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vac.dev-experimental-old
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Jenkins 2022-01-11 20:48:02 +00:00
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
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<nav class="nav-mobile hidden fixed top-0 right-0 flex flex-col justify-between items-center pt-14 px-12 pb-5 bg-white w-9/12 h-3/4 z-40">
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</li>
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<a class="nav__link" href="/#about">About</a>
</li>
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
<a class="nav__link" href="/#join">Join Vac</a>
</li>
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
<a class="nav__link" href="/research-log">Research log</a>
</li>
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<a class="nav__link" href="/media">Media</a>
</li>
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<a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Specs</a>
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</header>
<main class="bg-white text-black flex flex-col"><div class="container text-center m-auto sm:my-8 flex flex-col items-center">
<h1 class="text-xxl">404</h1>
<p class="section__text text-base lg:text-xxl mb-6 l:mb-16 font-bold">
Page not found :(
</p>
<p>The requested page could not be found.</p>
</div>
</main>
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<div class="container max-w-screen-xl flex sl:justify-between lm:justify-start p-5 md:px-12 md:pt-5 lg:py-10">
<div class="logo mr-10 sm:mr-0 sm:w-2/12 lg:w-3/12">
<a href="/"><img src="/assets/img/logo.png" alt="Vac logo" class="w-9 h-11" /></a>
</div>
<div class="flex flex-col xm:flex-row xm:justify-between sm:w-10/12 lg:w-9/12">
<p class="hidden sl:inline-block sl:mr-10 text-xxs lg:text-base text-white opacity-75">Vac researches peer-to-peer, private, censorship resistant communication</p>
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<div class="flex">
<div class="flex flex-col mr-5 sm:mr-10 sl:mr-14">
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<a href="/research-log" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Log</a>
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<a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Specs</a>
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CNAME
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new.vac.dev
vac.dev

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Jenkinsfile vendored
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@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ pipeline {
}
environment {
SCP_OPTS = 'StrictHostKeyChecking=no'
DEV_HOST = 'jenkins@node-01.do-ams3.proxy.misc.statusim.net'
DEV_SITE = 'dev.vac.dev'
GH_USER = 'status-im-auto'
GH_MAIL = 'auto@status.im'
/* Dev site deployment. */
DEV_SITE = 'dev.vac.dev'
DEV_HOST = 'jenkins@node-01.do-ams3.sites.misc.statusim.net'
SCP_OPTS = 'StrictHostKeyChecking=no'
/* Avoid need for sudo when using bundler. */
GEM_HOME = "${env.HOME}/.gem"
}
@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ pipeline {
stage('Install Deps') {
steps {
sh 'yarn install --ignore-optional'
sh 'yarn install'
sh 'bundle install'
}
}

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assets/js/main.js
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'use strict';
"use strict";
const burger = document.querySelector('.burger');
const burgerOpen = document.querySelector('.burger__button--open');
const burgerClose = document.querySelector('.burger__button--close');
const menuMobile = document.querySelector('.nav-mobile');
const menuLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.nav__link');
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const confirmation = document.querySelector('.footer__confirm');
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const burgerClose = document.querySelector(".burger__button--close");
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const menuLinks = document.querySelectorAll(".nav__link");
const overlay = document.querySelector(".overlay");
const form = document.querySelector(".footer__form");
const confirmation = document.querySelector(".footer__confirm");
const closeMobileMenu = () => {
burgerOpen.classList.toggle('hidden');
burgerClose.classList.toggle('hidden');
menuMobile.classList.toggle('hidden');
overlay.classList.toggle('hidden');
burgerOpen.classList.toggle("hidden");
burgerClose.classList.toggle("hidden");
menuMobile.classList.toggle("hidden");
overlay.classList.toggle("hidden");
};
burger.addEventListener('click', closeMobileMenu);
overlay.addEventListener('click', closeMobileMenu);
menuLinks.forEach((link) => {
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
burger.addEventListener("click", closeMobileMenu);
overlay.addEventListener("click", closeMobileMenu);
menuLinks.forEach(link => {
link.addEventListener("click", () => {
closeMobileMenu;
});
});
form.addEventListener('submit', (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
form.classList.toggle('hidden');
confirmation.classList.toggle('hidden');
});
// form.addEventListener('submit', (e) => {
// e.preventDefault();
// form.classList.toggle('hidden');
// confirmation.classList.toggle('hidden');
// });

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authors/circe.html Normal file
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="h-full" lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>Vac - Circe</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" />
<title>Vac</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
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(function (f, a, t, h, o, m) {
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};
(o = f.createElement("script")), (m = f.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]);
o.async = 1;
o.src = t;
o.id = "fathom-script";
m.parentNode.insertBefore(o, m);
})(document, window, "//fathom.status.im/tracker.js", "fathom");
fathom("set", "siteId", "YELIA");
fathom("trackPageview");
</script>
<!-- / Fathom -->
<!-- Twitter cards -->
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@vacp2p" />
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Circe" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Vac is a modular peer-to-peer messaging stack, with a focus on secure messaging." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://vac.dev/assets/img/vac.png" />
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<link rel="preload" href="/fonts/OpenSans-SemiBoldItalic.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/style.css" />
</head>
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<div class="nav-section flex justify-between items-center py-3 md:py-5 lg:py-10">
<div class="logo md:pr-8 l:p-0">
<a href="/"><img src="/assets/img/logo.png" alt="Vac logo" class="w-9 h-11" /></a>
</div>
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<div class="burger block sm:hidden z-50">
<button class="burger__button burger__button--open fixed top-2 right-5 w-12 h-12" type="button" aria-label="Mobile menu button">
<img class="burger__icon" src="/assets/img/burger.svg" alt="Open menu button" />
