diff --git a/quic/connection.nim b/quic/connection.nim
index 96dc94b..41c231b 100644
--- a/quic/connection.nim
+++ b/quic/connection.nim
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pkg/chronos
+import ./stream
 import ./asyncloop
 import ./ngtcp2
 import ./connectionid
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2.nim b/quic/ngtcp2.nim
index b5dfb5e..18ea597 100644
--- a/quic/ngtcp2.nim
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2.nim
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ export receive, send
 export isHandshakeCompleted
 export handshake
 export ids
-export Stream
 export openStream
-export close
-export read, write
 export incomingStream
 export destroy
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/connection.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/connection.nim
index f50663e..1a0045c 100644
--- a/quic/ngtcp2/connection.nim
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/connection.nim
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import std/sequtils
 import pkg/chronos
 import pkg/ngtcp2
 import ../datagram
+import ../stream
 import ../openarray
 import ../congestion
 import ../timeout
@@ -23,10 +24,6 @@ type
     timeout*: Timeout
     onNewId*: proc(id: ConnectionId)
     onRemoveId*: proc(id: ConnectionId)
-  Stream* = ref object
-    id*: int64
-    connection*: Ngtcp2Connection
-    incoming*: AsyncQueue[seq[byte]]
 
 proc destroy(connection: var Ngtcp2ConnectionObj) =
   if connection.conn != nil:
@@ -60,14 +57,6 @@ proc ids*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection): seq[ConnectionId] =
   discard ngtcp2_conn_get_scid(connection.conn, scids.toPtr)
   scids.mapIt(ConnectionId(it.data[0..<it.datalen]))
 
-proc newStream*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection, id: int64): Stream =
-  let incoming = newAsyncQueue[seq[byte]]()
-  let stream = Stream(connection: connection, id: id, incoming: incoming)
-  let conn = connection.conn
-  let userdata = unsafeAddr stream[]
-  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_set_stream_user_data(conn, stream.id, userdata)
-  stream
-
 proc updateTimeout*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection) =
   let expiry = ngtcp2_conn_get_expiry(connection.conn)
   if expiry != uint64.high:
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/stream/closedstate.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/closedstate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91a63bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/closedstate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import pkg/chronos
+import ../../stream
+import ./state
+
+type
+  ClosedStream* = ref object of StreamState
+  ClosedStreamError* = object of StreamError
+
+proc read(stream: Stream, state: ClosedStream): Future[seq[byte]] {.async.} =
+  raise newException(ClosedStreamError, "stream is closed")
+
+proc write(stream: Stream, state: ClosedStream, bytes: seq[byte]) {.async.} =
+  raise newException(ClosedStreamError, "stream is closed")
+
+proc close(stream: Stream, state: ClosedStream) {.async.} =
+  discard
+
+proc destroy(state: ClosedStream) =
+  discard
+
+proc newClosedState*(): ClosedStream =
+  newState[ClosedStream]()
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/stream/openstate.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/openstate.nim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f2013e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/openstate.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import pkg/chronos
+import pkg/ngtcp2
+import ../../stream
+import ../../openarray
+import ../connection
+import ../errors
+import ../pointers
+import ./sending
+import ./state
+import ./closedstate
+
+type
+  OpenStream* = ref object of StreamState
+    id: int64
+    connection: Ngtcp2Connection
+    incoming: AsyncQueue[seq[byte]]
+
+proc read(stream: Stream, state: OpenStream): Future[seq[byte]] {.async.} =
+  result = await state.incoming.get()
+
+proc write(stream: Stream, state: OpenStream, bytes: seq[byte]) {.async.} =
+  let connection = state.connection
+  let streamId = state.id
+  var messagePtr = bytes.toUnsafePtr
+  var messageLen = bytes.len.uint
+  var done = false
+  while not done:
+    let written = await send(connection, streamId, messagePtr, messageLen)
+    messagePtr = messagePtr + written
+    messageLen = messageLen - written.uint
+    done = messageLen == 0
+
+proc close(stream: Stream, state: OpenStream) {.async.} =
+  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_shutdown_stream(state.connection.conn, state.id, 0)
+  stream.switch(newClosedState())
+
+proc destroy(state: OpenStream) =
+  let conn = state.connection.conn
+  let id = state.id
+  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_set_stream_user_data(conn, id, nil)
+
+proc setUserData(state: OpenStream) =
+  let conn = state.connection.conn
+  let id = state.id
+  let userdata = unsafeAddr state[]
+  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_set_stream_user_data(conn, id, userdata)
+
+proc newOpenState*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection, id: int64): OpenStream =
+  let state = newState[OpenStream]()
+  state.connection = connection
+  state.id = id
+  state.incoming = newAsyncQueue[seq[byte]]()
+  state.setUserData()
+  state
+
+proc receive*(state: OpenStream, bytes: seq[byte]) =
+  state.incoming.putNoWait(bytes)
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/stream/sending.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/sending.nim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f01780d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/sending.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import pkg/chronos
+import pkg/ngtcp2
+import ../../datagram
+import ../../congestion
+import ../connection
+import ../path
+import ../errors
+import ../timestamp
+
+proc trySend(connection: Ngtcp2Connection,
+             streamId: int64,
+             messagePtr: ptr byte,
+             messageLen: uint,
+             written: var int): Datagram =
+  var packetInfo: ngtcp2_pkt_info
+  let length = ngtcp2_conn_write_stream(
+    connection.conn,
+    connection.path.toPathPtr,
+    addr packetInfo,
+    addr connection.buffer[0],
+    connection.buffer.len.uint,
+    addr written,
+    0,
+    streamId,
+    messagePtr,
+    messageLen,
+    now()
+  )
+  checkResult length.cint
+  let data = connection.buffer[0..<length]
+  let ecn = ECN(packetInfo.ecn)
+  Datagram(data: data, ecn: ecn)
+
+proc send*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection,
+           streamId: int64,
+           messagePtr: ptr byte,
+           messageLen: uint): Future[int] {.async.} =
+  var datagram = trySend(connection, streamId, messagePtr, messageLen, result)
+  while datagram.data.len == 0:
+    connection.flowing.clear()
+    await connection.flowing.wait()
+    datagram = trySend(connection, streamId, messagePtr, messageLen, result)
+  await connection.outgoing.put(datagram)
+  connection.updateTimeout()
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/stream/state.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/state.nim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d653855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/stream/state.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import pkg/chronos
+import ../../stream
+
+template newState*[T: StreamState](): T =
+  var state = T()
+  state.read = proc(stream: Stream): Future[seq[byte]] =
+    read(stream, state)
+  state.write = proc(stream: Stream, bytes: seq[byte]): Future[void] =
+    write(stream, state, bytes)
+  state.close = proc(stream: Stream): Future[void] =
+    close(stream, state)
+  state.destroy = proc() =
+    destroy(state)
+  state
diff --git a/quic/ngtcp2/streams.nim b/quic/ngtcp2/streams.nim
index 40d1a57..095e94f 100644
--- a/quic/ngtcp2/streams.nim
+++ b/quic/ngtcp2/streams.nim
@@ -1,76 +1,22 @@
 import pkg/chronos
 import pkg/ngtcp2
 import ../openarray
-import ../datagram
-import ../congestion
+import ../stream
 import ./connection
 import ./errors
-import ./path
-import ./pointers
-import ./timestamp
+import ./stream/openstate
+
+proc newStream*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection, id: int64): Stream =
+  newStream(id, newOpenState(connection, id))
 
