diff --git a/defrag/defrag_sim.py b/defrag/defrag_sim.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87dd979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defrag/defrag_sim.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import random, math
+
+def mk_initial_balances(accts, coins):
+    o = []
+    for i in range(accts):
+        o.extend([i] * random.randrange((coins - len(o)) * 2 // (accts - i)))
+    o.extend([accts-1] * (coins - len(o)))
+    return o
+
+def fragments(coins):
+    o = 0
+    for i in range(1, len(coins)):
+        if coins[i] != coins[i-1]:
+            o += 1
+    return o
+
+def xfer(coins, frm, to, value):
+    coins = coins[::]
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(coins) and value > 0:
+        if coins[pos] == frm:
+            coins[pos] = to
+            value -= 1
+        pos += 1
+    return coins
+
+def unscramble(coins, c1, c2):
+    coins = coins[::]
+    k1 = coins.count(c1)
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(coins):
+        if coins[pos] in (c1, c2):
+            coins[pos] = c1 if k1 > 0 else c2
+            if coins[pos] == c1:
+                k1 -= 1
+        pos += 1
+    return coins
+
+def multi_unscramble(coins, addrs):
+    coins = coins[::]
+    ks = [coins.count(c) for c in addrs]
+    pos = 0
+    at = 0
+    while pos < len(coins):
+        if coins[pos] in addrs:
+            coins[pos] = addrs[at]
+            ks[at] -= 1
+            if ks[at] == 0:
+                at += 1
+        pos += 1
+    return coins
+
+def unscramble_swap_strategy(coins, rounds):
+    for i in range(rounds):
+        c1, c2 = sorted([random.randrange(max(coins)+1) for _ in range(2)])
+        coins = unscramble(coins, c1, c2)
+    return coins
+
+def run_with_unscrambling(coins, rounds):
+    M = max(coins) + 1
+    for i in range(rounds):
+        c1, c2 = [random.randrange(M) for _ in range(2)]
+        value = int(coins.count(c1) ** random.random())
+        coins = xfer(coins, c1, c2, value)
+        coins = unscramble(coins, min(c1, c2), max(c1, c2))
+    return coins
+
+def run_with_unscramble_online(coins, rounds):
+    M = max(coins) + 1
+    for i in range(rounds):
+        c1, c2 = [random.randrange(M) for _ in range(2)]
+        value = int(coins.count(c1) ** random.random())
+        coins = xfer(coins, c1, c2, value)
+        if random.random() < 1:
+            cx = sorted([random.randrange(M) for _ in range(5)])
+            coins = multi_unscramble(coins, cx)
+    return coins
+
+c = mk_initial_balances(200, 10000)
+# random.shuffle(c)
+# c = unscramble_swap_strategy(c, 20000)
+c = run_with_unscramble_online(c, 10000)
+print(fragments(c))
diff --git a/defrag/permutation2.py b/defrag/permutation2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca71c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defrag/permutation2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import random
+
+def mk_shuffle(n):
+    L = list(range(n))
+    random.shuffle(L)
+    return L
+
+def mk_fragmented_shuffle(n, shuffs):
+    L = list(range(n))
+    for i in range(shuffs):
+        x1 = random.randrange(n)
+        x2 = random.randrange(n)
+        value = int(min(n - x1, n - x2, abs(x2 - x1)) ** random.random())
+        L[x1:x1+value], L[x2:x2+value] = L[x2:x2+value], L[x1:x1+value]
+    return L
+
+def fragments(vals):
+    tot = 1
+    for i in range(1, len(vals)):
+        if vals[i] != vals[i-1] + 1:
+            tot += 1
+    return tot
+
+def apply_perm(vals, perm):
+    o = [0 for x in vals]
+    for i in range(len(perm)):
+        o[i] = vals[perm[i]]
+    return o
+
+def attempt_fix(vals):
+    perm = list(range(len(vals)))
+    indices = {}
+    for i, x in enumerate(vals):
+        indices[x] = i
+    for i in range(len(vals)):
+        if perm[i] == i and vals[i] != i:
+            poz = indices[i]
+            if perm[poz] == poz:
+                perm[i], perm[poz] = perm[poz], perm[i]
+    assert apply_perm(perm, perm) == list(range(len(vals)))
+    return perm
+
+def fix(vals):
+    goal = list(range(len(vals)))
+    path = []
+    while vals != goal:
+        vals = apply_perm(vals, attempt_fix(vals))
+        path.append(vals)
+    return path
diff --git a/defrag/permutation_bfs.py b/defrag/permutation_bfs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1391c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/defrag/permutation_bfs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import heapq, random
+
+def distance_score(state):
+    state = [int(x) for x in state.split(',')]
+    tot = 0
+    for i, s in enumerate(state):
+        xorval = (i+1) ^ s
+        indexmask = 1
+        while indexmask < len(state):
+            if xorval & indexmask:
+                tot += 1
+            indexmask <<= 1
+    return tot
+
+def generate_legal_moves_for_bit(state, bit):
+    o = set()
+    xormask = 2**bit
+    state = [int(x) for x in state.split(',')]
+    for i in range(2**(len(state)-1)):
+        new_state = state[::]
+        indexmask = 1
+        for j in range(len(state)):
+            if j > (j ^ xormask):
+                if i & indexmask:
+                    new_state[j], new_state[j ^ xormask] = new_state[j ^ xormask], new_state[j]
+                indexmask <<= 1
+        o.add(','.join([str(x) for x in new_state]))
+    return o
+
+def generate_legal_moves(state):
+    o = set()
+    b = 0
+    while 2**b < len(state):
+        o = o.union(generate_legal_moves_for_bit(state, b))
+        b += 1
+    return o
+
+def mk_shuffle(n):
+    L = list(range(1, n+1))
+    random.shuffle(L)
+    return ','.join([str(x) for x in L])
+
+def find_path(start):
+    parents = {}
+    scores = {start: 0}
+    queue = [(distance_score(start), start)]
+    goal = ','.join([str(x) for x in sorted([int(x) for x in start.split(',')])])
+    totvs = 0
+    while len(queue):
+        qval = heapq.heappop(queue)[1]
+        newvals = [x for x in generate_legal_moves(qval) if x not in scores]
+        for v in newvals:
+            if scores.get(v, 99999) > scores[qval] + 1:
+                scores[v] = scores[qval] + 1
+                parents[v] = qval
+            totvs += 1
+            if v == goal:
+                path = [v]
+                while path[-1] != start:
+                    parent = parents[path[-1]]
+                    path.append(parent)
+                return path
+        for v in newvals:
+            heapq.heappush(queue, (distance_score(v), v))
+    raise Exception("huh")