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nimbus-eth2/beacon_chain/fork_choice/fork_choice.nim

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# beacon_chain
# Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Status Research & Development GmbH
# Licensed and distributed under either of
# * MIT license (license terms in the root directory or at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
# * Apache v2 license (license terms in the root directory or at https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
# at your option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
{.push raises: [Defect].}
import
# Standard library
std/[sequtils, sets, tables],
# Status libraries
stew/results, chronicles,
# Internal
../spec/[beaconstate, datatypes, digest, helpers],
# Fork choice
./fork_choice_types, ./proto_array,
../block_pools/[spec_cache, chain_dag]
export sets, results, fork_choice_types
export proto_array.len
# https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.12.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md
# This is a port of https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/804
# which is a port of "Proto-Array": https://github.com/protolambda/lmd-ghost
# See also:
# - Protolambda port of Lighthouse: https://github.com/protolambda/eth2-py-hacks/blob/ae286567/proto_array.py
# - Prysmatic writeup: https://hackmd.io/bABJiht3Q9SyV3Ga4FT9lQ#High-level-concept
# - Gasper Whitepaper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052
# Forward declarations
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
func compute_deltas(
deltas: var openarray[Delta],
indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index],
indices_offset: Index,
votes: var openArray[VoteTracker],
old_balances: openarray[Gwei],
new_balances: openarray[Gwei]
): FcResult[void]
# TODO: raises [Defect] - once https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12862 is fixed
# https://github.com/status-im/nim-beacon-chain/pull/865#pullrequestreview-389117232
# Fork choice routines
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
logScope:
topics = "fork_choice"
proc init*(T: type ForkChoiceBackend,
justified_epoch: Epoch,
finalized_root: Eth2Digest,
finalized_epoch: Epoch): T =
T(
proto_array: ProtoArray.init(
justified_epoch,
finalized_root,
finalized_epoch
)
)
proc init*(T: type ForkChoice,
epochRef: EpochRef,
blck: BlockRef): T =
## Initialize a fork choice context for a genesis state - in the genesis
## state, the justified and finalized checkpoints are the same, so only one
## is used here
debug "Initializing fork choice",
epoch = epochRef.epoch, blck = shortLog(blck)
let
justified = BalanceCheckpoint(blck: blck, epochRef: epochRef)
finalized = Checkpoint(root: blck.root, epoch: epochRef.epoch)
best_justified = Checkpoint(
root: justified.blck.root, epoch: justified.epochRef.epoch)
ForkChoice(
backend: ForkChoiceBackend.init(
epochRef.epoch, blck.root, epochRef.epoch),
checkpoints: Checkpoints(
justified: justified,
finalized: finalized,
best_justified: best_justified)
)
func extend[T](s: var seq[T], minLen: int) =
## Extend a sequence so that it can contains at least `minLen` elements.
## If it's already bigger, the sequence is unmodified.
## The extension is zero-initialized
if s.len < minLen:
s.setLen(minLen)
proc compute_slots_since_epoch_start(slot: Slot): uint64 =
slot - slot.epoch().compute_start_slot_at_epoch()
proc on_tick(self: var Checkpoints, dag: ChainDAGRef, time: Slot): FcResult[void] =
if self.time > time:
return err(ForkChoiceError(kind: fcInconsistentTick))
let newEpoch = self.time.epoch() != time.epoch()
self.time = time
if newEpoch and
self.best_justified.epoch > self.justified.epochRef.epoch:
let blck = dag.getRef(self.best_justified.root)
if blck.isNil:
return err(ForkChoiceError(
kind: fcJustifiedNodeUnknown, block_root: self.best_justified.root))
self.justified = BalanceCheckpoint(
blck: blck,
epochRef: dag.getEpochRef(blck, self.best_justified.epoch))
ok()
proc process_attestation_queue(self: var ForkChoice) {.gcsafe.}
proc update_time(self: var ForkChoice, dag: ChainDAGRef, time: Slot): FcResult[void] =
while time > self.checkpoints.time:
? on_tick(self.checkpoints, dag, self.checkpoints.time + 1)
self.process_attestation_queue()
ok()
func process_attestation*(
self: var ForkChoiceBackend,
validator_index: ValidatorIndex,
block_root: Eth2Digest,
target_epoch: Epoch
) =
if block_root == Eth2Digest():
return
## Add an attestation to the fork choice context
self.votes.extend(validator_index.int + 1)
template vote: untyped = self.votes[validator_index.int]
# alias
if target_epoch > vote.next_epoch or vote == default(VoteTracker):
# TODO: the "default" condition is probably unneeded
vote.next_root = block_root
vote.next_epoch = target_epoch
{.noSideEffect.}:
trace "Integrating vote in fork choice",
validator_index = validator_index,
new_vote = shortLog(vote)
proc process_attestation_queue(self: var ForkChoice) =
var
keep: seq[QueuedAttestation]
for attestation in self.queuedAttestations:
if attestation.slot < self.checkpoints.time:
for validator_index in attestation.attesting_indices:
self.backend.process_attestation(
validator_index, attestation.block_root,
attestation.slot.epoch())
else:
