%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/

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@article{monderer1996potential,
  title={Potential games},
  author={Monderer, Dov and Shapley, Lloyd S},
  journal={Games and economic behavior},
  volume={14},
  number={1},
  pages={124--143},
  year={1996},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@misc{vasin2014blackcoin,
  title={Blackcoin’s proof-of-stake protocol v2},
  author={Vasin, Pavel},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Tech. rep. URL: http://blackcoin. co/blackcoin-pos-protocol-v2-whitepaper. pdf}
}

@article{king2012ppcoin,
  title={Ppcoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake},
  author={King, Sunny and Nadal, Scott},
  journal={self-published paper, August},
  volume={19},
  year={2012}
}

@inproceedings{bentov2016pos,
  title={Cryptocurrencies without proof of work},
  author={Bentov, Iddo and Gabizon, Ariel and Mizrahi, Alex},
  booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
  pages={142--157},
  year={2016},
  organization={Springer}
}


@inproceedings{selfishminingBTC,
  title={Optimal selfish mining strategies in bitcoin},
  author={Sapirshtein, Ayelet and Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv},
  booktitle={International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
  pages={515--532},
  year={2016},
  organization={Springer}
}

@misc{minslashing,
  title={Minimal Slashing Conditions},
  author={Vitalik Buterin},
  year={2017},
  month={03},
  day={02},
  url={https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/minimal-slashing-conditions-20f0b500fc6c}
}


@misc{truebit,
  title={A scalable verification solution for blockchains},
  author={Jason Teustch and Christian Reitwießner},
  year={2017},
  month={03},
  day={07},
  url={https://truebit.io/}
}


@article{ostrom2002,
  title={Type of good and collective action},
  author={Ostrom, Elinor},
  journal={unpublished paper},
  pages={15},
  year={2002}
}

@misc{barder14,
  title={A Global Carbon Tax or Cap-and-Trade? Part 1: The Economic Arguments},
  author={Alice Lépissier and Owen Barder},
  year={2014},
  month={09},
  day={08},
  url={https://www.cgdev.org/blog/global-carbon-tax-or-cap-and-trade-part-1-economic-arguments}
}




@misc{braveICO,
    author={Jon Southurst},
    title={BAT Token Sale Causes Hours of Ethereum Network Delays},
    year={2017},
    month={05},
    day={31},
    url={http://www.bitsonline.com/bat-sale-ethereum-network-delays/}
}



@techreport{ibm2011,
     title = {GPFS Scans 10 Billion Files in 43 Minutes},
     author = {Richard F. Freitas, Joe Slember, Wayne Sawdon, and Lawrence Chiu},
     year = {2011},
     institution = {IBM},
     month = {07},
     day={22},
     url={https://domino.research.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/papers/4A50C2D66A1F90F7852578E3005A2034/$File/rj10484.pdf}
}



@misc{infura,
    author={Consensys},
    title={INFURA},
    year={2017},
    month={06},
    day={01},
    url={https://infura.io}
}


@misc{spectrumetcalfe,
    author={Bob Briscoe, Andrew Odlyzko, and Benjamin Tilly},
    title={Metcalfe's Law is Wrong},
    year={2006},
    month={06},
    day={01},
    url={http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/metcalfes-law-is-wrong}
}

@misc{env-econ,
    author={Tim Haab},
    title={The long run elasticity of demand for gas},
    year={2008},
    month={06},
    day={23},
    url={http://www.env-econ.net/2008/06/the-long-run-el.html}
}




@inproceedings{cornell-position,
  title={On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains},
  author={Kyle Croman, Christian Decker, Ittay Eyal, Adem Efe Gencer, Ari Juels},  
  Year={2017},
  Booktitle={3rd Workshop on Bitcoin and Blockchain Research},
  Organization={International Financial Cryptography Association}
  url={http://fc16.ifca.ai/bitcoin/papers/CDE+16.pdf}
}




@misc{medium-codetract,
    author={CodeTract},
    title={BAT ICO, USD 35 million in 24 seconds, gas and gasPrice},
    year={2017},
    month={06},
    day={01},
    url={https://medium.com/@codetractio/bat-ico-usd-35-million-in-24-seconds-gas-and-gasprice-6cdde370a615}
}




@misc{vitalik-uncle-rate,
    author={Vitalik Buterin},
    title={Uncle Rate and Transaction Fee Analysis},
    year={2016},
    month={10},
    day={31},
    url={https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/10/31/uncle-rate-transaction-fee-analysis/}
}