</button>
<button class="burger__button burger__button--close hidden fixed top-2 right-5 w-12 h-12" type="button" aria-label="Close mobile menu button">
<img class="burger__icon burger__icon--close" src="/assets/img/close.svg" alt="Close menu button" />
</button>
</div>
<nav class="nav max-w-screen-xm md:max-w-screen-sl container">
<ul class="nav__list hidden sm:flex justify-between container text-xs font-semibold md:pr-8 l:p-0">
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
<a class="nav__link" href="/#work">Work</a>
</li>
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
<a class="nav__link" href="/#about">About</a>
</li>
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
<a class="nav__link" href="/#join">Join Vac</a>
</li>
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
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fill="#151512"
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fill="#151512"
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<nav class="nav-mobile hidden fixed top-0 right-0 flex flex-col justify-between items-center pt-14 px-12 pb-5 bg-white w-9/12 h-3/4 z-40">
<ul class="nav__list flex flex-col flex-1 justify-between items-center container box-content w-32 h-auto max-h-nav text-xs font-normal">
<li class="hover:opacity-50">
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@ -203,56 +146,9 @@
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@ -265,7 +161,7 @@
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@ -313,15 +198,8 @@
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@ -330,18 +208,8 @@
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@ -433,28 +255,16 @@
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@ -113,7 +84,7 @@
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@ -180,18 +133,8 @@
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@ -203,56 +146,9 @@
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@ -265,7 +161,7 @@
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@ -280,31 +176,20 @@
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@ -313,15 +198,8 @@
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@ -330,18 +208,8 @@
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@ -358,52 +226,16 @@
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-4 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
Franck
</h1>
<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-4 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Franck</h1>
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container
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>
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class="
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flex flex-col
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<a class="nav__link" href="/#work">Work</a>
@ -265,7 +161,7 @@
</li>
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<a class="nav__link" href="/#join">Join Vac</a>
</li>
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@ -280,31 +176,20 @@
</li>
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>Specs</a
>
<a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Specs</a>
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@ -313,15 +198,8 @@
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@ -330,18 +208,8 @@
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@ -358,52 +226,16 @@
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-4 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
Oskar
</h1>
<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-4 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Oskar</h1>
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fill="#151512"
@ -411,18 +243,8 @@
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target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
><svg
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@ -433,84 +255,48 @@
<div>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">November 10, 2020</time
><a
href="/waku-v2-ethereum-messaging"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>[Talk] Vac, Waku v2 and Ethereum Messaging</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">August 06, 2021</time>
<a href="/waku-v2-ethereum-coscup" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">[Talk at COSCUP] Vac, Waku v2 and Ethereum Messaging</a>
</li>
<li class="flex flex-col w-full sm:w-1/2 lm:max-w-screen-xs mb-5 lg:mb-8">
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">September 28, 2020</time
><a
href="/waku-v2-update"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>Waku v2 Update</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">November 10, 2020</time>
<a href="/waku-v2-ethereum-messaging" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">[Talk] Vac, Waku v2 and Ethereum Messaging</a>
</li>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">July 01, 2020</time
><a
href="/waku-v2-plan"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>What's the Plan for Waku v2?</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">September 28, 2020</time>
<a href="/waku-v2-update" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">Waku v2 Update</a>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">April 16, 2020</time
><a
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>What Would a WeChat Replacement Need?</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">July 01, 2020</time>
<a href="/waku-v2-plan" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">What's the Plan for Waku v2?</a>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">February 14, 2020</time
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>Waku Update</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">April 16, 2020</time>
<a href="/wechat-replacement-need" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">What Would a WeChat Replacement Need?</a>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">December 03, 2019</time
><a
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class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>Fixing Whisper with Waku</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">February 14, 2020</time>
<a href="/waku-update" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">Waku Update</a>
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<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">November 08, 2019</time
><a
href="/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">December 03, 2019</time>
<a href="/fixing-whisper-with-waku" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">Fixing Whisper with Waku</a>
</li>
<li class="flex flex-col w-full sm:w-1/2 lm:max-w-screen-xs mb-5 lg:mb-8">
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">October 04, 2019</time
><a
href="/remote-log"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>P2P Data Sync with a Remote Log</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">November 08, 2019</time>
<a href="/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs</a>
</li>
<li class="flex flex-col w-full sm:w-1/2 lm:max-w-screen-xs mb-5 lg:mb-8">
