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README.md: update formatting (#19532)

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@ -9,28 +9,30 @@ https://camo.githubusercontent.com/915b7be44ada53c290eb157634330494ebe3e30a/6874
[![Travis](https://travis-ci.org/ethereum/go-ethereum.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ethereum/go-ethereum)
[![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/discord-join%20chat-blue.svg)](https://discord.gg/nthXNEv)
Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch.
Binary archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.
Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary
archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.
## Building the source
For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the
[Installation Instructions](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Building-Ethereum)
on the wiki.
For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the [Installation Instructions](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Building-Ethereum) on the wiki.
Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.10 or later) and a C compiler.
You can install them using your favourite package manager.
Once the dependencies are installed, run
Building `geth` requires both a Go (version 1.10 or later) and a C compiler. You can install
them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run
make geth
```shell
make geth
```
or, to build the full suite of utilities:
make all
```shell
make all
```
## Executables
The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cmd` directory.
The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cmd`
directory.
| Command | Description |
| :-----------: | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
@ -42,269 +44,301 @@ The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cm
| `rlpdump` | Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP ([Recursive Length Prefix](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/RLP)) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. `rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263`). |
| `puppeth` | a CLI wizard that aids in creating a new Ethereum network. |
## Running geth
## Running `geth`
Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our
[CLI Wiki page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Command-Line-Options)), but we've
enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your
own Geth instance.
[CLI Wiki page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Command-Line-Options)),
but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly
on how you can run your own `geth` instance.
### Full node on the main Ethereum network
By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum network:
create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this particular use-case
the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can fast-sync quickly to the current
state of the network. To do so:
By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum
network: create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this
particular use-case the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can
fast-sync quickly to the current state of the network. To do so:
```
```shell
$ geth console
```
This command will:
* Start geth in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the `--syncmode` flag), causing it to
download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the Ethereum network,
which is very CPU intensive.
* Start up Geth's built-in interactive [JavaScript console](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console),
* Start `geth` in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the `--syncmode` flag),
causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history
of the Ethereum network, which is very CPU intensive.
* Start up `geth`'s built-in interactive [JavaScript console](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console),
(via the trailing `console` subcommand) through which you can invoke all official [`web3` methods](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JavaScript-API)
as well as Geth's own [management APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs).
This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running Geth instance
with `geth attach`.
as well as `geth`'s own [management APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs).
This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running
`geth` instance with `geth attach`.
### A Full node on the Ethereum test network
Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum contracts, you
almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until you get the hang of the
entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main network, you want to join the **test**
network with your node, which is fully equivalent to the main network, but with play-Ether only.
Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum
contracts, you almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until
you get the hang of the entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main
network, you want to join the **test** network with your node, which is fully equivalent to
the main network, but with play-Ether only.
```
```shell
$ geth --testnet console
```
The `console` subcommand has the exact same meaning as above and they are equally useful on the
testnet too. Please see above for their explanations if you've skipped here.
The `console` subcommand has the exact same meaning as above and they are equally
useful on the testnet too. Please see above for their explanations if you've skipped here.
Specifying the `--testnet` flag, however, will reconfigure your Geth instance a bit:
Specifying the `--testnet` flag, however, will reconfigure your `geth` instance a bit:
* Instead of using the default data directory (`~/.ethereum` on Linux for example), Geth will nest
itself one level deeper into a `testnet` subfolder (`~/.ethereum/testnet` on Linux). Note, on OSX
and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node requires the use of a custom
endpoint since `geth attach` will try to attach to a production node endpoint by default. E.g.
`geth attach <datadir>/testnet/geth.ipc`. Windows users are not affected by this.
* Instead of connecting the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the test network,
which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
*Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from crossing
over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always use separate accounts
for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move accounts, Geth will by default correctly
separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.*
* Instead of using the default data directory (`~/.ethereum` on Linux for example), `geth`
will nest itself one level deeper into a `testnet` subfolder (`~/.ethereum/testnet` on
Linux). Note, on OSX and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node
requires the use of a custom endpoint since `geth attach` will try to attach to a
production node endpoint by default. E.g.
`geth attach <datadir>/testnet/geth.ipc`. Windows users are not affected by
this.
* Instead of connecting the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the test
network, which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
*Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from
crossing over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always
use separate accounts for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move
accounts, `geth` will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any
accounts available between them.*
### Full node on the Rinkeby test network
The above test network is a cross-client one based on the ethash proof-of-work consensus algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization attacks due to the network's low difficulty/security. Go Ethereum also supports connecting to a proof-of-authority based test network called [*Rinkeby*](https://www.rinkeby.io) (operated by members of the community). This network is lighter, more secure, but is only supported by go-ethereum.
