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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Waku v1 vs Waku v2: Bandwidth Comparison</h1>
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 03 Nov 2021 • by </span>
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<a href="/authors/hanno" class="text-s lg:text-base font-bold hover:underline">hanno</a>
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<div class="post__content"><h2 id="background">Background</h2>
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<p>The <a href="https://vac.dev/waku-v2-plan">original plan</a> for Waku v2 suggested theoretical improvements in resource usage over Waku v1,
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mainly as a result of the improved amplification factors provided by GossipSub.
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In its turn, <a href="https://vac.dev/fixing-whisper-with-waku">Waku v1 proposed improvements</a> over its predecessor, Whisper.</p>
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<p>Given that Waku v2 is aimed at resource restricted environments,
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we are specifically interested in its scalability and resource usage characteristics.
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However, the theoretical performance improvements of Waku v2 over Waku v1,
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has never been properly benchmarked and tested.</p>
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<p>Although we’re working towards a full performance evaluation of Waku v2,
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this would require significant planning and resources,
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if it were to simulate “real world” conditions faithfully and measure bandwidth and resource usage across different network connections,
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robustness against attacks/losses, message latencies, etc.
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(There already exists a fairly comprehensive <a href="https://research.protocol.ai/publications/gossipsub-v1.1-evaluation-report/vyzovitis2020.pdf">evaluation of GossipSub v1.1</a>,
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on which <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/"><code class="highlighter-rouge">11/WAKU2-RELAY</code></a> is based.)</p>
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<p>As a starting point,
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this post contains a limited and local comparison of the <em>bandwidth</em> profile (only) between Waku v1 and Waku v2.
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||
It reuses and adapts existing network simulations for <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/blob/master/waku/v1/node/quicksim.nim">Waku v1</a> and <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/blob/master/waku/v2/node/quicksim2.nim">Waku v2</a>
|
||
and compares bandwidth usage for similar message propagation scenarios.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="theoretical-improvements-in-waku-v2">Theoretical improvements in Waku v2</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Messages are propagated in Waku v1 using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_(computer_networking)">flood routing</a>.
|
||
This means that every peer will forward every new incoming message to all its connected peers (except the one it received the message from).
|
||
This necessarily leads to unnecessary duplication (termed <em>amplification factor</em>),
|
||
wasting bandwidth and resources.
|
||
What’s more, we expect this effect to worsen the larger the network becomes,
|
||
as each <em>connection</em> will receive a copy of each message,
|
||
rather than a single copy per peer.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Message routing in Waku v2 follows the <code class="highlighter-rouge">libp2p</code> <em>GossipSub</em> protocol,
|
||
which lowers amplification factors by only sending full message contents to a subset of connected peers.
|
||
As a Waku v2 network grows, each peer will limit its number of full-message (“mesh”) peerings -
|
||
<code class="highlighter-rouge">libp2p</code> suggests a maximum of <code class="highlighter-rouge">12</code> such connections per peer.
|
||
This allows much better scalability than a flood-routed network.
|
||
From time to time, a Waku v2 peer will send metadata about the messages it has seen to other peers (“gossip” peers).</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>See <a href="https://hackmd.io/@vac/main/%2FYYlZYBCURFyO_ZG1EiteWg#11WAKU2-RELAY-gossipsub">this explainer</a> for a more detailed discussion.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="methodology">Methodology</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>The results below contain only some scenarios that provide an interesting contrast between Waku v1 and Waku v2.
|
||
For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_network">star network topologies</a> do not show a substantial difference between Waku v1 and Waku v2.
|
||
This is because each peer relies on a single connection to the central node for every message,
|
||
which barely requires any routing:
|
||
each connection receives a copy of every message for both Waku v1 and Waku v2.
|
||
Hybrid topologies similarly show only a difference between Waku v1 and Waku v2 for network segments with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking">mesh-like connections</a>,
|
||
where routing decisions need to be made.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>For this reason, the following approach applies to all iterations:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Simulations are run <strong>locally</strong>.
|
||
This limits the size of possible scenarios due to local resource constraints,
|
||
but is a way to quickly get an approximate comparison.</li>
|
||
<li>Nodes are treated as a <strong>blackbox</strong> for which we only measure bandwidth,
|
||
using an external bandwidth monitoring tool.
|
||
In other words, we do not consider differences in the size of the envelope (for v1) or the message (for v2).</li>
|
||
<li>Messages are published at a rate of <strong>50 new messages per second</strong> to each network,
|
||
except where explicitly stated otherwise.</li>
|
||
<li>Each message propagated in the network carries <strong>8 bytes</strong> of random payload, which is <strong>encrypted</strong>.