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">August 02, 2019</time
><a
href="/vac-overview"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>Vac - A Rough Overview</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">October 04, 2019</time>
<a href="/remote-log" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">P2P Data Sync with a Remote Log</a>
</li>
<li class="flex flex-col w-full sm:w-1/2 lm:max-w-screen-xs mb-5 lg:mb-8">
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">July 19, 2019</time
><a
href="/p2p-data-sync-for-mobile"
class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline"
>P2P Data Sync for Mobile</a
>
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">August 02, 2019</time>
<a href="/vac-overview" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">Vac - A Rough Overview</a>
</li>
<li class="flex flex-col w-full sm:w-1/2 lm:max-w-screen-xs mb-5 lg:mb-8">
<time class="text-xxs opacity-75">July 19, 2019</time>
<a href="/p2p-data-sync-for-mobile" class="text-xs lg:text-base font-semibold hover:underline">P2P Data Sync for Mobile</a>
</li>
</ul>
@ -523,136 +309,47 @@
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>
VAC researches peer-to-peer, private, censorship resistant communication
</p>
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<p class="hidden sl:inline-block sl:mr-10 text-xxs lg:text-base text-white opacity-75">Vac researches peer-to-peer, private, censorship resistant communication</p>
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<p class="text-base text-white mb-5 lg:mb-4">Research</p>
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@ -10,97 +10,68 @@
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@ -113,7 +84,7 @@
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@ -128,16 +99,12 @@
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@ -146,15 +113,8 @@
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@ -163,15 +123,8 @@
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@ -180,18 +133,8 @@
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@ -203,56 +146,9 @@
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@ -265,7 +161,7 @@
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@ -280,31 +176,20 @@
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@ -313,15 +198,8 @@
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@ -330,18 +208,8 @@
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@ -358,52 +226,16 @@
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
DNS Based Discovery
</h1>
<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">DNS Based Discovery</h1>
<div>
<span class="text-s lg:text-base">
07 Feb 2020 • by
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>
<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 07 Feb 2020 • by </span>
<a href="/authors/dean" class="text-s lg:text-base font-bold hover:underline">dean</a>
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<div class="post__content"><p>Discovery in p2p networks is the process of how nodes find each other and specific resources they are looking for. Popular discovery protocols, such as <a href="https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~petar/papers/maymounkov-kademlia-lncs.pdf">Kademlia</a> which utilizes a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table">distributed hash table</a> or DHT, are highly inefficient for resource restricted devices. These methods use short connection windows, and it is quite battery intensive to keep establishing connections. Additionally, we cannot expect a mobile phone for example to synchronize an entire DHT using cellular data.</p>
<p>Another issue is how we do the initial bootstrapping. In other words, how does a client find its first node to then discover the rest of the network? In most applications, including Status right now, this is done with a <a href="https://github.com/status-im/specs/blob/master/status-client-spec.md#bootstrapping">static list of nodes</a> that a client can connect to.</p>
<p>Another issue is how we do the initial bootstrapping. In other words, how does a client find its first node to then discover the rest of the network? In most applications, including Status right now, this is done with a <a href="https://specs.status.im/spec/1#bootstrapping">static list of nodes</a> that a client can connect to.</p>
<p>In summary, we have a static list that provides us with nodes we can connect to which then allows us to discover the rest of the network using something like Kademlia. But what we need is something that can easily be mutated, guarantees a certain amount of security, and is efficient for resource restricted devices. Ideally our solution would also be robust and scalable.</p>
@ -413,7 +245,7 @@
<p><a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1459">EIP 1459: Node Discovery via DNS</a>, which is one of the strategies we are using for discovering waku nodes. <a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1459">EIP-1459</a> is a DNS-based discovery protocol that stores <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree">merkle trees</a> in DNS records which contain connection information for nodes.</p>
<p><em>Waku is our fork of Whisper. Oskar recently wrote an <a href="https://vac.dev/fixing-whisper-with-waku">entire post</a> explaining it. In short, Waku is our method of fixing the shortcomings of Whisper in a more iterative fashion. You can find the specification <a href="https://specs.vac.dev/specs/waku/waku.html">here</a></em></p>
<p><em>Waku is our fork of Whisper. Oskar recently wrote an <a href="https://vac.dev/fixing-whisper-with-waku">entire post</a> explaining it. In short, Waku is our method of fixing the shortcomings of Whisper in a more iterative fashion. You can find the specification <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/6/">here</a></em></p>
<p>DNS-based methods for bootstrapping p2p networks are quite popular. Even Bitcoin uses it, but it uses a concept called DNS seeds, which are just DNS servers that are configured to return a list of randomly selected nodes from the network upon being queried. This means that although these seeds are hardcoded in the client, the IP addresses of actual nodes do not have to be.</p>
@ -441,7 +273,7 @@
160.16.0.30
</span></code></pre></div></div>
<p>The above displays the result of querying on of these DNS seeds. All the nodes are stored as <a href="https://simpledns.plus/help/a-records"><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">A</code> records</a> for the given domain name. This is quite a simple solution which Bitcoin almost soley relies on since removing the <a href="https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#IRC">IRC bootstrapping method in v0.8.2</a>.</p>
<p>The above displays the result of querying on of these DNS seeds. All the nodes are stored as <a href="https://simpledns.plus/help/a-records"><code class="highlighter-rouge">A</code> records</a> for the given domain name. This is quite a simple solution which Bitcoin almost soley relies on since removing the <a href="https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Network#IRC">IRC bootstrapping method in v0.8.2</a>.</p>