The above test network is a cross-client one based on the ethash proof-of-work consensus
algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization
attacks due to the network's low difficulty/security. Go Ethereum also supports connecting
to a proof-of-authority based test network called [*Rinkeby*](https://www.rinkeby.io)
(operated by members of the community). This network is lighter, more secure, but is only
supported by go-ethereum.
```
```shell
$ geth --rinkeby console
```
### Configuration
As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the `geth` binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:
As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the `geth` binary, you can also pass a
configuration file via:
```
```shell
$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml
```
To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the `dumpconfig` subcommand to export your existing configuration:
To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the `dumpconfig` subcommand to
export your existing configuration:
```
```shell
$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig
```
*Note: This works only with geth v1.6.0 and above.*
*Note: This works only with `geth` v1.6.0 and above.*
#### Docker quick start
One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using Docker:
One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using
Docker:
```
```shell
docker run -d --name ethereum-node -v /Users/alice/ethereum:/root \
-p 8545:8545 -p 30303:30303 \
ethereum/client-go
```
This will start geth in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an `alpine` tag available for a slim version of the image.
This will start `geth` in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the
above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for
saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an `alpine` tag
available for a slim version of the image.
Do not forget `--rpcaddr 0.0.0.0`, if you want to access RPC from other containers and/or hosts. By default, `geth` binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not accessible from the outside.
Do not forget `--rpcaddr 0.0.0.0`, if you want to access RPC from other containers
and/or hosts. By default, `geth` binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not
accessible from the outside.
### Programmatically interfacing Geth nodes
### Programmatically interfacing `geth` nodes
As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with Geth and the Ethereum
network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, Geth has built-in
support for a JSON-RPC based APIs ([standard APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC) and
[Geth specific APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs)). These can be
exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).
As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with `geth` and the
Ethereum network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid
this, `geth` has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs ([standard APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC)
and [`geth` specific APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs)).
These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based
platforms, and named pipes on Windows).
The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by Geth, whereas the HTTP
and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons.
These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.
The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by `geth`,
whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a
subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as
you'd expect.
HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:
* `--rpc` Enable the HTTP-RPC server
* `--rpcaddr` HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
* `--rpcport` HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
* `--rpcapi` API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
* `--rpcaddr` HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: `localhost`)
* `--rpcport` HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: `8545`)
* `--rpcapi` API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: `eth,net,web3`)
* `--rpccorsdomain` Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
* `--ws` Enable the WS-RPC server
* `--wsaddr` WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
* `--wsport` WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
* `--wsapi` API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
* `--wsaddr` WS-RPC server listening interface (default: `localhost`)
* `--wsport` WS-RPC server listening port (default: `8546`)
* `--wsapi` API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: `eth,net,web3`)
* `--wsorigins` Origins from which to accept websockets requests
* `--ipcdisable` Disable the IPC-RPC server
* `--ipcapi` API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: "admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3")
* `--ipcapi` API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: `admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3`)
* `--ipcpath` Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)
You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect
via HTTP, WS or IPC to a Geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak [JSON-RPC](https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification)
on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!
You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to
connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a `geth` node configured with the above flags and you'll
need to speak [JSON-RPC](https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification) on all transports. You
can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!
**Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before
doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs!
Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to
subvert locally available APIs!**
**Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based
transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert
Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally
running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available
APIs!**
### Operating a private network
Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in
the official networks need to be manually set up.
Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for
granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.
