## Introduction

About 10% of the time, event handlers need to cause side effects.

This tutorial explains how side effects are actioned,
how you can create your own side effects, and how you can 
make side effects a noop in tests.

## Table Of Contexts

- [Introduction](#introduction)
- [Table Of Contexts](#table-of-contexts)
- [Effects](#effects)
  * [Where Effects Come From](#where-effects-come-from)
  * [The Effects Map](#the-effects-map)
  * [Infinite Effects](#infinite-effects)
  * [Extensible Side Effects](#extensible-side-effects)
  * [Writing An Effect Handler](#writing-an-effect-handler)
  * [:db Not Always Needed](#-db-not-always-needed)
  * [What Makes This Work?](#what-makes-this-work-)
  * [Order Of Effects?](#order-of-effects-)
  * [Noops](#noops)
- [Builtin Effect Handlers](#builtin-effect-handlers)
    + [:dispatch-later](#-dispatch-later)
    + [:dispatch](#-dispatch)
    + [:dispatch-n](#-dispatch-n)
    + [:deregister-event-handler](#-deregister-event-handler)
    + [:db](#-db)
- [External Effects](#external-effects)

## Effects
### Where Effects Come From

When an event handler is registered via `reg-event-fx`, it returns effects.

Like this:  
```clj
(reg-event-fx              ;; -fx version, not the -db version
  :my-event
  (fn [coeffects [_ a]]    ;; 1st argument is coeffects, instead of db     
    {:db       (assoc (:db coeffects) :flag  a)         
     :dispatch [:do-something-else 3]}))   ;; return effects
```

`-fx` handlers return a description of the side-effects required, and that description is a map. 

### The Effects Map 

An effects map contains instructions.

Each key/value pair in the map is one instruction - the `key` identifies 
the particular side effect required, and the `value` for that `key` provides 
further information. The structure of the `value` varies with the side 
effect itself.

Here's the two instructions from the example above: 
```cljs 
  {:db       (assoc db :flag  a)         ;; side effect on app-db
   :dispatch [:do-something-else 3]}     ;; dispatch this event
```

That `:db` `key` instructs that "app-db" should be reset to the
`value` supplied for that `key`.  

That `:dispatch` `key` instructs that an event should be
dispatched. The `value` is the vector to dispatch.

There's many other possible
effects, like for example `:dispatch-later` or `:set-local-store`. 

And so on. And so on. Which brings us to a problem. 

### Infinite Effects

While re-frame supplies a number of builtin effects, the set of 
possible effects is open ended.

What if you use Postgress and want an effect which issues mutating 
queries?  Or what if you want to send logs to Logentries.
Or write values to windows.location. And what happens if your database is
X, Y or Z?

The list is long and varied, with everyone using a different combination
of available effects.

So effect handling has to be extensible. You need to a way to define 
your own side effects.

### Extensible Side Effects

re-frame provides a function `reg-fx` through which you can register your own `Effect Handlers`.

Use it like this:
```clj
(reg-fx         ;; <-- registration function
   :butterfly   ;;  <1> 
   (fn [value]  ;;  <2>
      ...
      ))
```

__<1>__  the key for the effect.  When an effects map contains 
the key `:butterfly`, the registered function should be used to action it. <br>

__<2>__  a function which actions the side effect. It is called 
with one argument - the value for this key, in the effects map.

So, if an event handler returned these effects:
```clj
{:dispatch   [:save-maiden 42]
 :butterfly  "Flapping"}         ;; butterfly effect !!
```

Then the function we registered for `:butterfly` would be called to handle that effect. And it would be called with the parameter "Flapping".

So, terminology:
- `:butterfly` is an "effect key"
- and the function registered is an "effect handler"

### Writing An Effect Handler

A word of advice - make them as simple as possible, and then 
simplify them further.  You don't want them containing any fancy logic.  

Why?  Well, because they are all side-effecty they will be a pain 
to test rigorously. And the combination of fancy logic and limited 
testing always ends in tears.

A second word of advice - when you create an effect handler, 
you also have to design (and document!) the structure of the 
`value` expected. 

When you do, realise that you are creating a nano DSL for `value` and try to
make it simple too. Resist tricky. Create as little cognitive overhead as possible 
for the eventual readers of your effectful code.


