}^{N} d_{i,j}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.417em;vertical-align:-0.4358em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8451em"><span style="top:-2.655em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">NM</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:0em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9812em"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">M</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4358em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:0em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9812em"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2997em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
where <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span> and <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">M</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">M</span></span></span></span> denote the number of peers and the number of transmitted messages, respectively,
and <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d_{i,j}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9805em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3117em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> represents the number of duplicates received by peer <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6595em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span> for message <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">j</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span>.
A similar mechanism computes average IWANT requests.</p>
<p>Three simulation scenarios are considered:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Scenario 1:</strong> The number of publishers and message size are kept constant while the network size gradually increases.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Scenario 2:</strong> The number of publishers and the network size remain constant while the message size gradually increases.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Scenario 3:</strong> The number of nodes and message size remain constant while the number of publishers gradually increases.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In all experiments, we transmit multiple messages such that
every publisher sends exactly one message to the network.
After a publisher transmits a message,
each subsequent publisher waits for a specified interval (inter-message delay) before sending the next message.</p>
<p>Rotating publishers ensures that every message traverses a different path,
which helps achieve fair performance evaluation.
On the other hand, changing inter-message delays allows for creating varying traffic patterns.
A shorter inter-message delay implies more messages can be in transit simultaneously,
which helps evaluate performance against large message counts.
A longer delay ensures every message is fully disseminated before introducing a new message.
Similarly, increasing message size stresses the network.
As a result, we evaluate performance across a broader range of use cases.</p>
<p>The simulation details are presented in the tables below.
The experiments are conducted using the shadow simulator.
We uniformly set peer bandwidths and link latencies between 40-200 Mbps and
40-130 milliseconds in five variations.</p>
<p><strong>Table 1:</strong> Simulation Scenarios.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Experiment</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>No. of Nodes</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>No. of Publishers</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Message Size (KB)</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Inter-Message Delay (ms)</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center">Scenario 1</td><td style="text-align:center">3000, 6000, 9000, 12000</td><td style="text-align:center">7</td><td style="text-align:center">150</td><td style="text-align:center">10000</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center">Scenario 2</td><td style="text-align:center">1500</td><td style="text-align:center">10</td><td style="text-align:center">200, 600, 1000, 1400, 1800</td><td style="text-align:center">10000</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center">Scenario 3</td><td style="text-align:center">1500</td><td style="text-align:center">25, 50, 75, 100, 125</td><td style="text-align:center">50</td><td style="text-align:center">50</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><strong>Table 2:</strong> Simulation Parameters.</p>
<table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Parameter</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Value</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Parameter</strong></th><th style="text-align:center"><strong>Value</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align:center">8</td><td style="text-align:center"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{low}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02691em">w</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align:center">6</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>z</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{lazy}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">zy</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align:center">6</td><td style="text-align:center"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{high}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">hi</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align:center">12</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center">Gossip factor</td><td style="text-align:center">0.05</td><td style="text-align:center">Muxer</td><td style="text-align:center">yamux</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center">Heartbeat interval</td><td style="text-align:center">1000 ms</td><td style="text-align:center">Floodpublish</td><td style="text-align:center">false</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center">Peer