status-go/vendor/golang.org/x/sys/unix/bpxsvc_zos.go

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2024-06-05 20:10:03 +00:00
// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
//go:build zos
package unix
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"unsafe"
)
//go:noescape
func bpxcall(plist []unsafe.Pointer, bpx_offset int64)
//go:noescape
func A2e([]byte)
//go:noescape
func E2a([]byte)
const (
BPX4STA = 192 // stat
BPX4FST = 104 // fstat
BPX4LST = 132 // lstat
BPX4OPN = 156 // open
BPX4CLO = 72 // close
BPX4CHR = 500 // chattr
BPX4FCR = 504 // fchattr
BPX4LCR = 1180 // lchattr
BPX4CTW = 492 // cond_timed_wait
BPX4GTH = 1056 // __getthent
BPX4PTQ = 412 // pthread_quiesc
BPX4PTR = 320 // ptrace
)
const (
//options
//byte1
BPX_OPNFHIGH = 0x80
//byte2
BPX_OPNFEXEC = 0x80
//byte3
BPX_O_NOLARGEFILE = 0x08
BPX_O_LARGEFILE = 0x04
BPX_O_ASYNCSIG = 0x02
BPX_O_SYNC = 0x01
//byte4
BPX_O_CREXCL = 0xc0
BPX_O_CREAT = 0x80
BPX_O_EXCL = 0x40
BPX_O_NOCTTY = 0x20
BPX_O_TRUNC = 0x10
BPX_O_APPEND = 0x08
BPX_O_NONBLOCK = 0x04
BPX_FNDELAY = 0x04
BPX_O_RDWR = 0x03
BPX_O_RDONLY = 0x02
BPX_O_WRONLY = 0x01
BPX_O_ACCMODE = 0x03
BPX_O_GETFL = 0x0f
//mode
// byte1 (file type)
BPX_FT_DIR = 1
BPX_FT_CHARSPEC = 2
BPX_FT_REGFILE = 3
BPX_FT_FIFO = 4
BPX_FT_SYMLINK = 5
BPX_FT_SOCKET = 6
//byte3
BPX_S_ISUID = 0x08
BPX_S_ISGID = 0x04
BPX_S_ISVTX = 0x02
BPX_S_IRWXU1 = 0x01
BPX_S_IRUSR = 0x01
//byte4
BPX_S_IRWXU2 = 0xc0
BPX_S_IWUSR = 0x80
BPX_S_IXUSR = 0x40
BPX_S_IRWXG = 0x38
BPX_S_IRGRP = 0x20
BPX_S_IWGRP = 0x10
BPX_S_IXGRP = 0x08
BPX_S_IRWXOX = 0x07
BPX_S_IROTH = 0x04
BPX_S_IWOTH = 0x02
BPX_S_IXOTH = 0x01
CW_INTRPT = 1
CW_CONDVAR = 32
CW_TIMEOUT = 64
PGTHA_NEXT = 2
PGTHA_CURRENT = 1
PGTHA_FIRST = 0
PGTHA_LAST = 3
PGTHA_PROCESS = 0x80
PGTHA_CONTTY = 0x40
PGTHA_PATH = 0x20
PGTHA_COMMAND = 0x10
PGTHA_FILEDATA = 0x08
PGTHA_THREAD = 0x04
PGTHA_PTAG = 0x02
PGTHA_COMMANDLONG = 0x01
PGTHA_THREADFAST = 0x80
PGTHA_FILEPATH = 0x40
PGTHA_THDSIGMASK = 0x20
// thread quiece mode
QUIESCE_TERM int32 = 1
QUIESCE_FORCE int32 = 2
QUIESCE_QUERY int32 = 3
QUIESCE_FREEZE int32 = 4
QUIESCE_UNFREEZE int32 = 5
FREEZE_THIS_THREAD int32 = 6
FREEZE_EXIT int32 = 8
QUIESCE_SRB int32 = 9
)
type Pgtha struct {
Pid uint32 // 0
Tid0 uint32 // 4
Tid1 uint32
Accesspid byte // C
Accesstid byte // D
Accessasid uint16 // E
Loginname [8]byte // 10
Flag1 byte // 18
Flag1b2 byte // 19
}
type Bpxystat_t struct { // DSECT BPXYSTAT
St_id [4]uint8 // 0
St_length uint16 // 0x4
St_version uint16 // 0x6
St_mode uint32 // 0x8
St_ino uint32 // 0xc
St_dev uint32 // 0x10
St_nlink uint32 // 0x14
St_uid uint32 // 0x18
St_gid uint32 // 0x1c
St_size uint64 // 0x20
St_atime uint32 // 0x28
St_mtime uint32 // 0x2c
St_ctime uint32 // 0x30
St_rdev uint32 // 0x34
St_auditoraudit uint32 // 0x38
St_useraudit uint32 // 0x3c
St_blksize uint32 // 0x40
St_createtime uint32 // 0x44
St_auditid [4]uint32 // 0x48
St_res01 uint32 // 0x58
Ft_ccsid uint16 // 0x5c
Ft_flags uint16 // 0x5e
St_res01a [2]uint32 // 0x60
St_res02 uint32 // 0x68
St_blocks uint32 // 0x6c
St_opaque [3]uint8 // 0x70
St_visible uint8 // 0x73
St_reftime uint32 // 0x74
St_fid uint64 // 0x78
St_filefmt uint8 // 0x80
St_fspflag2 uint8 // 0x81
St_res03 [2]uint8 // 0x82
St_ctimemsec uint32 // 0x84
St_seclabel [8]uint8 // 0x88
St_res04 [4]uint8 // 0x90
// end of version 1
_ uint32 // 0x94
St_atime64 uint64 // 0x98
St_mtime64 uint64 // 0xa0
St_ctime64 uint64 // 0xa8
St_createtime64 uint64 // 0xb0
St_reftime64 uint64 // 0xb8
_ uint64 // 0xc0