#### Defining the private genesis state
First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be aware of
and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it `genesis.json`):
First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be
aware of and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it `genesis.json`):
```json
{
"config": {
"chainId": 0,
"homesteadBlock": 0,
"eip155Block": 0,
"eip158Block": 0
},
"alloc" : {},
"coinbase" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"difficulty" : "0x20000",
"extraData" : "",
"gasLimit" : "0x2fefd8",
"nonce" : "0x0000000000000042",
"mixhash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"timestamp" : "0x00"
"chainId": 0,
"homesteadBlock": 0,
"eip155Block": 0,
"eip158Block": 0
},
"alloc": {},
"coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"difficulty": "0x20000",
"extraData": "",
"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8",
"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
"mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"timestamp": "0x00"
}
```
The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing the `nonce` to
some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able to connect to you. If you'd
like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can populate the `alloc` field with account
configs:
The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing
the `nonce` to some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able
to connect to you. If you'd like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can
populate the `alloc` field with account configs:
```json
"alloc": {
"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {"balance": "111111111"},
"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {"balance": "222222222"}
"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
"balance": "111111111"
},
"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {
"balance": "222222222"
}
}
```
With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize **every** Geth node
with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly set:
With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize **every**
`geth` node with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly
set:
```
```shell
$ geth init path/to/genesis.json
```
#### Creating the rendezvous point
With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to start a
bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over the internet. The
clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:
With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to
start a bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over
the internet. The clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:
```
```shell
$ bootnode --genkey=boot.key
$ bootnode --nodekey=boot.key
```
With the bootnode online, it will display an [`enode` URL](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/enode-url-format)
that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to replace the
displayed IP address information (most probably `[::]`) with your externally accessible IP to get the
actual `enode` URL.
that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to
replace the displayed IP address information (most probably `[::]`) with your externally
accessible IP to get the actual `enode` URL.
*Note: You could also use a full-fledged Geth node as a bootnode, but it's the less recommended way.*
*Note: You could also use a full-fledged `geth` node as a bootnode, but it's the less
recommended way.*
#### Starting up your member nodes
With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try `telnet <ip> <port>` to ensure
it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent Geth node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery
via the `--bootnodes` flag. It will probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your
private network separated, so do also specify a custom `--datadir` flag.
With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try
`telnet <ip> <port>` to ensure it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent `geth`
node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery via the `--bootnodes` flag. It will
probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your private network separated, so
do also specify a custom `--datadir` flag.
```
```shell
$ geth --datadir=path/to/custom/data/folder --bootnodes=<bootnode-enode-url-from-above>
```
*Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll also
need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.*
*Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll
also need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.*
#### Running a private miner
Mining on the public Ethereum network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs, requiring
an OpenCL or CUDA enabled `ethminer` instance. For information on such a setup, please consult the
[EtherMining subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/EtherMining/) and the [Genoil miner](https://github.com/Genoil/cpp-ethereum)
repository.
Mining on the public Ethereum network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs,
requiring an OpenCL or CUDA enabled `ethminer` instance. For information on such a
setup, please consult the [EtherMining subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/EtherMining/)
and the [Genoil miner](https://github.com/Genoil/cpp-ethereum) repository.
In a private network setting, however a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for practical
purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals without needing heavy
resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple ones either). To start a Geth
instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended by:
In a private network setting, however a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for
practical purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals
without needing heavy resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple
ones either). To start a `geth` instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended
by:
```
```shell
$ geth <usual-flags> --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
```
Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all proceedings to
the account specified by `--etherbase`. You can further tune the mining by changing the default gas
limit blocks converge to (`--targetgaslimit`) and the price transactions are accepted at (`--gasprice`).
Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all
proceedings to the account specified by `--etherbase`. You can further tune the mining
by changing the default gas limit blocks converge to (`--targetgaslimit`) and the price
transactions are accepted at (`--gasprice`).
## Contribution
Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from
anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!
Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions
from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!
If you'd like to contribute to go-ethereum, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request
for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more
complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on [our gitter channel](https://gitter.im/ethereum/go-ethereum)
to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some
early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge
procedures quick and simple.
for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit
more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on [our gitter channel](https://gitter.im/ethereum/go-ethereum)
to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get
some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review
and merge procedures quick and simple.
Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:
* Code must adhere to the official Go [formatting](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#formatting) guidelines (i.e. uses [gofmt](https://golang.org/cmd/gofmt/)).
* Code must be documented adhering to the official Go [commentary](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#commentary) guidelines.
* Code must adhere to the official Go [formatting](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#formatting)
guidelines (i.e. uses [gofmt](https://golang.org/cmd/gofmt/)).
* Code must be documented adhering to the official Go [commentary](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#commentary)
guidelines.
* Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the `master` branch.
* Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
* E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"
Please see the [Developers' Guide](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Developers'-Guide)
for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.
for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and
testing procedures.
## License
The go-ethereum library (i.e. all code outside of the `cmd` directory) is licensed under the
[GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html), also
included in our repository in the `COPYING.LESSER` file.
[GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html),
also included in our repository in the `COPYING.LESSER` file.
The go-ethereum binaries (i.e. all code inside of the `cmd` directory) is licensed under the
[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html), also included
in our repository in the `COPYING` file.
[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html), also
included in our repository in the `COPYING` file.