<p>What makes this DNS based discovery useful? It allows us to have a mutable list of bootstrap nodes without needing to ship a new version of the client every time a list is mutated. It also allows for a more lightweight method of discovering nodes, something very important for resource restricted devices.</p>
@ -456,17 +288,16 @@
<p>Let’s dive into this. Firstly, a client that is using these DNS records for discovery must know the public key corresponding to the private key controlled by the entity creating the list. This is because the entire list is signed using a secp256k1 private key, giving the client the ability to authenticate the list and know that it has not been tampered with by some external party.</p>
<p>So that already makes this a lot safer than the method Bitcoin uses. But how are these lists even stored? As previously stated they are stored using <strong>merkle trees</strong> as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The root of the tree is stored in a <a href="https://simpledns.plus/help/txt-records"><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">TXT</code> record</a>, this record contains the tree’s root hash, a sequence number which is incremented every time the tree is updated and a signature as stated above.</p>
<p>The root of the tree is stored in a <a href="https://simpledns.plus/help/txt-records"><code class="highlighter-rouge">TXT</code> record</a>, this record contains the tree’s root hash, a sequence number which is incremented every time the tree is updated and a signature as stated above.</p>
<p>Additionally, there is also a root hash to a second tree called a <strong>link tree</strong>, it contains the information to different lists. This link tree allows us to delegate trust and build a graph of multiple merkle trees stored across multiple DNS names.</p>
<p>The sequence number ensures that an attacker cannot replace a tree with an older version because when a client reads the tree, they should ensure that the sequence number is greater than the last synchronized version.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Using the root hash for the tree, we can find the merkle tree’s first branch, the branch is also stored in a <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">TXT</code> record. The branch record contains all the hashes of the branch’s leafs.</p>
<p>Using the root hash for the tree, we can find the merkle tree’s first branch, the branch is also stored in a <code class="highlighter-rouge">TXT</code> record. The branch record contains all the hashes of the branch’s leafs.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Once a client starts reading all the leafs, they can find one of two things: either a new branch record leading them further down the tree or an Ethereum Name Records (ENR) which means they now have the address of a node to connect to! To learn more about ethereum node records you can have a look at <a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-778">EIP-778</a>, or read a short blog post I wrote explaining them <a href="https://dean.eigenmann.me/blog/2020/01/21/network-addresses-in-ethereum/#enr">here</a>.</p>
@ -475,7 +306,7 @@
<p>Below is the zone file taken from the <a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1459">EIP-1459</a>, displaying how this looks in practice.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>; name ttl class type content
<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>; name ttl class type content
@ 60 IN TXT enrtree-root:v1 e=JWXYDBPXYWG6FX3GMDIBFA6CJ4 l=C7HRFPF3BLGF3YR4DY5KX3SMBE seq=1 sig=o908WmNp7LibOfPsr4btQwatZJ5URBr2ZAuxvK4UWHlsB9sUOTJQaGAlLPVAhM__XJesCHxLISo94z5Z2a463gA
C7HRFPF3BLGF3YR4DY5KX3SMBE 86900 IN TXT enrtree://AM5FCQLWIZX2QFPNJAP7VUERCCRNGRHWZG3YYHIUV7BVDQ5FDPRT2@morenodes.example.org
JWXYDBPXYWG6FX3GMDIBFA6CJ4 86900 IN TXT enrtree-branch:2XS2367YHAXJFGLZHVAWLQD4ZY,H4FHT4B454P6UXFD7JCYQ5PWDY,MHTDO6TMUBRIA2XWG5LUDACK24
@ -493,136 +324,47 @@ MHTDO6TMUBRIA2XWG5LUDACK24 86900 IN TXT enr:-HW4QLAYqmrwllBEnzWWs7I5Ev
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Opinion: Pseudo-ethics in the Surveillance Tech Industry</h1>
<div>
<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 03 Dec 2021 • by </span>
<a href="/authors/circe" class="text-s lg:text-base font-bold hover:underline">circe</a>
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<div class="post__content"><p><em>This is an opinion piece by pseudonymous contributor, circe.</em></p>
<h2 id="preface">Preface</h2>
<p>The Vac team aims to provide a public good in the form of freely available, open source tools and protocols for decentralized communication.
As such, we value our independence and the usefulness of our protocols for a wide range of applications.
At the same time, we realize that all technical development, including ours, has a moral component.
As a diverse team we are guided by a shared devotion to the principles of human rights and liberty.
This explains why we place such a high premium on security, censorship-resistance and privacy -
a stance we <a href="https://our.status.im/our-principles/">share with the wider Status Network</a>.
The post below takes a different approach from our usual more technical analyses,
by starting to peel back the curtain on the ethical shortfalls of the global surveillance tech industry.</p>
<h2 id="spotlight-on-an-industry">Spotlight on an industry</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/11/apple-sues-nso-group-to-curb-the-abuse-of-state-sponsored-spyware/">Apple’s announcement</a> of their lawsuit against Israel’s NSO Group
marks the latest in a series of recent setbacks for the surveillance tech company.
In early November, the <a href="https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2021-24123.pdf">United States blacklisted the firm</a>,
citing concerns about the use of their spyware by foreign governments targeting civilians such as “journalists, businesspeople, activists” and more.
The company is already <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE">embroiled in a lawsuit with Whatsapp</a>
over their exploit of the chat app’s video calling service to install malware on target devices.
NSO Group’s most infamous product, <a href="https://forbiddenstories.org/case/the-pegasus-project/">Pegasus</a>, operates as a hidden exploit installed on victims’ mobile phones,
sometimes without even requiring as much as an unguarded click on a malicious link.
It has the potential to lay bare, and report to its owners, <em>everything</em> within the reach of the infected device.
For most people this amounts to a significant portion of their private lives and thoughts.
Pegasus can read your private messages (even encrypted), collect your passwords, record calls, track your location and access your device’s microphone and camera.
No activity or application on an infected phone would be hidden.</p>
<p>The latest controversies are perhaps less because of the novelty of the revelations -
the existence of Pegasus has been known to civil activists <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37192670">since at least 2016</a>.