@misc{vitalik-twitter1,
    author={Vitalik Buterin},
    title={Tweet},
    year={2017},
    month={06},
    day={03},
    url={https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/871218258212290560}
}



@misc{reddit-rec-miners,
    author={Hudson Jameson},
    title={Recommendations to miners to change gas limit and gas price settings},
    year={2017},
    month={05},
    day={31},
    url={https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/6ehp60/recommendations_to_miners_to_change_gas_limit_and/}
}



@misc{coindesk-btc-txn-fee,
    author={Danny Bradbury},
    title={Bitcoin Transaction Fees To Be Slashed Tenfold},
    year={2014},
    month={02},
    day={28},
    url={http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-transaction-fees-slashed-tenfold/}
}




@misc{vitalik-coord,
    author={Vitalik Buterin},
    title={Engineering Security Through Coordination Problems},
    year={2017},
    month={05},
    day={08},
    url={http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/05/08/coordination_problems.html}
}

@misc{etherchaingas,
    author={Etherchain},
    title={Economic gas price estimation},
    year={2017},
    month={05},
    day={1},
    url={https://etherchain.org/statistics/gasPrice}
}

@misc{40years,
  author = {Karl Rupp},
  title = {40 Years of Microprocessor Trend Data},
  year = {2015},
  month={06},
  day={25},
  url = {https://www.karlrupp.net/2015/06/40-years-of-microprocessor-trend-data/},
}




@misc{wiki:runaway,
  author = {Wikipedia},
  title = {Runaway climate change --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia},
  year = {2017},
  url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runaway_climate_change&oldid=776345569},
  note = {[Online; accessed 5-May-2017]}
}

@misc{wood2014ethereum,
  title={Ethereum: A Secure Decentralized Generalized Transaction Ledger},
  author={Gavin Wood},
  year={2014},
  url={http://yellowpaper.io/}
}

@article{weitzman1974prices,
  title={Prices vs. quantities},
  author={Martin L Weitzman},
  journal={The review of economic studies},
  volume={41},
  number={4},
  pages={477--491},
  year={1974},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@misc{bip:141,
	Author = {Eric Lombrozo, Johnson Lau, and Pieter Wuille},
	Title = {BIP 141: Segregated Witness},
	Url = {https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0141.mediawiki},
	Year = {2015},
	Month = {12},
	Day = {21}
}



@book{knight1921risk,
  title={Risk, uncertainty and profit},
  author={Knight, Frank H},
  year={1921},
  publisher={Courier Corporation}
}

@inproceedings{fc17ai,
    Title={A Smart Contract for Boardroom Voting with Maximum Voter Privacy},
    Author={McCorry, Patrick and Shahandashti, Siamak F. and Hao, Feng},
    Url={http://fc17.ifca.ai/preproceedings/paper_80.pdf},
    Year={2017},
    Booktitle={Proceedings of Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
    Organization={International Financial Cryptography Association}
    }
    

@article{vigna13fibonacci,
	Author = {Sebastiano Vigna},
	Bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, http://dblp.org},
	Biburl = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/Vigna13},
	Journal = {CoRR},
	Timestamp = {Mon, 06 Jan 2014 15:10:41 +0100},
	Title = {Fibonacci Binning},
	Url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3749},
	Volume = {abs/1312.3749},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3749}}

@misc{wiki:ricochet,
	Author = {Wikipedia},
	Note = {[Online; accessed 28-February-2017]},
	Title = {Ricochet (software) --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia},
	Url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricochet_(software)&oldid=755044411},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricochet_(software)&oldid=755044411}}

@article{darknet,
	Author = {De Domenico, Manlio and Arenas, Alex},
	Doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022313},
	Issue = {2},
	Journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
	Month = {Feb},
	Numpages = {10},
	Pages = {022313},
	Publisher = {American Physical Society},
	Title = {Modeling structure and resilience of the dark network},
	Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022313},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022313},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022313}}

@inproceedings{wu2006query,
	Author = {Wu, Ping and Wen, Ji-Rong and Liu, Huan and Ma, Wei-Ying},
	Booktitle = {Data Engineering, 2006. ICDE'06. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on},
	Organization = {IEEE},
	Pages = {47--47},
	Title = {Query selection techniques for efficient crawling of structured web sources},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{borgatti1998network,
	Author = {Borgatti, Stephen P and Jones, Candace and Everett, Martin G},
	Journal = {Connections},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {27--36},
	Title = {Network measures of social capital},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {1998}}