|
||
The same symmetric key cryptographic algorithm (with the same keys) are used in both Waku v1 and v2.</li>
|
||
<li>Traffic in each network is <strong>generated from 10 nodes</strong> (randomly-selected) and published in a round-robin fashion to <strong>10 topics</strong> (content topics for Waku v2).
|
||
In practice, we found no significant difference in <em>average</em> bandwidth usage when tweaking these two parameters (the number of traffic generating nodes and the number of topics).</li>
|
||
<li>Peers are connected in a decentralized <strong>full mesh topology</strong>,
|
||
i.e. each peer is connected to every other peer in the network.
|
||
Waku v1 is expected to flood all messages across all existing connections.
|
||
Waku v2 gossipsub will GRAFT some of these connections for full-message peerings,
|
||
with the rest being gossip-only peerings.</li>
|
||
<li>After running each iteration, we <strong>verify that messages propagated to all peers</strong> (comparing the number of published messages to the metrics logged by each peer).</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
<p>For Waku v1, nodes are configured as “full” nodes (i.e. with full bloom filter),
|
||
while Waku v2 nodes are <code class="highlighter-rouge">relay</code> nodes, all subscribing and publishing to the same PubSub topic.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="network-size-comparison">Network size comparison</h2>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-1-10-nodes">Iteration 1: 10 nodes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Let’s start with a small network of 10 nodes only and see how Waku v1 bandwidth usage compares to that of Waku v2.
|
||
At this small scale we don’t expect to see improved bandwidth usage in Waku v2 over Waku v1,
|
||
since all connections, for both Waku v1 and Waku v2, will be full-message connections.
|
||
The number of connections is low enough that Waku v2 nodes will likely GRAFT all connections to full-message peerings,
|
||
essentially flooding every message on every connection in a similar fashion to Waku v1.
|
||
If our expectations are confirmed, it helps validate our methodology,
|
||
showing that it gives more or less equivalent results between Waku v1 and Waku v2 networks.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-10-nodes.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Sure enough, the figure shows that in this small-scale setup,
|
||
Waku v1 actually has a lower per-peer bandwidth usage than Waku v2.
|
||
One reason for this may be the larger overall proportion of control messages in a gossipsub-routed network such as Waku v2.
|
||
These play a larger role when the total network traffic is comparatively low, as in this iteration.
|
||
Also note that the average bandwidth remains more or less constant as long as the rate of published messages remains stable.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-2-30-nodes">Iteration 2: 30 nodes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Now, let’s run the same scenario for a larger network of highly-connected nodes, this time consisting of 30 nodes.
|
||
At this point, the Waku v2 nodes will start pruning some connections to limit the number of full-message peerings (to a maximum of <code class="highlighter-rouge">12</code>),
|
||
while the Waku v1 nodes will continue flooding messages to all connected peers.
|
||
We therefore expect to see a somewhat improved bandwidth usage in Waku v2 over Waku v1.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-30-nodes.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Bandwidth usage in Waku v2 has increased only slightly from the smaller network of 10 nodes (hovering between 2000 and 3000 kbps).
|
||
This is because there are only a few more full-message peerings than before.
|
||
Compare this to the much higher increase in bandwidth usage for Waku v1, which now requires more than 4000 kbps on average.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-3-50-nodes">Iteration 3: 50 nodes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>For an even larger network of 50 highly connected nodes,
|
||
the divergence between Waku v1 and Waku v2 is even larger.
|
||
The following figure shows comparative average bandwidth usage for a throughput of 50 messages per second.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-50-nodes.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Average bandwidth usage (for the same message rate) has remained roughly the same for Waku v2 as it was for 30 nodes,
|
||
indicating that the number of full-message peerings per node has not increased.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-4-85-nodes">Iteration 4: 85 nodes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>We already see a clear trend in the bandwidth comparisons above,
|
||
so let’s confirm by running the test once more for a network of 85 nodes.
|
||
Due to local resource constraints, the effective throughput for Waku v1 falls to below 50 messages per second,
|
||
so the v1 results below have been normalized and are therefore approximate.
|
||
The local Waku v2 simulation maintains the message throughput rate without any problems.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-85-nodes.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="iteration-5-150-nodes">Iteration 5: 150 nodes</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Finally, we simulate message propagation in a network of 150 nodes.