Rather, the public was reminded again of the potential scope of surveillance tech
in the indiscriminate use of Pegasus on private citizens.
This has far-reaching implications for human freedoms worldwide.
Earlier this year, a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/18/revealed-leak-uncovers-global-abuse-of-cyber-surveillance-weapon-nso-group-pegasus">leaked list of over 50,000 targets</a>, or possible targets, of Pegasus included
the phone numbers of human rights advocates, independent journalists, lawyers and political activists.
This should have come as no surprise.
The type of autocratically inclined agents, and governments, who would venture to buy and use such invasive cyber-arms often target those they find politically inconvenient.
Pegasus, and similar technologies, simply extend the reach and capacity of such individuals and governments -
no border or distance, no political rank or social advantage, no sanctity of profession or regard for dignity,
provide any indemnity from becoming a victim.
Your best hope is to remain uninteresting enough to escape consideration.</p>
<p>The NSO Group has, of course, denied allegations of culpability and questions the authenticity of the list.
At this stage, the latter is almost beside the point:
Amnesty International’s cybersecurity team, Security Lab, <em>did</em> find <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/#_ftn1">forensic evidence of Pegasus</a> on the phones of several volunteers whose numbers appeared on the original list,
including those of journalists and human rights activists.
(Security Lab has since opened up their <a href="https://github.com/mvt-project/mvt">infection finding tool</a> to the public.)
French intelligence has similarly <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/aug/02/pegasus-spyware-found-on-journalists-phones-french-intelligence-confirms">inspected and confirmed</a> infection of at least three devices belonging to journalists.
The phones of several people who were close to the Saudi-American journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, were <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57891506">confirmed hacked</a>
both before and after Khashoggi’s brutal murder at the Saudi embassy in Istanbul in 2018.
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/sep/21/hungary-journalist-daniel-nemeth-phones-infected-with-nso-pegasus-spyware">More reports</a> of confirmed Pegasus hacks are still published with some regularity.
It is now an open secret that many authoritarian governments have bought Pegasus.
It’s not difficult to extrapolate from existing reports and such clients’ track records
what the potential injuries to human freedoms are that they can inflict with access to such a powerful cyberweapon.</p>
<h2 id="a-typical-response">A typical response</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/response-from-nso-and-governments">NSO’s response</a> to the allegations follows a textbook approach
of avoiding earnest ethical introspection on the manufacturing, and selling, of cyber-arms.
Firstly, shift ethical responsibility to a predetermined process, a list of checkboxes of your own making.
The Group, for example, claims to sell only to “vetted governments”, following a classification process
of which they have now <a href="https://www.nsogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ReportBooklet.pdf">published some procedural details</a> but no tangible criteria.
The next step is to reaffirm continuously, and repetitively, your dedication to the <em>legal</em> combat against crime,
<a href="https://www.nsogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ReportBooklet.pdf">“legitimate law enforcement agencies”</a> (note the almost tautological phrasing),
adherence to international arms trade laws,
compliance clauses in customer contracts, etc.
Thirdly, having been absolved of any moral suspicions that might exist about product and process,
from conception to engineering to trade,
distance yourself from the consequences of its use in the world.
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/response-from-nso-and-governments">“NSO does not operate its technology, does not collect, nor possesses, nor has any access to any kind of data of its customers.”</a>
It is interesting that directly after this statement they claim with contradictory confidence that
their “technology was not associated in any way with the heinous murder of Jamal Khashoggi”.
The unapologetic tone seems hardly appropriate when the same document confirms that the Group had to
shut down customers’ systems due to “confirmed misuse” and have had to do so “multiple times” in the past.
Given all this, the response manages to evade any serious interrogation of the “vetting” process itself,
which forced the company to reject “approximately 15% of potential new opportunities for Pegasus” in one year.
Courageous.</p>
<p>We have heard this all before.
There exists a multi-billion dollar industry of private companies and engineering firms <a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2019/12/12/offering-software-for-snooping-to-governments-is-a-booming-business">thriving on proceeds</a> from
selling surveillance tools and cyber-arms to dubious agencies and foreign governments.
In turn, the most power-hungry and oppressive regimes often <em>rely</em> on such technological innovations -
for which they lack the in-country engineering expertise -
to maintain control, suppress uprisings, intimidate opposing journalists, and track their citizens.
It’s a lucrative business opportunity, and resourceful companies have sprung up everywhere to supply this demand,
often in countries where citizens, including employees of the company, would be horrified if they were similarly subject to the oppressions of their own products.
When, in 2014, Italy’s <em>HackingTeam</em> were pulsed by the United Nations about their (then alleged) selling of spyware to Sudan,
which would have been a contravention of the UN’s weapon export ban,
they simply replied that their product was not controlled as a weapon and therefore not subject to such scrutiny.
They remained within their legal bounds, technically.
Furthermore, they similarly shifted ethical responsibility to external standards of legitimacy,
claiming their <a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2014/02/mapping-hacking-teams-untraceable-spyware/">“software is not sold to governments that are blacklisted by the EU, the US, NATO, and similar international organizations”</a>.
When the company themselves were <a href="https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hacking-team-breach-shows-global-spying-firm-run-amok/">hacked in 2015</a>,
revelations (confirmations, that is) of widespread misuse by repressive governments were damaging enough to force them to disappear and rebrand as Memento Labs.