@misc{wiki:torchat,
	Author = {Wikipedia},
	Note = {[Online; accessed 28-February-2017]},
	Title = {TorChat --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia},
	Url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TorChat&oldid=728783759},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TorChat&oldid=728783759}}

@misc{wiki:tormessenger,
	Author = {Wikipedia},
	Note = {[Online; accessed 28-February-2017]},
	Title = {Tor (anonymity network) --- Wikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia},
	Url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_(anonymity_network)#Tor_Messenger&oldid=767770868},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_(anonymity_network)#Tor_Messenger&oldid=767770868}}

@techreport{pagerank,
	Abstract = {The importance of a Web page is an inherently subjective matter, which depends on the readers interests, knowledge and attitudes. But there is still much that can be said objectively about the relative importance of Web pages. This paper describes PageRank, a mathod for rating Web pages objectively and mechanically, effectively measuring the human interest and attention devoted to them. We compare PageRank to an idealized random Web surfer. We show how to efficiently compute PageRank for large numbers of pages. And, we show how to apply PageRank to search and to user navigation.},
	Author = {Lawrence Page and Sergey Brin and Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd},
	Institution = {Stanford InfoLab},
	Month = {November},
	Note = {Previous number = SIDL-WP-1999-0120},
	Number = {1999-66},
	Publisher = {Stanford InfoLab},
	Title = {The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web.},
	Type = {Technical Report},
	Url = {http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/}}

@book{everton2012disrupting,
	Author = {Everton, Sean F},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Disrupting dark networks},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{broder2000graph,
	Author = {Broder, Andrei and Kumar, Ravi and Maghoul, Farzin and Raghavan, Prabhakar and Rajagopalan, Sridhar and Stata, Raymie and Tomkins, Andrew and Wiener, Janet},
	Journal = {Computer networks},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {309--320},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Graph structure in the web},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{rfc7686,
	Author = {Appelbaum, Jacob and Muffet, Alex},
	Issn = {2070-1721},
	Journal = {Internet Engineering Task Force RFC},
	Month = {Oct},
	Title = {The ``.onion'' Special-Use Domain Name},
	Url = {https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686},
	Volume = {7686},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7686}}

@article{clauset2009power,
	Author = {Clauset, Aaron and Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla and Newman, Mark EJ},
	Journal = {SIAM review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {661--703},
	Publisher = {SIAM},
	Title = {Power-law distributions in empirical data},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{meusel2015graph,
	Author = {Meusel, Robert and Vigna, Sebastiano and Lehmberg, Oliver and Bizer, Christian},
	Journal = {The Journal of Web Science},
	Number = {1},
	Title = {The Graph Structure in the Web--Analyzed on Different Aggregation Levels},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2015}}

@inproceedings{lehmberg2014graph,
	Author = {Lehmberg, Oliver and Meusel, Robert and Bizer, Christian},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on Web science},
	Organization = {ACM},
	Pages = {119--128},
	Title = {Graph structure in the web: aggregated by pay-level domain},
	Year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{Meusel2014,
	Acmid = {2576928},
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Author = {Meusel, Robert and Vigna, Sebastiano and Lehmberg, Oliver and Bizer, Christian},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web},
	Doi = {10.1145/2567948.2576928},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-2745-9},
	Keywords = {graph analysis, network analysis, web graph, web mining, world wide web},
	Location = {Seoul, Korea},
	Numpages = {6},
	Pages = {427--432},
	Publisher = {ACM},
	Series = {WWW '14 Companion},
	Title = {Graph Structure in the Web --- Revisited: A Trick of the Heavy Tail},
	Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2567948.2576928},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2567948.2576928},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2567948.2576928}}

@article{Serrano2007,
	Acmid = {1255442},
	Address = {New York, NY, USA},
	Articleno = {10},
	Author = {Serrano, M. \'{A}ngeles and Maguitman, Ana and Bogu\~{n}\'{a}, Mari\'{a}n and Fortunato, Santo and Vespignani, Alessandro},
	Doi = {10.1145/1255438.1255442},
	Issn = {1559-1131},
	Issue_Date = {August 2007},
	Journal = {ACM Trans. Web},
	Keywords = {Web graph structure, Web measurement, crawler biases, statistical analysis},
	Month = aug,
	Number = {2},
	Publisher = {ACM},
	Title = {Decoding the Structure of the WWW: A Comparative Analysis of Web Crawls},
	Url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1255438.1255442},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1255438.1255442},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1255438.1255442}}

