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itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3 breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">HASHGRAPHLIKE CONSENSUS</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>HASHGRAPHLIKE CONSENSUS</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><ul><li>Status: raw</li><li>Category: Standards Track</li><li>Editor: Ugur Sen <a href="mailto:ugur@status.im" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ugur@status.im</a></li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="abstract">Abstract<a href="#abstract" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Abstract" title="Direct link to Abstract">​</a></h2><p>This document specifies a scalable, decentralized, and Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT)
consensus mechanism inspired by Hashgraph, designed for binary decision-making in P2P networks.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="motivation">Motivation<a href="#motivation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Motivation" title="Direct link to Motivation">​</a></h2><p>Consensus is one of the essential components of decentralization.
In particular, in the decentralized group messaging application is used for
binary decision-making to govern the group.
Therefore, each user contributes to the decision-making process.
Besides achieving decentralization, the consensus mechanism MUST be strong:</p><ul><li><p>Under the assumption of at least <code>2/3</code> honest users in the network.</p></li><li><p>Each user MUST conclude the same decision and scalability:
message propagation in the network MUST occur within <code>O(log n)</code> rounds,
where <code>n</code> is the total number of peers,
in order to preserve the scalability of the messaging application.</p></li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="format-specification">Format Specification<a href="#format-specification" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Format Specification" title="Direct link to Format Specification">​</a></h2><p>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”,
“SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document
are to be interpreted as described in <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2119</a>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="flow">Flow<a href="#flow" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Flow" title="Direct link to Flow">​</a></h2><p>Any user in the group initializes the consensus by creating a proposal.
Next, the user broadcasts the proposal to the whole network.
Upon each user receives the proposal, validates the proposal,
adds its vote as yes or no and with its signature and timestamp.
The user then sends the proposal and vote to a random peer in a P2P setup,
or to a subscribed gossipsub channel if gossip-based messaging is used.
Therefore, each user first validates the signature and then adds its new vote.
Each sending message counts as a round.
After <code>log(n)</code> rounds all users in the network have the others vote
if at least <code>2/3</code> number of users are honest where honesty follows the protocol.</p><p>In general, the voting-based consensus consists of the following phases:</p><ol><li>Initialization of voting</li><li>Exchanging votes across the rounds</li><li>Counting the votes</li></ol><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="assumptions">Assumptions<a href="#assumptions" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Assumptions" title="Direct link to Assumptions">​</a></h3><ul><li>The users in the P2P network can discover the nodes or they are subscribing same channel in a gossipsub.</li><li>We MAY have non-reliable (silent) nodes.</li><li>Proposal owners MUST know the number of voters.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="1-initialization-of-voting">1. Initialization of voting<a href="#1-initialization-of-voting" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 1. Initialization of voting" title="Direct link to 1. Initialization of voting">​</a></h2><p>A user initializes the voting with the proposal payload which is
implemented using <a href="https://protobuf.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">protocol buffers v3</a> as follows:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_EB2s codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:rgba(var(--lsd-surface-secondary), 0.08)"><div class="codeBlockContent_ugSV"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_TWhw thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_LDrR"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">syntax </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">&quot;proto3&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">package vac.voting</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">message Proposal </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> string name </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Proposal name</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> string payload </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">11</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Proposal description</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint32 proposal_id </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Unique identifier of the proposal</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bytes proposal_owner </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">13</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Public key of the creator </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> repeated Votes </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">14</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Vote list </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">in</span><span class="token plain"> the proposal</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint32 expected_voters_count </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">15</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Maximum number of distinct voters</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint32 round </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">16</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Number of Votes </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint64 timestamp </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">17</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Creation </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(80, 250, 123)">time</span><span class="token plain"> of proposal</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint64 expiration_time </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">18</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // The </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(80, 250, 123)">time</span><span class="token plain"> interval that the proposal is active. </span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bool liveness_criteria_yes </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">19</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Shows how managing the silent peers vote</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">message Vote </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> uint32 vote_id </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Unique identifier of the vote</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bytes vote_owner </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">21</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Voter</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)">&#x27;s public key</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)"> uint32 proposal_id = 22; // Linking votes and proposals</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)"> int64 timestamp = 23; // Time when the vote was cast</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)"> bool vote = 24; // Vote bool value (true/false)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(255, 121, 198)"> bytes parent_hash = 25; // Hash of previous owner&#x27;</span><span class="token plain">s Vote</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bytes received_hash </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">26</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Hash of previous received Vote</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bytes vote_hash </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">27</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Hash of all previously defined fields </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(189, 147, 249);font-style:italic">in</span><span class="token plain"> Vote</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"> bytes signature </span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number">28</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">;</span><span class="token plain"> // Signature of vote_hash</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(248, 248, 242)">}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_Qu4e"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_an20" aria-hidden="true"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi copyButtonIcon_ZL7v"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"><path d="M2.917 12.833c-.321 0-.596-.114-.825-.343a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.342-.823V3.5h1.167v8.167h6.416v1.166H2.917ZM5.25 10.5c-.32 0-.596-.114-.824-.343a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.343-.824v-7c0-.32.115-.595.343-.824.229-.229.504-.343.824-.342h5.25c.32 0 .596.114.824.343.229.228.343.503.343.823v7c0 .321-.115.596-.343.825a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.824.342H5.25Zm0-1.167h5.25v-7H5.25v7Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></span></button></div></div></div><p>To initiate a consensus for a proposal,
a user MUST complete all the fields in the proposal, including attaching its <code>vote</code>
and the <code>payload</code> that shows the purpose of the proposal.
Notably, <code>parent_hash</code> and <code>received_hash</code> are empty strings because there is no previous or received hash.
Then the initialization section ends when the user who creates the proposal sends it
to the random peer from the network or sends it to the proposal to the specific channel.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="2-exchanging-votes-across-the-peers">2. Exchanging votes across the peers<a href="#2-exchanging-votes-across-the-peers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2. Exchanging votes across the peers" title="Direct link to 2. Exchanging votes across the peers">​</a></h2><p>Once the peer receives the proposal message <code>P_1</code> from a 1-1 or a gossipsub channel does the following checks:</p><ol><li><p>Check the signatures of the each votes in proposal, in particular for proposal <code>P_1</code>,
verify the signature of <code>V_1</code> where <code>V_1 = P_1.votes[0]</code> with <code>V_1.signature</code> and <code>V_1.vote_owner</code></p></li><li><p>Do <code>parent_hash</code> check: If there are repeated votes from the same sender,
check that the hash of the former vote is equal to the <code>parent_hash</code> of the later vote.</p></li><li><p>Do <code>received_hash</code> check: If there are multiple votes in a proposal, check that the hash of a vote is equal to the <code>received_hash</code> of the next one.</p></li><li><p>After successful verification of the signature and hashes, the receiving peer proceeds to generate <code>P_2</code> containing a new vote <code>V_2</code> as following:</p><p> 4.1. Add its public key as <code>P_2.vote_owner</code>.</p><p> 4.2. Set <code>timestamp</code>.</p><p> 4.3. Set boolean <code>vote</code>.</p><p> 4.4. Define <code>V_2.parent_hash = 0</code> if there is no previous peer&#x27;s vote, otherwise hash of previous owner&#x27;s vote.</p><p> 4.5. Set <code>V_2.received_hash = hash(P_1.votes[0])</code>.</p><p> 4.6. Set <code>proposal_id</code> for the <code>vote</code>.</p><p> 4.7. Calculate <code>vote_hash</code> by hash of all previously defined fields in Vote:
<code>V_2.vote_hash = hash(vote_id, owner, proposal_id, timestamp, vote, parent_hash, received_hash)</code></p><p> 4.8. Sign <code>vote_hash</code> with its private key corresponding the public key as <code>vote_owner</code> component then adds <code>V_2.vote_hash</code>.</p></li><li><p>Create <code>P_2</code> with by adding <code>V_2</code> as follows:</p><p>5.1. Assign <code>P_2.name</code>, <code>P_2.proposal_id</code>, and <code>P_2.proposal_owner</code> to be identical to those in <code>P_1</code>.</p><p>5.2. Add the <code>V_2</code> to the <code>P_2.Votes</code> list.</p><p>5.3. Increase the round by one, namely <code>P_2.round = P_1.round + 1</code>.</p><p>5.4. Verify that the proposal has not expired by checking that: <code>P_2.timestamp - current_time &lt; P_1.expiration_time</code>.