<a href="https://www.mem3nt0.com/en/">Their website</a> boasts an impressive list of statutes, regulations, procedures, export controls and legal frameworks,
all of which the rebranded hackers proudly comply with.
Surely no further ethical scrutiny is necessary?</p>
<h2 id="ethics--the-law">Ethics != the law</h2>
<h3 id="the-law-is-trailing-behind">The law is trailing behind</h3>
<p>Such recourse to the <em>legality</em> of your action as ethical justification is moot for several reasons.
The first is glaringly obvious -
our laws are ill-equipped to address the implications of modern technology.
Legal systems are a cumbersome inheritance built over generations.
This is especially true of the statutes and regulations governing international trade, behind which these companies so often hide.
Our best legal systems are trailing miles behind the technology for which we seek guidelines.
Legislators are still struggling to make sense of technologies like face recognition,
the repercussions of smart devices acting “on their own” and biases in algorithms.
To claim you are performing ethical due diligence by resorting to an outdated and incomplete system of legal codes is disingenuous.</p>
<h3 id="the-law-depends-on-ethics">The law depends on ethics</h3>
<p>The second reason is more central to my argument,
and an important flaw in these sleight of hand justifications appearing from time to time in the media.
Ethics can in no way be confused as synonymous with legality or legitimacy.
These are incommensurable concepts.
In an ideal world, of course, the law is meant to track the minimum standards of ethical conduct in a society.
Laws are often drafted exactly from some ethical, and practical, impulse to minimize harmful conduct
and provide for corrective and punitive measures where transgressions do occur.
The law, however, has a much narrower scope than ethics.
It can be just or unjust.
In fact, it is in need of ethics to constantly reform.
Ethics and values are born out of collective self-reflection.
It develops in our conversation with ourselves and others about the type of society we strive for.
As such, an ethical worldview summarizes our deepest intuitions about how we should live and measure our impact on the world.
For this reason, ethics is primarily enforced by social and internal pressures, not legal boundaries -
our desire to do what <em>ought</em> to be done, however we define that.
Ethics is therefore a much grander scheme than global legal systems
and the diplomatic frameworks that grants legitimacy to governments.
These are but one limited outflow of the human aspiration to form societies in accordance with our ideologies and ethics.</p>
<h3 id="international-law-is-vague-and-exploitable">International law is vague and exploitable</h3>
<p>Of course, the cyber-arms trade has a favorite recourse, <em>international</em> law, which is even more limited.
Since such products are seldomly sold to governments and agencies within the country of production,
it enables a further distancing from consequences.
Many private surveillance companies are based in fairly liberal societies with (seemingly) strict emphases on human rights in their domestic laws.
International laws are much more complicated - for opportunists a synonym for “more grey areas in which to hide”.
Company conduct can now be governed, and excused, by a system that follows
the whims of autocrats with exploitative intent and vastly different ethical conceptions from the company’s purported aims.
International law, and the ways it is most often enforced by way of, say, UN-backed sanctions,
have long been shaped by the compromises of international diplomacy.
To be blunt: these laws are weak and subject to exactly the sort of narrow interests behind which mercenaries have always hidden.
The surveillance tech industry is no exception.</p>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<p>My point is simple:
selling cyber-arms with the potential to become vast tools of oppression to governments and bodies with blatant histories of human rights violations,
and all but the publicly announced intention to continue operating in this way,
is categorically unconscionable.
This seems obvious no matter what ethics system you argue from,
provided it harbors any consideration for human dignity and freedom.
It is a sign of poor moral discourse that such recourses to law and legitimacy are often considered synonymous with ethical justification.
“<em>I have acted within the bounds of law</em>”, <em>“We supply only to legitimate law enforcement agencies”</em>, etc. are no substitutes.
Ethical conduct requires an honest evaluation of an action against some conception of “the good”,
however you define that.
Too often the surveillance tech industry precisely sidesteps this question,
both in internal processes and external rationalisations to a concerned public.</p>
<p>John Locke, he of the life-liberty-and-property, articulated the idea that government exists solely through the consent of the governed.
Towards the end of the 17th century, he wrote in his <em>Second Treatise on Civil Government</em>,
“[w]henever legislators endeavor to take away,
and destroy the property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary power,
they put themselves in a state of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any further obedience”.
The inference is straightforward and humanist in essence:
legitimacy is not something that is conferred by governments and institutions.
Rather, they derive their legitimacy from us, their citizens, holding them to standards of ethics and societal ideals.
This legitimacy only remains in tact as long as this mandate is honored and continuously extended by a well-informed public.
This is the principle of informed consent on which all reciprocal ethics is based.</p>
<p>The surveillance tech industry may well have nothing more or less noble in mind than profit-making within legal bounds
when developing and selling their products.
However, when such companies are revealed again and again to have supplied tools of gross human rights violations to known human rights violators,
they will do well to remember that ethics always <em>precedes</em> requirements of legality and legitimacy.
It is a fallacy to take normative guidance from the concept of “legitimacy”
if the concept itself depends on such normative guidelines for definition.
Without examining the ethical standards by which institutions, governments, and laws, were created,
no value-judgements about their legitimacy can be made.
Hiding behind legal compliance as substitute for moral justification is not enough.
Targets of increasingly invasive governmental snooping are too often chosen precisely to suppress the mechanisms from which the legitimacy of such governments flow -
the consent of ordinary civilians.