 proc openStream*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection): Stream =
   var id: int64
   checkResult ngtcp2_conn_open_uni_stream(connection.conn, addr id, nil)
-  var stream = newStream(connection, id)
-  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_set_stream_user_data(connection.conn, id, addr result)
-  stream
-
-proc close*(stream: Stream) =
-  checkResult ngtcp2_conn_shutdown_stream(stream.connection.conn, stream.id, 0)
-
-proc trySend(stream: Stream,
-             messagePtr: ptr byte,
-             messageLen: uint,
-             written: var int): Datagram =
-  let connection = stream.connection
-  var packetInfo: ngtcp2_pkt_info
-  let length = ngtcp2_conn_write_stream(
-    connection.conn,
-    connection.path.toPathPtr,
-    addr packetInfo,
-    addr connection.buffer[0],
-    connection.buffer.len.uint,
-    addr written,
-    0,
-    stream.id,
-    messagePtr,
-    messageLen,
-    now()
-  )
-  checkResult length.cint
-  let data = connection.buffer[0..<length]
-  let ecn = ECN(packetInfo.ecn)
-  Datagram(data: data, ecn: ecn)
-
-proc send(stream: Stream,
-          messagePtr: ptr byte,
-          messageLen: uint): Future[int] {.async.} =
-  let connection = stream.connection
-  var datagram = stream.trySend(messagePtr, messageLen, result)
-  while datagram.data.len == 0:
-    connection.flowing.clear()
-    await connection.flowing.wait()
-    datagram = stream.trySend(messagePtr, messageLen, result)
-  await connection.outgoing.put(datagram)
-  connection.updateTimeout()
-
-proc write*(stream: Stream, message: seq[byte]) {.async.} =
-  var messagePtr = message.toUnsafePtr
-  var messageLen = message.len.uint
-  var done = false
-  while not done:
-    let written = await stream.send(messagePtr, messageLen)
-    messagePtr = messagePtr + written
-    messageLen = messageLen - written.uint
-    done = messageLen == 0
+  newStream(connection, id)
 
 proc incomingStream*(connection: Ngtcp2Connection): Future[Stream] {.async.} =
   result = await connection.incoming.get()
 