St_res05 [16]uint8 // 0xc8
// end of version 2
}
type BpxFilestatus struct {
Oflag1 byte
Oflag2 byte
Oflag3 byte
Oflag4 byte
}
type BpxMode struct {
Ftype byte
Mode1 byte
Mode2 byte
Mode3 byte
}
// Thr attribute structure for extended attributes
type Bpxyatt_t struct { // DSECT BPXYATT
Att_id [4]uint8
Att_version uint16
Att_res01 [2]uint8
Att_setflags1 uint8
Att_setflags2 uint8
Att_setflags3 uint8
Att_setflags4 uint8
Att_mode uint32
Att_uid uint32
Att_gid uint32
Att_opaquemask [3]uint8
Att_visblmaskres uint8
Att_opaque [3]uint8
Att_visibleres uint8
Att_size_h uint32
Att_size_l uint32
Att_atime uint32
Att_mtime uint32
Att_auditoraudit uint32
Att_useraudit uint32
Att_ctime uint32
Att_reftime uint32
// end of version 1
Att_filefmt uint8
Att_res02 [3]uint8
Att_filetag uint32
Att_res03 [8]uint8
// end of version 2
Att_atime64 uint64
Att_mtime64 uint64
Att_ctime64 uint64
Att_reftime64 uint64
Att_seclabel [8]uint8
Att_ver3res02 [8]uint8
// end of version 3
}
func BpxOpen(name string, options *BpxFilestatus, mode *BpxMode) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
if len(name) < 1024 {
var namebuf [1024]byte
sz := int32(copy(namebuf[:], name))
A2e(namebuf[:sz])
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sz)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&namebuf[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(options)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(mode)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4OPN)
return rv, rc, rn
}
return -1, -1, -1
}
func BpxClose(fd int32) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
var parms [4]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&fd)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4CLO)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxFileFStat(fd int32, st *Bpxystat_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
st.St_id = [4]uint8{0xe2, 0xe3, 0xc1, 0xe3}
st.St_version = 2
stat_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*st))
var parms [6]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&fd)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&stat_sz)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(st)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4FST)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxFileStat(name string, st *Bpxystat_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
if len(name) < 1024 {
var namebuf [1024]byte
sz := int32(copy(namebuf[:], name))
A2e(namebuf[:sz])
st.St_id = [4]uint8{0xe2, 0xe3, 0xc1, 0xe3}
st.St_version = 2
stat_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*st))
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sz)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&namebuf[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&stat_sz)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(st)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4STA)
return rv, rc, rn
}
return -1, -1, -1
}
func BpxFileLStat(name string, st *Bpxystat_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
if len(name) < 1024 {
var namebuf [1024]byte
sz := int32(copy(namebuf[:], name))
A2e(namebuf[:sz])
st.St_id = [4]uint8{0xe2, 0xe3, 0xc1, 0xe3}
st.St_version = 2
stat_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*st))
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sz)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&namebuf[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&stat_sz)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(st)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4LST)