If this does not hold, other peers ignore the message.</p></li></ol><p>After the peer creates the proposal <code>P_2</code> with its vote <code>V_2</code>,
sends it to the random peer from the network or
sends it to the proposal to the specific channel.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="3-determining-the-result">3. Determining the result<a href="#3-determining-the-result" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3. Determining the result" title="Direct link to 3. Determining the result">​</a></h2><p>Because consensus depends on meeting a quorum threshold,
each peer MUST verify the accumulated votes to determine whether the necessary conditions have been satisfied.
The voting result is set YES if the majority of the <code>2n/3</code> from the distinct peers vote YES.</p><p>To verify, the <code>findDistinctVoter</code> method processes the proposal by traversing its <code>Votes</code> list to determine the number of unique voters.</p><p>If this method returns true, the peer proceeds with strong validation,
which ensures that if any honest peer reaches a decision,
no other honest peer can arrive at a conflicting result.</p><ol><li><p>Check each <code>signature</code> in the vote as shown in the <a href="#2-exchanging-votes-across-the-peers">Section 2</a>.</p></li><li><p>Check the <code>parent_hash</code> chain if there are multiple votes from the same owner namely <code>vote_i</code> and <code>vote_i+1</code> respectively,
the parent hash of <code>vote_i+1</code> should be the hash of <code>vote_i</code></p></li><li><p>Check the <code>previous_hash</code> chain, each received hash of <code>vote_i+1</code> should be equal to the hash of <code>vote_i</code>.</p></li><li><p>Check the <code>timestamp</code> against the replay attack.
In particular, the <code>timestamp</code> cannot be the old in the determined threshold.</p></li><li><p>Check that the liveness criteria defined in the Liveness section are satisfied.</p></li></ol><p>If a proposal is verified by all the checks,
the <code>countVote</code> method counts each YES vote from the list of Votes.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="4-properties">4. Properties<a href="#4-properties" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 4. Properties" title="Direct link to 4. Properties">​</a></h2><p>The consensus mechanism satisfies liveness and security properties as follows:</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="liveness">Liveness<a href="#liveness" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Liveness" title="Direct link to Liveness">​</a></h3><p>Liveness refers to the ability of the protocol to eventually reach a decision when sufficient honest participation is present.
In this protocol, if <code>n &gt; 2</code> and more than <code>n/2</code> of the votes among at least <code>2n/3</code> distinct peers are YES,
then the consensus result is defined as YES; otherwise, when <code>n ≤ 2</code>, unanimous agreement (100% YES votes) is required.</p><p>The peer calculates the result locally as shown in the <a href="#3-determining-the-result">Section 3</a>.
From the <a href="https://hedera.com/learning/hedera-hashgraph/what-is-hashgraph-consensus" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">hashgraph property</a>,
if a node could calculate the result of a proposal,
it implies that no peer can calculate the opposite of the result.
Still, reliability issues can cause some situations where peers cannot receive enough messages,
so they cannot calculate the consensus result.</p><p>Rounds are incremented when a peer adds and sends the new proposal.
Calculating the required number of rounds, <code>2n/3</code> from the distinct peers&#x27; votes is achieved in two ways:</p><ol><li><code>2n/3</code> rounds in pure P2P networks</li><li><code>2</code> rounds in gossipsub</li></ol><p>Since the message complexity is <code>O(1)</code> in the gossipsub channel,
in case the network has reliability issues,
the second round is used for the peers cannot receive all the messages from the first round.</p><p>If an honest and online peer has received at least one vote but not enough to reach consensus,
it MAY continue to propagate its own vote — and any votes it has received — to support message dissemination.
This process can continue beyond the expected round count,
as long as it remains within the expiration time defined in the proposal.