Free and fair elections, free speech, free media, freedom of thought are all at risk.</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://our.status.im/our-principles/">Status Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2021-24123.pdf">Federal Register: Addition of Certain Entities to the Entity List</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forbiddenstories.org/case/the-pegasus-project/">forbiddenstories.org: The Pegasus Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/pegasus-project">theguardian.com: The Pegasus Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/#_ftn1">amnesty.org Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group’s Pegasus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/11/apple-sues-nso-group-to-curb-the-abuse-of-state-sponsored-spyware/">Apple sues NSO Group to curb the abuse of state-sponsored spyware</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37192670">bbc.com: Who are the hackers who cracked the iPhone?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57891506">bbc.com: Pegasus: Who are the alleged victims of spyware targeting?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2014/02/mapping-hacking-teams-untraceable-spyware/">citizenlab.ca: Mapping Hacking Team’s “Untraceable” Spyware</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2019/12/12/offering-software-for-snooping-to-governments-is-a-booming-business">economist.com: Offering software for snooping to governments is a booming business</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mem3nt0.com/en/">Memento Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mvt-project/mvt">Mobile Verification Toolkit to identify compromised devices</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nsogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ReportBooklet.pdf">NSO Group: Transparency and Responsibility Report 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE">reuters.com: WhatsApp sues Israel’s NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hacking-team-breach-shows-global-spying-firm-run-amok/">wired.com: Hacking Team Breach Shows a Global Spying Firm Run Amok</a></li>
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
Feasibility Study: Discv5
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Feasibility Study: Discv5</h1>
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base">
27 Apr 2020 • by
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 27 Apr 2020 • by </span>
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@ -434,7 +266,6 @@
<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
<p>The main things we wanted to investigate was the overhead on finding a peer. This means we wanted to look at both the bandwidth, latency and effectiveness of this. There are 2 methods which we can use to find a peer:</p>
<ul>
<li>We can find a peer with a specific ID, using normal lookup methods as documented by Kademlia.</li>
<li>We can find a peer that advertises a capability, this is possible using either capabilities advertised in the ENR or through <a href="https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/discv5/discv5-theory.md#topic-advertisement">topic tables</a>.</li>
@ -475,7 +306,6 @@
<p>One of the main blockers right now is figuring out what the CPU and memory usage of discv5 is on mobile phones, this is a large blocker as it affects one of the core problems for us. We need to consider whether discv5 is an upgrade as it allows us to simplify our current discovery process or if it is too much of an overhead for resource restricted devices. The topic table feature could largely enhance discovery however it is not yet implemented. Given that CPU and memory isn’t too high, discv5 could probably be used as the other issues are more “features” than large scale issues. Implementing it would already reduce the ability for state level adversaries to censor our nodes.</p>
<h2 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</h2>
<ul>
<li>Oskar Thoren</li>
<li>Dmitry Shmatko</li>
@ -488,136 +318,47 @@
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs
</h1>
<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs</h1>
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base">
08 Nov 2019 • by
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>
<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 08 Nov 2019 • by </span>
<a href="/authors/oskarth" class="text-s lg:text-base font-bold hover:underline">oskarth</a>
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<div class="post__content"><p><strong>tldr: Moon math promising for solving spam in Whisper, but to get there we need to invest more in performance work and technical upskilling.</strong></p>
@ -442,10 +274,18 @@
<li>
<p>A user registers an identity (arbitrary keypair), along with a small fee, to a smart contract. This adds them to a merkle tree and allows them to prove that they are member of that group, without revealing who they are.</p>
</li>
<li>When a user wants to send a message, they compute a zero-knowledge proof. This ensures certain invariants, have some <em>public outputs</em>, and can be verified by anyone (including a smart contract).</li>
<li>Any node can verify the proof, including smart contracts on chain (as of Byzantinum HF). Additionally, a node can have rules for the public output. In the case of voting, one such rule is that a specific output hash has to be equal to some predefined value, such as “2020-01-01 vote on Foo Bar for president”.</li>
<li>Because of how the proof is constructed, and the rules around output values, this ensures that: a user is part of the approved set of voters and that a user can only vote once.</li>
<li>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only vote once, no one can see who voted for what, and this can all be proven and verified.</li>
<li>
<p>When a user wants to send a message, they compute a zero-knowledge proof. This ensures certain invariants, have some <em>public outputs</em>, and can be verified by anyone (including a smart contract).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Any node can verify the proof, including smart contracts on chain (as of Byzantinum HF). Additionally, a node can have rules for the public output. In the case of voting, one such rule is that a specific output hash has to be equal to some predefined value, such as “2020-01-01 vote on Foo Bar for president”.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Because of how the proof is constructed, and the rules around output values, this ensures that: a user is part of the approved set of voters and that a user can only vote once.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only vote once, no one can see who voted for what, and this can all be proven and verified.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="rate-limiting-example">Rate limiting example</h3>
@ -455,12 +295,18 @@
<p><em>NOTE: It is a bit more involved than this, and if we precompute proofs the flow might look a bit different. But the general idea is the same</em>.</p>
<ol>
<li>Instead of having a rule that you can only vote once, we have a rule that you can only send a message per epoch. Epoch here can be every second, as defined by UTC date time +-20s.</li>