return rv, rc, rn
}
return -1, -1, -1
}
func BpxChattr(path string, attr *Bpxyatt_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
if len(path) >= 1024 {
return -1, -1, -1
}
var namebuf [1024]byte
sz := int32(copy(namebuf[:], path))
A2e(namebuf[:sz])
attr_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sz)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&namebuf[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&attr_sz)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(attr)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4CHR)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxLchattr(path string, attr *Bpxyatt_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
if len(path) >= 1024 {
return -1, -1, -1
}
var namebuf [1024]byte
sz := int32(copy(namebuf[:], path))
A2e(namebuf[:sz])
attr_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sz)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&namebuf[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&attr_sz)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(attr)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4LCR)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxFchattr(fd int32, attr *Bpxyatt_t) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
attr_sz := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
var parms [6]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&fd)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&attr_sz)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(attr)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4FCR)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxCondTimedWait(sec uint32, nsec uint32, events uint32, secrem *uint32, nsecrem *uint32) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
var parms [8]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&sec)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&nsec)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&events)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(secrem)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(nsecrem)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[7] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4CTW)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func BpxGetthent(in *Pgtha, outlen *uint32, out unsafe.Pointer) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
var parms [7]unsafe.Pointer
inlen := uint32(26) // nothing else will work. Go says Pgtha is 28-byte because of alignment, but Pgtha is "packed" and must be 26-byte
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&inlen)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&in)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(outlen)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&out)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4GTH)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func ZosJobname() (jobname string, err error) {
var pgtha Pgtha
pgtha.Pid = uint32(Getpid())
pgtha.Accesspid = PGTHA_CURRENT
pgtha.Flag1 = PGTHA_PROCESS
var out [256]byte
var outlen uint32
outlen = 256
rv, rc, rn := BpxGetthent(&pgtha, &outlen, unsafe.Pointer(&out[0]))
if rv == 0 {
gthc := []byte{0x87, 0xa3, 0x88, 0x83} // 'gthc' in ebcdic
ix := bytes.Index(out[:], gthc)
if ix == -1 {
err = fmt.Errorf("BPX4GTH: gthc return data not found")
return
}
jn := out[ix+80 : ix+88] // we didn't declare Pgthc, but jobname is 8-byte at offset 80
