# Contributing Contributions are appreciated! If you’d like to contribute, please help us out by reading this short document. ## Before writing code If you’re interested in adding a new feature, consider opening an issue suggesting it. Then, we can discuss the feature to make sure that everyone is on board. If you’re interested in helping but don’t know where to start, consider looking at open issues. [Issues marked **contributions-welcome**][cw] may be especially accessible to newcomers. [cw]: https://github.com/sourcecred/sourcecred/issues?q=is%3Aissue+label%3A"contributions+welcome" If you find an issue that you’re interested in addressing, consider adding a comment to that effect. This way, we can let you know if the issue has gone stale before you put too much work into it, and other contributors can know to focus on other issues. ## While writing code ### Semantically atomic commits > for each desired change, make the change easy (warning: this may be > hard), then make the easy change > > [—Kent Beck][kbeck-tweet] [kbeck-tweet]: https://twitter.com/KentBeck/status/250733358307500032 Please factor your work into semantically atomic commits. Each commit should represent a single semantic change, and the code included in the commit should be the minimal amount of code required to implement, test, and document that change. For instance, perhaps you want to change the behavior of a component, and along the way you find that it is useful to refactor a helper function. In that case, you can create two commits: one to effect the refactoring, and one to implement the change that has been made easy by the refactoring. This doesn’t mean that you have to physically write the code in this order! The Git commit graph is malleable: you can write the code all at once and commit it piecewise with `git add -p`; you can split and join commits with interactive rebases; etc. What matters is the final sequence of commits, not how you got there. At the end of the day, you may find that you have a somewhat long sequence of somewhat short changes. This is great. The goal is for a reviewer to be able to say, “yep, this commit is obviously correct” as many times in a row as are necessary for a full feature to be developed.
Why create small commits? Writing small commits can help improve the design of your code. It is common to realize an elegant way to split apart some functionality out of a desire to split a commit into smaller, more localized pieces. It is easier to review a commit that does one thing than a commit that does many things. Not only will changes to the code be more localized, but it will be easier for the reviewer to keep the whole context in their mind. Investigating and fixing bugs is much easier when commits are small. There are more commits to look through, but an 8-fold increase in the number of commits only entails 3 additional steps of bisection, which is not a big deal. On the other hand, once the offending commit is identified, the cause is more apparent if the commit is tiny than if it is large.
### Checks Each commit will need to pass all tests. Run `yarn test` or `npm test` to run them all. This will run: - **Flow** (`yarn flow`). Your code must type-check with no errors or warnings. Using `any`-casts is permitted, but should be truly a last resort. You should put significant effort into avoiding every `any`-cast. - **Unit tests** (`yarn unit`). You can also run `yarn unit --watch` to automatically re-run tests when you change a relevant file. - **Prettier** (`check-pretty`). You can simply run `yarn prettify` to reformat all files. It can be convenient to set up your editor to run `yarn prettier --write CURRENT_FILENAME` whenever you save a file. - **Lint** (`yarn lint`). You’ll have to fix lint errors manually. These are almost always unused imports or unused variables, and sometimes catch logic errors before unit tests do. Feel free to disable spurious lint errors on a per-line basis by inserting a preceding line with `// eslint-disable-next-line LINT_RULE_NAME`. - **Backend applications build** (`yarn backend`). This makes sure that the CLI still builds. - **Check for `@flow` pragmas** (`./scripts/ensure-flow.sh`). This makes sure that every file includes a `// @flow` directive or an explicit `// @no-flow` directive. The former is required for Flow to consider a file. The latter has no effect, but we assert its existence to make sure that we don’t simply forget to mark a file for Flow. If this is failing, you probably added a new file and just need to add `// @flow` to the top. Exceptional circumstances excepted, all new files should have `// @flow`. - **Check for stopships.** The sequence `STOPSHIP` (in any case) is not allowed to appear in the codebase, except in Markdown files. You can take advantage of this to insert a quick hack and make sure that you remember to remove it later. This is the same set of tests that is run on our CI system, Travis. ## When writing commit messages ### Summary of changes Include a brief yet descriptive **summary** as the first line of the message. The summary should be at most 50 characters, should be written in the imperative mood, and should not include trailing punctuation. The summary should either be in sentence case (i.e., the first letter of the first word capitalized), or of the form “area: change description”. For instance, all of the following are examples of good summaries: - Improve error messages when GitHub query fails - Make deploy script wait for valid response - Upgrade Flow to v0.76.0 - new-webpack: replace old scripts in `package.json` - fetchGithubRepo: remove vestigial data field If you find that you can’t concisely explain your change in 50 characters, move non-essential information into the body of the commit message. If it’s still difficult, you may be trying to change too much at once!