|
||
Due to local resource constraints, we run this simulation at a lower rate -
|
||
35 messages per second -
|
||
and for a shorter amount of time.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-150-nodes.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Notice how the Waku v1 bandwidth usage is now more than 10 times worse than that of Waku v2.
|
||
This is to be expected, as each Waku v1 node will try to flood each new message to 149 other peers,
|
||
while the Waku v2 nodes limit their full-message peerings to no more than 12.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h3 id="discussion">Discussion</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>Let’s summarize average bandwidth growth against network growth for a constant message propagation rate.
|
||
Since we are particularly interested in how Waku v1 compares to Waku v2 in terms of bandwidth usage,
|
||
the results are normalised to the Waku v2 average bandwidth usage for each network size.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-overall-network-size.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>Extrapolation is a dangerous game,
|
||
but it’s safe to deduce that the divergence will only grow for even larger network topologies.
|
||
Although control signalling contributes more towards overall bandwidth for Waku v2 networks,
|
||
this effect becomes less noticeable for larger networks.
|
||
For network segments with more than ~18 densely connected nodes,
|
||
the advantage of using Waku v2 above Waku v1 becomes clear.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="network-traffic-comparison">Network traffic comparison</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>The analysis above controls the average message rate while network size grows.
|
||
In reality, however, active users (and therefore message rates) are likely to grow in conjunction with the network.
|
||
This will have an effect on bandwidth for both Waku v1 and Waku v2, though not in equal measure.
|
||
Consider the impact of an increasing rate of messages in a network of constant size:</p>
|
||
|
||
<p><img src="/assets/img/waku1-vs-waku2/waku1-vs-waku2-overall-message-rate.png" alt="" /></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>The <em>rate</em> of increase in bandwidth for Waku v2 is slower than that for Waku v1 for a corresponding increase in message propagation rate.
|
||
In fact, for a network of 30 densely-connected nodes,
|
||
if the message propagation rate increases by 1 per second,
|
||
Waku v1 requires an increased average bandwidth of almost 70kbps at each node.
|
||
A similar traffic increase in Waku v2 requires on average 40kbps more bandwidth per peer, just over half that of Waku v1.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="conclusions">Conclusions</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Waku v2 scales significantly better than Waku v1 in terms of average bandwidth usage</strong>,
|
||
especially for densely connected networks.</li>
|
||
<li>E.g. for a network consisting of <strong>150</strong> or more densely connected nodes,
|
||
Waku v2 provides more than <strong>10x</strong> better average bandwidth usage rates than Waku v1.</li>
|
||
<li>As the network continues to scale, both in absolute terms (number of nodes) and in network traffic (message rates) the disparity between Waku v2 and Waku v1 becomes even larger.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="future-work">Future work</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>Now that we’ve confirmed that Waku v2’s bandwidth improvements over its predecessor matches theory,
|
||
we can proceed to a more in-depth characterisation of Waku v2’s resource usage.
|
||
Some questions that we want to answer include:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>What proportion of Waku v2’s bandwidth usage is used to propagate <em>payload</em> versus bandwidth spent on <em>control</em> messaging to maintain the mesh?</li>
|
||
<li>To what extent is message latency (time until a message is delivered to its destination) affected by network size and message rate?</li>
|
||
<li>How <em>reliable</em> is message delivery in Waku v2 for different network sizes and message rates?</li>
|
||
<li>What are the resource usage profiles of other Waku v2 protocols (e.g.<a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/12/"><code class="highlighter-rouge">12/WAKU2-FILTER</code></a> and <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/19/"><code class="highlighter-rouge">19/WAKU2-LIGHTPUSH</code></a>)?</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>Our aim is to get ever closer to a “real world” understanding of Waku v2’s performance characteristics,
|
||
identify and fix vulnerabilities
|
||
and continually improve the efficiency of our suite of protocols.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="https://research.protocol.ai/publications/gossipsub-v1.1-evaluation-report/vyzovitis2020.pdf">Evaluation of GossipSub v1.1</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://vac.dev/fixing-whisper-with-waku">Fixing Whisper with Waku</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://hackmd.io/@vac/main/%2FYYlZYBCURFyO_ZG1EiteWg#11WAKU2-RELAY-gossipsub">GossipSub vs flood routing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13335/star-topology#:~:text=Star%20topology%20is%20a%20network,known%20as%20a%20star%20network.">Network topologies: star</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking">Network topologies: mesh</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://vac.dev/waku-v2-plan">Waku v2 original plan</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
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