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-# Preliminaries
+# Solution Overview
 In a Merkle Tree with the capacity of `n` leaves , one can compute the root of the tree by maintaining the root nodes of log(n) number of complete Merkle trees. 
+
 We use this fact and define `F` to be an array of size log(n) holding the root of complete Merkle trees (all positioned on the left side of the tree) for levels `[0, d=log(n)+1]`. Each entry of `F` at position `i`  holds a pair `(index, H)` where H is the root of the complete subtree at level `i`, and  `index` indicates the index of the leaf node whose insertion resulted in `H`.
+
+ `F = [(L0,H0,index0), ..., (Ld,Hd,indexd)]`
+For the Merkle Tree shown in Figure below, `F = [(L0, N12, leaf5), (L1, N6, leaf6), (L2, N2, leaf4), (L3, N1, leaf6)]` is highlighted in green. Note that none of the gray nodes are stored as part of `F`.
+
+![Tree](F.png =250x250)
+
+
+
+
+## Deletion
+
+Consider the deletion of the `leafi` with the authentication path / (membership proof) of the follwoing form `authpath = [(L0,H0), ..., (Ld,Hd)]`. 
+The authentication path of `leaf2`  is illustrated in the following figure. `authpath2 = [(L0, N8), (L1,N5), (L2,N3), (L3,N1)]`.
+
+![authPath](authPath.png)
+
+We need to update `F` based on `authpath2`. In specific, we need to determine whether any of the nodes whose values get altered as the result of deletion of a leaf node intersect with the nodes in `F`, and if this is the case the corresponding nodes in `F` shall get updated too.
+
+Lets clarify it by the help of an example. Consider `leaf2`, the deletion of `leaf2` impacts `N9, N4, N2` and `N1`(root) of the tree. 
+![Deletion](del.png)
+
+Thus, in order to update `F`, we need to update those entries that contain `N9, N4, N2` or `N1`. 
+- inputs: 
+  - `authpath2 = [(L0, N8), (L1,N5), (L2,N3), (L3,N1)]`
+  - `F = [(L0, N12, leaf5), (L1, N6, leaf6), (L2, N2, leaf4), (L3, N1, leaf6)]` 
+- Update procedure: 
+  - `N9` at level `L0`, HasCommAnc(leaf2,leaf5) = no, thus `F` does not change
+  - `N4'` at level `L1`, HasCommAnc(leaf2,leaf5) = no, thus `F` does not change
+  - `N2'` at level `L2`, HasCommAnc(leaf2,leaf4) = yes, thus `F = [(L0, N12, leaf5), (L1, N6, leaf6), (L2, N2', leaf4), (L3, N1, leaf6)]` 
+  - `N1` at level `L3`, HasCommAnc(leaf2,leaf6) = yes, thus `F = [(L0, N12, leaf5), (L1, N6, leaf6), (L2, N2', leaf4), (L3, N1', leaf6)]` 
+- Output
+  - `F' = [(L0, N12, leaf5), (L1, N6, leaf6), (L2, N2', leaf4), (L3, N1', leaf6)]` 
+
+![Output](out.png)
+
+### Common Ancestor
+In order to determine whether two nodes with indices `i` and `j` have common anscestor at a particular level `lev`, the followong formula can be applied
+
+check whether `floor( (i-1)/2^lev )` is equal to `floor( (j-1)/2^lev )`
+
+
+# Update algorithm
+- Inputs: 
+  - `F = [(H0,index0), ..., (Hd,indexd)]`
+  - `leafIndex` ( The index of the deleted leaf)
+  -  `authpath = [H0, ..., Hd]` (The authentication path of the deleted leaf)
+  -  `Z = [H(0), H(Z[0]||Z[0]), H(Z[1]||Z[1]), ..., H(Z[d-1]||Z[d-1])]`
+- Output: `F'`
+  
+```
+path = binary representation of leafIndex - 1
+acc = Z[0]
+for lev in 0..d # d inclusive
+  if HasCommAnc(leafIndex, F[lev].index,lev) == true # F[lev].index has common ancestor with leafIndex at level lev 
+    F[l] = acc
+  if the last bit of path is 1
+    acc = H(authPath[lev], acc)
+  else
+    acc = H(acc, authPath[lev])
+  shift path right by 1
+```
+```
+HasCommAnc(i, j, lev) =
+  return floor( (i-1)/2^lev ) == floor( (j-1)/2^lev )
+```
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