Bandwidth</td><td style="text-align:center">40-200 Mbps</td><td style="text-align:center">Link Latency</td><td style="text-align:center">40-130ms</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D_{announce}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">D</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ann</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">ce</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> GossipSub v2.0</td><td style="text-align:center">7</td><td style="text-align:center">Forward delay in PPPT/v1.4 with delay</td><td style="text-align:center">35 ms</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="results">Results<a href="#results" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Results" title="Direct link to Results">​</a></h3>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="scenario1-increasing-network-size">Scenario1: Increasing Network Size<a href="#scenario1-increasing-network-size" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Scenario1: Increasing Network Size" title="Direct link to Scenario1: Increasing Network Size">​</a></h4>
<table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Bandwidth" src="/assets/images/S1_BW-b2ab12abebae802d40990001fbd11a67.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Latency" src="/assets/images/S1_Lat-e1f0dca0457b1a0e60038589c73a7544.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Duplicates" src="/assets/images/S1_Dup-6d051db936b98e3285e641bd998ad9f3.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="IWANTs" src="/assets/images/S1_IWANT-8a6ae9d5cda1f492bb511d16a3036166.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center">Bandwidth</td><td style="text-align:center">Latency</td><td style="text-align:center">Average Duplicates</td><td style="text-align:center">Average IWANT Requests</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="scenario2-increasing-message-size">Scenario2: Increasing Message Size<a href="#scenario2-increasing-message-size" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Scenario2: Increasing Message Size" title="Direct link to Scenario2: Increasing Message Size">​</a></h4>
<table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Bandwidth" src="/assets/images/S2_BW-ea495186217e35c35b96f6318d319bfe.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Latency" src="/assets/images/S2_Lat-192eb6296e214f4c6359e67d24b63d36.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Duplicates" src="/assets/images/S2_Dup-2efbb1f012d4e198b825adbeaa1d59fd.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="IWANTs" src="/assets/images/S2_IWANT-fa39d5991998424426f512c35e3c9ca7.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center">Bandwidth</td><td style="text-align:center">Latency</td><td style="text-align:center">Average Duplicates</td><td style="text-align:center">Average IWANT Requests</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="scenario3-increasing-number-of-publishers">Scenario3: Increasing Number of Publishers<a href="#scenario3-increasing-number-of-publishers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Scenario3: Increasing Number of Publishers" title="Direct link to Scenario3: Increasing Number of Publishers">​</a></h4>
<table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Bandwidth" src="/assets/images/S3_BW-15887305919bb1540bb305c504f99faa.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Latency" src="/assets/images/S3_Lat-6384468498a08f0c2ae8d73e65261c40.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="Duplicates" src="/assets/images/S3_Dup-988eff466b6e2e92de737c28f07d9fcc.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th><th style="text-align:center"><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="IWANTs" src="/assets/images/S3_IWANT-e90d4ff755c4cfe0b9aad899d679dac9.png" width="1982" height="1058" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917M2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167"></path></svg></div></button></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center">Bandwidth</td><td style="text-align:center">Latency</td><td style="text-align:center">Average Duplicates</td><td style="text-align:center">Average IWANT Requests</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="findings">Findings<a href="#findings" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Findings" title="Direct link to Findings">​</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The number of IWANT requests increases with the message size.
Limiting ongoing IWANT requests for each message to one can be beneficial.
Additionally, the use of message PREAMBLEs can help eliminate IWANT requests
for messages that are already being received.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Pull-based approaches can substantially reduce bandwidth utilization,
but may result in much longer message dissemination times.
However, these approaches can achieve simultaneous propagation of multiple messages
by implicitly rotating among outgoing messages.
As a result, increasing the number of messages yields similar dissemination times.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Transition from push to pull operation during the later stages of message propagation can reduce bandwidth consumption,
without compromising latency.
However, determining the propagation stage is challenging.
Methods like hop counts may compromise anonymity,
while using IHAVE announcements can be misleading. For instance, in the case of large messages,
peers may receive IHAVE announcements much earlier than the actual message spreads through the network.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Push-based approaches achieve the fastest message dissemination
but often produce a higher number of duplicate messages.
Employing mechanisms like PREAMBLE/IMRECEIVING messages
for guided elimination of duplicate messages can significantly reduce bandwidth consumption.