Why include a summary? The 50-character summary is critical because this is what Git expects. Git often assumes that the first line of a commit contains a concise description, and so workflows like interactive rebases surface this information. The particular style of the summary is chosen to be consistent with those commits emitted by Git itself: commands like `git-revert` and `git-merge` are of this form, so it’s a good standard to pick.
### Description After the initial line, include a **description** of the change. Why is the change important? Did you consider and reject alternate formulations of the same idea? Are there relevant issues or discussions elsewhere? If any of these questions provides valuable information, answer it. Otherwise, feel free to leave it out—some changes really are self-documenting, and there’s no need to add a vacuous description.
Why include a description? A commit describes a _change_ from one state of the codebase to the next. If your patch is good, the final state of the code will be clear to anyone reading it. But this isn’t always sufficient to explain why the change was necessary. Documenting the motivation, alternate formulations, etc. is helpful both in the present (for reviewers) and in the future (for people using `git-blame` to try to understand how a piece of code came to be).
### Test plan After the description, include a **test plan**. Describe what someone should do to verify that your changes are correct. This can include automated tests, manual tests, or tests of the form “verify that when you change the code in this way, you see this effect.” Feel free to include shell commands and expected outputs if helpful. Sometimes, the test plan may appear trivial. It may be the case that you only ran the standard unit tests, or that you didn’t feel that any testing at all was necessary. In these cases, you should still include the test plan: this signals to observers that the trivial steps are indeed sufficient.
Why include a test plan? The value of a test plan is many-fold. Simply writing the test plan can force you to consider cases that you hadn’t before, in turn helping you discover bugs or think of alternate implementations. Even if the test plan is as simple as “standard unit tests suffice”, this indicates to observers that no additional testing is required. The test plan is useful for reviewers, and for anyone bisecting through the history or trying to learn more about the development or intention of a commit.
### Wrapping Wrap all parts of the commit message so that no line has more than **72 characters**.
Why wrap at 72 characters? This leaves room for four spaces of padding on either side while still fitting in an 80-character terminal. Programs like `git-log` expect that this amount of padding exists. (Yes, people really still use 80-character terminals. When each of your terminals has bounded width, you can display more of them on a screen!)
### Example Here is an example of a helpful commit message. [The commit in question][example-commit] doesn’t change very many lines of code, but the commit message explains the context behind the commit, links to relevant issues, thanks people who contributed to the commit, and describes a manual test plan. Someone reading this commit for the first time will have a much better understanding of the change by reading this commit message: ``` Improve error messages when GitHub query fails Currently, the GitHub graph fetcher will characteristically fail if: 1. it times out GitHub's server 2. it triggers the semidocumented abuse detection mechanism In case 1, an intelligible error is posted to the console. In case 2, it produces an unintelligible TypeError, because the response is not a valid GraphQL response (the error field is not populated; it has a custom message instead). As of this commit, we gracefully catch both cases, and print a message to console directing the user to #350, which has context on GitHub query failures. This new catch works because in case 2, the data field is empty, so we now properly recognize `x.data === undefined` as an error case. Thanks to @wchargin for the investigatory work behind this commit. Fixes #223. Test plan: We don't have unit tests that cover this case, but I did manually test it by asking GitHub to fetch `ipfs/go-ipfs`, which consistently fails. I also tested it by using an invalid length-40 GitHub API token. ``` [example-commit]: https://github.com/sourcecred/sourcecred/commit/b61b8fbdb88a64192ca837550b7a53e6c27a90e0 ## When submitting a pull request Please create pull requests against `master` by default. If your pull request includes multiple commits, please include a high-level summary and test plan in the pull request body. Otherwise, the text of your pull request can simply be the body of the unique commit message. Please be aware that, as a rule, we do not create merge commits. If you have a stack of commits, we can either rebase the stack onto master (preserving the history) or squash the stack into a single commit. ## After your pull request is merged …you’re done! :-)