-proc read*(stream: Stream): Future[seq[byte]] {.async.} =
-  result = await stream.incoming.get()
-
 proc onStreamOpen(conn: ptr ngtcp2_conn,
                    stream_id: int64,
                    user_data: pointer): cint {.cdecl.} =
@@ -85,10 +31,10 @@ proc onReceiveStreamData(connection: ptr ngtcp2_conn,
                           datalen: uint,
                           user_data: pointer,
                           stream_user_data: pointer): cint{.cdecl.} =
-  let stream = cast[Stream](stream_user_data)
+  let state = cast[OpenStream](stream_user_data)
   var bytes = newSeqUninitialized[byte](datalen)
   copyMem(bytes.toUnsafePtr, data, datalen)
-  stream.incoming.putNoWait(bytes)
+  state.receive(bytes)
   checkResult:
     connection.ngtcp2_conn_extend_max_stream_offset(stream_id, datalen)
   connection.ngtcp2_conn_extend_max_offset(datalen)
diff --git a/quic/stream.nim b/quic/stream.nim
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f739b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quic/stream.nim
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import pkg/chronos
+
+type
+  Stream* = ref object
+    id: int64
+    state: StreamState
+  StreamState* = ref object of RootObj
+    read*: proc(stream: Stream): Future[seq[byte]] {.gcsafe.}
+    write*: proc(stream: Stream, bytes: seq[byte]): Future[void] {.gcsafe.}
+    close*: proc(stream: Stream): Future[void] {.gcsafe.}
+    destroy*: proc() {.gcsafe.}
+  StreamError* = object of IOError
+
+proc newStream*(id: int64, state: StreamState): Stream =
+  Stream(state: state)
+
+proc switch*(stream: Stream, newState: StreamState) =
+  stream.state.destroy()
+  stream.state = newState
+
+proc id*(stream: Stream): int64 =
+  stream.id
+
+proc read*(stream: Stream): Future[seq[byte]] {.async.} =
+  result = await stream.state.read(stream)
+
+proc write*(stream: Stream, bytes: seq[byte]) {.async.} =
+  await stream.state.write(stream, bytes)
+
+proc close*(stream: Stream) {.async.} =
+  await stream.state.close(stream)
diff --git a/tests/quic/testApi.nim b/tests/quic/testApi.nim
index c28fae3..93522ee 100644
--- a/tests/quic/testApi.nim
+++ b/tests/quic/testApi.nim
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ suite "api":
     let stream1 = await outgoing.openStream()
     let stream2 = await incoming.openStream()
 
-    stream1.close()
-    stream2.close()
+    await stream1.close()
+    await stream2.close()
 
     await outgoing.drop()
     await incoming.drop()
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ suite "api":
     defer: await incoming.drop()
 
     let outgoingStream = await outgoing.openStream()
-    defer: outgoingStream.close()
+    defer: await outgoingStream.close()
 
     await outgoingStream.write(message)
 
     let incomingStream = await incoming.incomingStream()
-    defer: incomingStream.close()
+    defer: await incomingStream.close()
 
     check (await incomingStream.read()) == message
diff --git a/tests/quic/testNgtcp2Streams.nim b/tests/quic/testNgtcp2Streams.nim
index 34d0f0e..55a350f 100644
--- a/tests/quic/testNgtcp2Streams.nim
+++ b/tests/quic/testNgtcp2Streams.nim
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import std/sequtils
 import pkg/chronos
 import pkg/quic/ngtcp2
 import pkg/quic/datagram
+import pkg/quic/stream
 import ../helpers/asynctest
 import ../helpers/simulation
 import ../helpers/addresses
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ suite "ngtcp2 streams":
     let (client, server) = await performHandshake()
     let stream = client.openStream()
 
-    stream.close()
+    await stream.close()
 
     client.destroy()
     server.destroy()
@@ -56,10 +57,13 @@ suite "ngtcp2 streams":
     client.destroy()
     server.destroy()
 
-  asynctest "raises when stream could not be written to":
+  asynctest "raises when reading from or writing to closed stream":
     let (client, server) = await performHandshake()
     let stream = client.openStream()
-    stream.close()
+    await stream.close()
+
+    expect IOError:
+      discard await stream.read()
 
     expect IOError:
       await stream.write(@[1'u8, 2'u8, 3'u8])