E2a(jn)
jobname = string(bytes.TrimRight(jn, " "))
} else {
err = fmt.Errorf("BPX4GTH: rc=%d errno=%d reason=code=0x%x", rv, rc, rn)
}
return
}
func Bpx4ptq(code int32, data string) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
var userdata [8]byte
var parms [5]unsafe.Pointer
copy(userdata[:], data+" ")
A2e(userdata[:])
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&code)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&userdata[0])
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4PTQ)
return rv, rc, rn
}
const (
PT_TRACE_ME = 0 // Debug this process
PT_READ_I = 1 // Read a full word
PT_READ_D = 2 // Read a full word
PT_READ_U = 3 // Read control info
PT_WRITE_I = 4 //Write a full word
PT_WRITE_D = 5 //Write a full word
PT_CONTINUE = 7 //Continue the process
PT_KILL = 8 //Terminate the process
PT_READ_GPR = 11 // Read GPR, CR, PSW
PT_READ_FPR = 12 // Read FPR
PT_READ_VR = 13 // Read VR
PT_WRITE_GPR = 14 // Write GPR, CR, PSW
PT_WRITE_FPR = 15 // Write FPR
PT_WRITE_VR = 16 // Write VR
PT_READ_BLOCK = 17 // Read storage
PT_WRITE_BLOCK = 19 // Write storage
PT_READ_GPRH = 20 // Read GPRH
PT_WRITE_GPRH = 21 // Write GPRH
PT_REGHSET = 22 // Read all GPRHs
PT_ATTACH = 30 // Attach to a process
PT_DETACH = 31 // Detach from a process
PT_REGSET = 32 // Read all GPRs
PT_REATTACH = 33 // Reattach to a process
PT_LDINFO = 34 // Read loader info
PT_MULTI = 35 // Multi process mode
PT_LD64INFO = 36 // RMODE64 Info Area
PT_BLOCKREQ = 40 // Block request
PT_THREAD_INFO = 60 // Read thread info
PT_THREAD_MODIFY = 61
PT_THREAD_READ_FOCUS = 62
PT_THREAD_WRITE_FOCUS = 63
PT_THREAD_HOLD = 64
PT_THREAD_SIGNAL = 65
PT_EXPLAIN = 66
PT_EVENTS = 67
PT_THREAD_INFO_EXTENDED = 68
PT_REATTACH2 = 71
PT_CAPTURE = 72
PT_UNCAPTURE = 73
PT_GET_THREAD_TCB = 74
PT_GET_ALET = 75
PT_SWAPIN = 76
PT_EXTENDED_EVENT = 98
PT_RECOVER = 99 // Debug a program check
PT_GPR0 = 0 // General purpose register 0
PT_GPR1 = 1 // General purpose register 1
PT_GPR2 = 2 // General purpose register 2
PT_GPR3 = 3 // General purpose register 3
PT_GPR4 = 4 // General purpose register 4
PT_GPR5 = 5 // General purpose register 5
PT_GPR6 = 6 // General purpose register 6
PT_GPR7 = 7 // General purpose register 7
PT_GPR8 = 8 // General purpose register 8
PT_GPR9 = 9 // General purpose register 9
PT_GPR10 = 10 // General purpose register 10
PT_GPR11 = 11 // General purpose register 11
PT_GPR12 = 12 // General purpose register 12
PT_GPR13 = 13 // General purpose register 13
PT_GPR14 = 14 // General purpose register 14
PT_GPR15 = 15 // General purpose register 15
PT_FPR0 = 16 // Floating point register 0
PT_FPR1 = 17 // Floating point register 1
PT_FPR2 = 18 // Floating point register 2
PT_FPR3 = 19 // Floating point register 3
PT_FPR4 = 20 // Floating point register 4
PT_FPR5 = 21 // Floating point register 5
PT_FPR6 = 22 // Floating point register 6
PT_FPR7 = 23 // Floating point register 7
PT_FPR8 = 24 // Floating point register 8
PT_FPR9 = 25 // Floating point register 9
PT_FPR10 = 26 // Floating point register 10
PT_FPR11 = 27 // Floating point register 11
PT_FPR12 = 28 // Floating point register 12
PT_FPR13 = 29 // Floating point register 13
PT_FPR14 = 30 // Floating point register 14
PT_FPR15 = 31 // Floating point register 15
PT_FPC = 32 // Floating point control register
PT_PSW = 40 // PSW
PT_PSW0 = 40 // Left half of the PSW
PT_PSW1 = 41 // Right half of the PSW
PT_CR0 = 42 // Control register 0
PT_CR1 = 43 // Control register 1