Here's the builtin effect handler for `:db`:
```clj
(reg-fx
  :db
  (fn [value]
    (reset! re-frame.db/app-db value)))
```

So, yeah, simple.  

> Note: the return value of an effect handler is ignored.

### :db Not Always Needed

An effects map does not have to include the `effect key` `:db`. 

It is perfectly okay to have effects which do not cause
an update to `app-db`. 

In fact, it is perfectly okay for an event handler to return 
an effects of `{}`.  Slightly puzzling, but not a problem.  


### What Makes This Work?

A silently inserted interceptor.

Whenever you register an event handler via __either__ `reg-event-db` 
or `reg-event-fx`, an interceptor, cunningly named `do-effects`,  
is inserted at the beginning of the chain. 

Example: if your event handler registration looked like this:
```clj
(reg-event-fx
  :some-id
  [debug (path :right)]     ;; <-- two interceptors, apparently
  (fn [coeffect] 
     {})                    ;; <-- imagine returned effects here
```

While it might look like you have registered with 2 interceptors, 
`reg-event-fx` will make it 3: 
```clj 
[do-effects debug (path :right)]
```

`do-effects` placement at the beginning of the interceptor chain means 
it's  `:after` function would be the final act when the chain is executed 
(forwards and then backwards, as described in the Interceptor Tutorial).

In this final act, the `:after` function extracts `:effects` from `context` 
and simply iterates across the key/value pairs it contains, calling the 
registered effect handlers for each.

> For the record, the FISA Court requires that we deny all claims 
> that `do-effects` is secretly injected NSA surveillance-ware. <br>
> We also note that you've been particularly sloppy with your personal 
> grooming today, including that you forgot to clean your teeth. Again.

If ever you want to take control of the way effect handling is done, 
create your own alternative to `reg-event-fx` and, in it, inject
your own version of the `do-effects` interceptor at the front 
of the interceptor chain.  It is only a few lines of code. 


### Order Of Effects?

There isn't one.

`do-effects` does not currently provide you with control over the order in 
which side effects occur. The `:db` side effect 
might happen before `:dispatch`, or not.

*Note:* if you feel you need ordering, then please 
open an issue and explain the usecase. The current absence of 
good usecases is the reason it isn't implemented. Give us some and
we'll revisit. 

*Further Note:* if ever ordering was needed, it might be handled via 
metadata on `:effects`. Also, perhaps allow `reg-fx` to optionally 
take two functions:
- an effects pre-process fn <--- new. Takes `:effects` returns `:effects`
- the effects handler, as already discussed.

Anyway, these are all just possibilities. But not needed or implemented yet. 


### Noops

When you are running tests or replaying events, it is sometimes 
useful to stub out effects.  

This is easily done - you simply register a noop effect handler. 

Want to stub out the `:dispatch` effect?  Do this:
```clj
(reg-fx
  :dispatch
  (fn [_] ))    ;; a noop
```

XXX talk about reinstating:
- capture return 
- XXX new feature?



## Builtin Effect Handlers

#### :dispatch-later

`dispatch` one or more events after given delays. Expects a collection
of maps with two keys: `:ms` and `:dispatch`

usage:
```clj
{:dispatch-later [{:ms 200 :dispatch [:event-id "param"]}    
                  {:ms 100 :dispatch [:also :this :in :100ms]}]}
```

Which means: in 200ms do this: `(dispatch [:event-id "param"])` and in 100ms ...

#### :dispatch

`dispatch` one event. Excepts a single vector.

usage:
```clj
{:dispatch [:event-id "param"] }
```

#### :dispatch-n

`dispatch` more than one event. Expects a collection events.

usage:
```clj
{:dispatch-n (list [:do :all] [:three :of] [:these])}
```

#### :deregister-event-handler

removes a previously registered event handler. Expects either a single id (
typically a keyword), or a seq of ids.

usage:
```clj
{:deregister-event-handler :my-id)}
```
or:
```clj
{:deregister-event-handler [:one-id :another-id]}
```

#### :db

reset! app-db with a new value. Expects a map. 

usage:
```clj
{:db  {:key1 value1 key2 value2}}
```

## External Effects

- https://github.com/Day8/re-frame-http-fx   (GETs and POSTs)
- https://github.com/Day8/re-frame-forward-events-fx  (slightly exotic)
- https://github.com/Day8/re-frame-async-flow-fx  (more complicated)

Create a PR to include yours in this list.