@inproceedings{li2004first,
	Author = {Li, Lun and Alderson, David and Willinger, Walter and Doyle, John},
	Booktitle = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review},
	Number = {4},
	Organization = {ACM},
	Pages = {3--14},
	Title = {A first-principles approach to understanding the internet's router-level topology},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{bollobas2004robustness,
	Author = {Bollob{\'a}s, B{\'e}la and Riordan, Oliver},
	Journal = {Internet Mathematics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--35},
	Publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	Title = {Robustness and vulnerability of scale-free random graphs},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{barabasi1999emergence,
	Author = {Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o} and Albert, R{\'e}ka},
	Journal = {science},
	Number = {5439},
	Pages = {509--512},
	Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	Title = {Emergence of scaling in random networks},
	Volume = {286},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{willinger2013internet,
	Author = {Willinger, Walter and Roughan, Matthew},
	Journal = {ACM SIGCOMM eBook: Recent Advances in Networking},
	Title = {Internet topology research redux},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{willinger2009mathematics,
	Author = {Willinger, Walter and Alderson, David and Doyle, John C},
	Journal = {Notices of the AMS},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {586--599},
	Title = {Mathematics and the internet: A source of enormous confusion and great potential},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{pansiot1998routes,
	Author = {Pansiot, Jean-Jacques and Grad, Dominique},
	Journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {41--50},
	Publisher = {ACM},
	Title = {On routes and multicast trees in the Internet},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {1998}}

@mastersthesis{jovanovic2001modeling,
	Author = {Jovanovic, Mihajlo A},
	School = {University of Cincinnati},
	Title = {Modeling large-scale peer-to-peer networks and a case study of Gnutella},
	Year = {2001}}

@inproceedings{kumar2000web,
	Author = {Kumar, Ravi and Raghavan, Prabhakar and Rajagopalan, Sridhar and Sivakumar, Dandapani and Tompkins, Andrew and Upfal, Eli},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems},
	Organization = {ACM},
	Pages = {1--10},
	Title = {The Web as a graph},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{barabasi2000scale,
	Author = {Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o} and Albert, R{\'e}ka and Jeong, Hawoong},
	Journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {69--77},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the world-wide web},
	Volume = {281},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{siganos2003power,
	Author = {Siganos, Georgos and Faloutsos, Michalis and Faloutsos, Petros and Faloutsos, Christos},
	Journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {514--524},
	Publisher = {IEEE Press},
	Title = {Power laws and the AS-level internet topology},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2003}}

@inproceedings{biryukov2013trawling,
	Author = {Biryukov, Alex and Pustogarov, Ivan and Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp},
	Booktitle = {Security and Privacy (SP), 2013 IEEE Symposium on},
	Organization = {IEEE},
	Pages = {80--94},
	Title = {Trawling for tor hidden services: Detection, measurement, deanonymization},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{albert2001physics,
	Author = {Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o} Barab{\'a}si, July},
	Journal = {Physics Web http://www.physicsweb.org/article/world/14/7/09},
	Title = {The physics of the Web},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{cohen2001breakdown,
	Author = {Cohen, Reuven and Erez, Keren and Ben-Avraham, Daniel and Havlin, Shlomo},
	Journal = {Physical review letters},
	Number = {16},
	Pages = {3682},
	Publisher = {APS},
	Title = {Breakdown of the Internet under intentional attack},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{albert2000error,
	Author = {Albert, R{\'e}ka and Jeong, Hawoong and Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o}},
	Journal = {nature},
	Number = {6794},
	Pages = {378--382},
	Publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	Title = {Error and attack tolerance of complex networks},
	Volume = {406},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{adamic2000power,
	Author = {Adamic, Lada A and Huberman, Bernardo A},
	Journal = {Science},
	Number = {5461},
	Pages = {2115--2115},
	Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	Title = {Power-law distribution of the world wide web},
	Volume = {287},
	Year = {2000}}

@misc{tormetrics,
	Author = {The Tor Project},
	Month = {January},
	Title = {TorMetrics --- Unique .onion addresses},
	Url = {https://metrics.torproject.org/hidserv-dir-onions-seen.html},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://metrics.torproject.org/hidserv-dir-onions-seen.html}}