PT_CR2 = 44 // Control register 2
PT_CR3 = 45 // Control register 3
PT_CR4 = 46 // Control register 4
PT_CR5 = 47 // Control register 5
PT_CR6 = 48 // Control register 6
PT_CR7 = 49 // Control register 7
PT_CR8 = 50 // Control register 8
PT_CR9 = 51 // Control register 9
PT_CR10 = 52 // Control register 10
PT_CR11 = 53 // Control register 11
PT_CR12 = 54 // Control register 12
PT_CR13 = 55 // Control register 13
PT_CR14 = 56 // Control register 14
PT_CR15 = 57 // Control register 15
PT_GPRH0 = 58 // GP High register 0
PT_GPRH1 = 59 // GP High register 1
PT_GPRH2 = 60 // GP High register 2
PT_GPRH3 = 61 // GP High register 3
PT_GPRH4 = 62 // GP High register 4
PT_GPRH5 = 63 // GP High register 5
PT_GPRH6 = 64 // GP High register 6
PT_GPRH7 = 65 // GP High register 7
PT_GPRH8 = 66 // GP High register 8
PT_GPRH9 = 67 // GP High register 9
PT_GPRH10 = 68 // GP High register 10
PT_GPRH11 = 69 // GP High register 11
PT_GPRH12 = 70 // GP High register 12
PT_GPRH13 = 71 // GP High register 13
PT_GPRH14 = 72 // GP High register 14
PT_GPRH15 = 73 // GP High register 15
PT_VR0 = 74 // Vector register 0
PT_VR1 = 75 // Vector register 1
PT_VR2 = 76 // Vector register 2
PT_VR3 = 77 // Vector register 3
PT_VR4 = 78 // Vector register 4
PT_VR5 = 79 // Vector register 5
PT_VR6 = 80 // Vector register 6
PT_VR7 = 81 // Vector register 7
PT_VR8 = 82 // Vector register 8
PT_VR9 = 83 // Vector register 9
PT_VR10 = 84 // Vector register 10
PT_VR11 = 85 // Vector register 11
PT_VR12 = 86 // Vector register 12
PT_VR13 = 87 // Vector register 13
PT_VR14 = 88 // Vector register 14
PT_VR15 = 89 // Vector register 15
PT_VR16 = 90 // Vector register 16
PT_VR17 = 91 // Vector register 17
PT_VR18 = 92 // Vector register 18
PT_VR19 = 93 // Vector register 19
PT_VR20 = 94 // Vector register 20
PT_VR21 = 95 // Vector register 21
PT_VR22 = 96 // Vector register 22
PT_VR23 = 97 // Vector register 23
PT_VR24 = 98 // Vector register 24
PT_VR25 = 99 // Vector register 25
PT_VR26 = 100 // Vector register 26
PT_VR27 = 101 // Vector register 27
PT_VR28 = 102 // Vector register 28
PT_VR29 = 103 // Vector register 29
PT_VR30 = 104 // Vector register 30
PT_VR31 = 105 // Vector register 31
PT_PSWG = 106 // PSWG
PT_PSWG0 = 106 // Bytes 0-3
PT_PSWG1 = 107 // Bytes 4-7
PT_PSWG2 = 108 // Bytes 8-11 (IA high word)
PT_PSWG3 = 109 // Bytes 12-15 (IA low word)
)
func Bpx4ptr(request int32, pid int32, addr unsafe.Pointer, data unsafe.Pointer, buffer unsafe.Pointer) (rv int32, rc int32, rn int32) {
var parms [8]unsafe.Pointer
parms[0] = unsafe.Pointer(&request)
parms[1] = unsafe.Pointer(&pid)
parms[2] = unsafe.Pointer(&addr)
parms[3] = unsafe.Pointer(&data)
parms[4] = unsafe.Pointer(&buffer)
parms[5] = unsafe.Pointer(&rv)
parms[6] = unsafe.Pointer(&rc)
parms[7] = unsafe.Pointer(&rn)
bpxcall(parms[:], BPX4PTR)
return rv, rc, rn
}
func copyU8(val uint8, dest []uint8) int {
if len(dest) < 1 {
return 0
}
dest[0] = val
return 1
}
func copyU8Arr(src, dest []uint8) int {
if len(dest) < len(src) {
return 0
}
for i, v := range src {
dest[i] = v
}
return len(src)
}
func copyU16(val uint16, dest []uint16) int {
if len(dest) < 1 {
return 0
}
dest[0] = val
return 1
}
func copyU32(val uint32, dest []uint32) int {
if len(dest) < 1 {
return 0
}
dest[0] = val
return 1
}
func copyU32Arr(src, dest []uint32) int {
if len(dest) < len(src) {
return 0
}
for i, v := range src {
dest[i] = v
}
return len(src)
}
func copyU64(val uint64, dest []uint64) int {
if len(dest) < 1 {
return 0
}
dest[0] = val
return 1
}