The expiration time acts as a soft upper bound to ensure that consensus is either reached or aborted within a bounded timeframe.</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="equality-of-votes">Equality of votes<a href="#equality-of-votes" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Equality of votes" title="Direct link to Equality of votes">​</a></h4><p>An equality of votes occurs when verifying at least <code>2n/3</code> distinct voters and
applying <code>liveness_criteria_yes</code> the number of YES and NO votes is equal.</p><p>Handling ties is an application-level decision. The application MUST define a deterministic tie policy:</p><p>RETRY: re-run the vote with a new proposal_id, optionally adjusting parameters.</p><p>REJECT: abort the proposal and return voting result as NO.</p><p>The chosen policy SHOULD be consistent for all peers via proposal&#x27;s <code>payload</code> to ensure convergence on the same outcome.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="silent-node-management">Silent Node Management<a href="#silent-node-management" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Silent Node Management" title="Direct link to Silent Node Management">​</a></h3><p>Silent nodes are the nodes that not participate the voting as YES or NO.
There are two possible counting votes for the silent peers.</p><ol><li><strong>Silent peers means YES:</strong>
Silent peers counted as YES vote, if the application prefer the strong rejection for NO votes.</li><li><strong>Silent peers means NO:</strong>
Silent peers counted as NO vote, if the application prefer the strong acception for NO votes.</li></ol><p>The proposal is set to default true, which means silent peers&#x27; votes are counted as YES namely <code>liveness_criteria_yes</code> is set true by default.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="security">Security<a href="#security" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Security" title="Direct link to Security">​</a></h3><p>This RFC uses cryptographic primitives to prevent the
malicious behaviours as follows:</p><ul><li>Vote forgery attempt: creating unsigned invalid votes</li><li>Inconsistent voting: a malicious peer submits conflicting votes (e.g., YES to some peers and NO to others)
in different stages of the protocol, violating vote consistency and attempting to undermine consensus.</li><li>Integrity breaking attempt: tampering history by changing previous votes.</li><li>Replay attack: storing the old votes to maliciously use in fresh voting.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="5-copyright">5. Copyright<a href="#5-copyright" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 5. Copyright" title="Direct link to 5. Copyright">​</a></h2><p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CC0</a></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="6-references">6. References<a href="#6-references" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 6. References" title="Direct link to 6. References">​</a></h2><ul><li><a href="https://hedera.com/learning/hedera-hashgraph/what-is-hashgraph-consensus" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hedera Hashgraph</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.hedera.com/hedera/core-concepts/hashgraph-consensus-algorithms/gossip-about-gossip" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Gossip about gossip</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/conanwu777/hashgraph" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Simple implementation of hashgraph consensus</a></li></ul></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/vac/raw/deleted/eth-secpm"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"><path d="M11.667 6.417h-7.1l3.261-3.261L7 2.333 2.333 7 7 11.667l.823-.823-3.255-3.26h7.099V6.417Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">ETH-SECPM</span></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/vac/raw/decentralized-messaging-ethereum"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">ETH-DCGKA</span><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img"><path d="m7 2.333-.823.823 3.255 3.26H2.333v1.167h7.1l-3.256 3.261.823.823L11.667 7 7 2.333Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></a></nav></div></div><div class="gap1_XuuQ"></div><div class="toc_pP_5"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#abstract" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Abstract</a></li><li><a href="#motivation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Motivation</a></li><li><a href="#format-specification" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Format Specification</a></li><li><a href="#flow" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Flow</a><ul><li><a href="#assumptions" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Assumptions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#1-initialization-of-voting" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">1. Initialization of voting</a></li><li><a href="#2-exchanging-votes-across-the-peers" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2. Exchanging votes across the peers</a></li><li><a href="#3-determining-the-result" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3. Determining the result</a></li><li><a href="#4-properties" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">4. Properties</a><ul><li><a href="#liveness" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Liveness</a></li><li><a href="#silent-node-management" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Silent Node Management</a></li><li><a href="#security" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Security</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#5-copyright" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">5. Copyright</a></li><li><a href="#6-references" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">6. 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