<li>Additionally, if a users sends more than one message per epoch, one of the public outputs is a random share of a private key. Using Shamir’s Secret Sharing (similar to a multisig) and 2/3 key share as an example threshold: in the normal case only 1/3 private keys is revealed, which is insufficient to have access. In the case where two messages are sent in an epoch, probabilistically 2/3 shares is sufficient to have access to the key (unless you get the same random share of the key).</li>
<li>
<p>Instead of having a rule that you can only vote once, we have a rule that you can only send a message per epoch. Epoch here can be every second, as defined by UTC date time +-20s.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Additionally, if a users sends more than one message per epoch, one of the public outputs is a random share of a private key. Using Shamir’s Secret Sharing (similar to a multisig) and 2/3 key share as an example threshold: in the normal case only 1/3 private keys is revealed, which is insufficient to have access. In the case where two messages are sent in an epoch, probabilistically 2/3 shares is sufficient to have access to the key (unless you get the same random share of the key).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This means any untrusted user who detects a spamming user, can use it to access their private key corresponding to funds in the contract, and thus slash them.</p>
</li>
<li>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only messages X times per epoch, and no one can see who is sending what messages. Additionally, if a user is violating the above rate limit, they can be punished and any user can profit from it.</li>
<li>
<p>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only messages X times per epoch, and no one can see who is sending what messages. Additionally, if a user is violating the above rate limit, they can be punished and any user can profit from it.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="briefly-on-scope-of-approved-users">Briefly on scope of ‘approved users’</h3>
@ -550,136 +396,47 @@
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<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">
Fixing Whisper with Waku
</h1>
<h1 class="text-xl md:text-xxl mb-5 sm:max-w-md lg:max-w-2xl">Fixing Whisper with Waku</h1>
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base">
03 Dec 2019 • by
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<a
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<span class="text-s lg:text-base"> 03 Dec 2019 • by </span>
<a href="/authors/oskarth" class="text-s lg:text-base font-bold hover:underline">oskarth</a>
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</div>
<div class="post__content"><p>This post will introduce Waku. Waku is a fork of Whisper that attempts to
@ -436,7 +268,7 @@ devices.</p>
<p><em>(Feel free to skip this section if you want to get right to the results).</em></p>
<p>There’s widespread implicit knowledge that Whisper “doesn’t scale”, but it is less understood exactly why. This theoretical model attempts to encode some characteristics of it. Specifically for use case such as one by Status (see <a href="https://github.com/status-im/specs/blob/master/status-whisper-usage-spec.md">Status Whisper usage
<p>There’s widespread implicit knowledge that Whisper “doesn’t scale”, but it is less understood exactly why. This theoretical model attempts to encode some characteristics of it. Specifically for use case such as one by Status (see <a href="https://specs.status.im/spec/3">Status Whisper usage
spec</a>).</p>
<h3 id="caveats">Caveats</h3>
@ -459,7 +291,7 @@ spec</a>).</p>
<h3 id="model">Model</h3>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Case 1. Only receiving messages meant for you [naive case]
<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>Case 1. Only receiving messages meant for you [naive case]
Assumptions:
- A1. Envelope size (static): 1024kb
@ -693,9 +525,9 @@ iterative work with results on the order of weeks.</p>
<h3 id="progress-so-far">Progress so far</h3>
<p>In short, we have a <a href="https://specs.vac.dev/specs/waku.html">Waku version 0 spec up</a> as well as a <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-eth/pull/120">PoC</a> for backwards compatibility. In the coming weeks, we are going to solidify the specs, get a more fully featured PoC for <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-eth/pull/114">Waku mode</a>. See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/pm/issues/5">rough roadmap</a>, <a href="https://github.com/orgs/vacp2p/projects/2">project board</a> and progress thread on the <a href="https://forum.vac.dev/t/waku-project-and-progress/24">Vac forum</a>.</p>
<p>In short, we have a <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/5">Waku version 0 spec up</a> as well as a <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-eth/pull/120">PoC</a> for backwards compatibility. In the coming weeks, we are going to solidify the specs, get a more fully featured PoC for <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-eth/pull/114">Waku mode</a>. See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/pm/issues/5">rough roadmap</a>, project board [link deprecated] and progress thread on the <a href="https://forum.vac.dev/t/waku-project-and-progress/24">Vac forum</a>.</p>
<p>The spec has been rewrittten for clarity, with ABNF grammar and less ambiguous language. The spec also incorporates several previously <a href="https://specs.vac.dev/specs/waku.html#additional-capabilities">ad hoc implemented features</a>, such as light nodes and mailserver/client support. This has already caught a few incompatibilities between the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">geth</code> (Go), <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">status/whisper</code> (Go) and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">nim-eth</code> (Nim) versions, specifically around light node usage and the handshake.</p>
<p>The spec has been rewrittten for clarity, with ABNF grammar and less ambiguous language. The spec also incorporates several previously <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/6/#additional-capabilities">ad hoc implemented features</a>, such as light nodes and mailserver/client support. This has already caught a few incompatibilities between the <code class="highlighter-rouge">geth</code> (Go), <code class="highlighter-rouge">status/whisper</code> (Go) and <code class="highlighter-rouge">nim-eth</code> (Nim) versions, specifically around light node usage and the handshake.</p>
<p>If you are interested in this effort, please check out <a href="https://forum.vac.dev/">our forum</a> for questions, comments and proposals. We already have some discussion for better <a href="https://forum.vac.dev/t/stake-priority-based-queuing/26">spam protection</a> (see <a href="https://vac.dev/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks">previous post</a> for a more complex but privacy-preserving proposal), something that is likely going to be addressed in future versions of Waku, along with many other fixes and enhancement.</p>
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@ -704,136 +536,47 @@ iterative work with results on the order of weeks.</p>
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