This reduction not only minimizes redundant transmissions
but also decreases the overall message dissemination time
by lessening the workload on peers located along optimal message forwarding paths.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Please feel free to join the discussion and leave feedback regarding this post in the
<a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-research-blog-performance-evaluation-of-gossipsub-improvement-proposals/556" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Logos Research forum</a>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="references">References<a href="#references" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to References" title="Direct link to References">​</a></h2>
<p>[1] <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.1 Specifications</a></p>
<p>[2] <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.2 Specifications</a></p>
<p>[3] <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Number of Duplicate Messages in Ethereum’s Gossipsub Network</a></p>
<p>[4] <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/impact-of-idontwant-in-the-number-of-duplicates/22652" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Impact of IDONTWANT in the Number of Duplicates</a></p>
<p>[5] <a href="https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING for Improved Large Message Handling</a></p>
<p>[6] <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10365" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Staggering and Fragmentation for Improved Large Message Handling</a></p>
<p>[7] <a href="https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub for Big Messages</a></p>
<p>[8] <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/fulldas-towards-massive-scalability-with-32mb-blocks-and-beyond/19529" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">FullDAS: Towards Massive Scalability with 32MB Blocks and Beyond</a></p>
<p>[9] <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/681" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Choke Extension for GossipSub</a></p>
<p>[10] <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PPPT: Fighting the GossipSub Overhead with Push-Pull Phase Transition</a></p>
<p>[11] <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.4 Specifications Proposal</a></p>
<p>[12] <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v2.0 Specifications Proposal</a></p>
<p>[13] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Libp2p Implementation in nim</a></p>
<p>[14] <a href="https://streamr-public.s3.amazonaws.com/streamr-network-scalability-whitepaper-2020-08-20.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Streamr Network: Performance and Scalability</a></p>
<p>[15] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PPPT: PoC Implementation in nim-libp2p</a></p>
<p>[16] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.4: PoC Implementation in nim-libp2p</a></p>
<p>[17] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/1448" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v1.4: Production-Grade Implementation in nim-libp2p</a></p>
<p>[18] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub v2.0: PoC Implementation in nim-libp2p</a></p>
<p>[19] <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/dst-gossipsub-test-node/pull/6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nim-libp2p GossipSub Test Node</a></p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/rlog/de-mls-with-waku"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M11.667 6.417h-7.1L7.83 3.156 7 2.333 2.334 7 7 11.667l.823-.823-3.255-3.26h7.099z"></path></svg></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Decentralized Message Layer Security (De-MLS) with Waku</span></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/rlog/2025-zerokit-perf"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Zerokit optimizations: A performance journey</span><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="m7 2.334-.823.822 3.255 3.26H2.333v1.167h7.1l-3.256 3.261.823.823L11.667 7z"></path></svg></div></a></nav></main><div class="col col--2"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#overview" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#message-transfer-time-and-duplicates" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Message Transfer Time and Duplicates</a></li><li><a href="#protocols-considered" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Protocols Considered</a><ul><li><a href="#push-pull-phase-transition-pppt" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Push-Pull Phase Transition (PPPT)</a><ul><li><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Key Considerations and PoC Implementation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#gossipsub-v14-proposal" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">GossipSub v1.4 Proposal</a><ul><li><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Key Considerations and PoC Implementation</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#gossipsub-v20-proposal" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">GossipSub v2.0 Proposal</a><ul><li><a href="#key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Key Considerations and PoC Implementation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#experiments" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Experiments</a><ul><li><a href="#results" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Results</a><ul><li><a href="#scenario1-increasing-network-size" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Scenario1: Increasing Network Size</a></li><li><a href="#scenario2-increasing-message-size" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Scenario2: Increasing Message Size</a></li><li><a href="#scenario3-increasing-number-of-publishers" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Scenario3: Increasing Number of Publishers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#findings" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Findings</a></li><li><a href="#references" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">References</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid firstRow_ar1q"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><a class="footerLogoLink_BH7S" href="/"><img src="/theme/image/logo.svg" alt="Logos Research" class="themedImage_kfRS themedImage--light_BL8e footer__logo" width="22"><img src="/theme/image/logo.svg" alt="Logos Research" class="themedImage_kfRS themedImage--dark_OvIx footer__logo" width="22"></a></div><div class="footer__copyright">Logos Research</div></div><div class="row footer__links"><div 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