keep.add attestation
self.queuedAttestations = keep
func contains*(self: ForkChoiceBackend, block_root: Eth2Digest): bool =
## Returns `true` if a block is known to the fork choice
## and `false` otherwise.
##
## In particular, before adding a block, its parent must be known to the fork choice
self.proto_array.indices.contains(block_root)
# https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.12.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#on_attestation
proc on_attestation*(
self: var ForkChoice,
dag: ChainDAGRef,
attestation_slot: Slot,
beacon_block_root: Eth2Digest,
attesting_indices: HashSet[ValidatorIndex],
wallSlot: Slot
): FcResult[void] =
? self.update_time(dag, wallSlot)
if beacon_block_root == Eth2Digest():
return ok()
if attestation_slot < self.checkpoints.time:
for validator_index in attesting_indices:
# attestation_slot and target epoch must match, per attestation rules
self.backend.process_attestation(
validator_index, beacon_block_root, attestation_slot.epoch)
else:
self.queuedAttestations.add(QueuedAttestation(
slot: attestation_slot,
attesting_indices: toSeq(attesting_indices),
block_root: beacon_block_root))
ok()
# https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.12.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#should_update_justified_checkpoint
proc should_update_justified_checkpoint(
self: var Checkpoints,
dag: ChainDAGRef,
epochRef: EpochRef): FcResult[bool] =
if compute_slots_since_epoch_start(self.time) < SAFE_SLOTS_TO_UPDATE_JUSTIFIED:
return ok(true)
let
justified_slot = compute_start_slot_at_epoch(self.justified.epochRef.epoch)
let new_justified_checkpoint = epochRef.current_justified_checkpoint;
let justified_blck = dag.getRef(new_justified_checkpoint.root)
if justified_blck.isNil:
return err(ForkChoiceError(
kind: fcJustifiedNodeUnknown, block_root: new_justified_checkpoint.root))
let justified_ancestor =
justified_blck.atSlot(justified_slot)
if justified_ancestor.blck.root != self.justified.blck.root:
return ok(false)
ok(true)
proc process_state(self: var Checkpoints,
dag: ChainDAGRef,
epochRef: EpochRef,
blck: BlockRef): FcResult[void] =
let
state_justified_epoch = epochRef.current_justified_checkpoint.epoch
state_finalized_epoch = epochRef.finalized_checkpoint.epoch
trace "Processing epoch",
epoch = epochRef.epoch,
state_justified_epoch = state_justified_epoch,
current_justified = self.justified.epochRef.epoch,
state_finalized_epoch = state_finalized_epoch,
current_finalized = self.finalized.epoch
if state_justified_epoch > self.justified.epochRef.epoch:
if state_justified_epoch > self.best_justified.epoch:
self.best_justified = epochRef.current_justified_checkpoint
if ? should_update_justified_checkpoint(self, dag, epochRef):
let justifiedBlck = blck.atEpochStart(state_justified_epoch)
self.justified =
BalanceCheckpoint(
blck: justifiedBlck.blck,
epochRef: dag.getEpochRef(justifiedBlck.blck, state_justified_epoch))
if state_finalized_epoch > self.finalized.epoch:
self.finalized = epochRef.finalized_checkpoint
if self.justified.epochRef.epoch != state_justified_epoch or
self.justified.blck.root != epochRef.current_justified_checkpoint.root:
if (state_justified_epoch > self.justified.epochRef.epoch) or
(self.justified.blck.atEpochStart(self.finalized.epoch).blck.root !=
self.finalized.root):
let justifiedBlck = blck.atEpochStart(state_justified_epoch)
self.justified =
BalanceCheckpoint(
blck: justifiedBlck.blck,
epochRef: dag.getEpochRef(justifiedBlck.blck, state_justified_epoch))
ok()
proc process_block*(self: var ForkChoiceBackend,
block_root: Eth2Digest,
parent_root: Eth2Digest,
justified_epoch: Epoch,
finalized_epoch: Epoch): FcResult[void] =
self.proto_array.on_block(
block_root, parent_root, justified_epoch, finalized_epoch)
proc process_block*(self: var ForkChoice,
dag: ChainDAGRef,
epochRef: EpochRef,
blckRef: BlockRef,
blck: SomeBeaconBlock,
wallSlot: Slot): FcResult[void] =
? update_time(self, dag, wallSlot)
? process_state(self.checkpoints, dag, epochRef, blckRef)
for attestation in blck.body.attestations:
let targetBlck = dag.getRef(attestation.data.target.root)
if targetBlck.isNil:
continue
if attestation.data.beacon_block_root in self.backend:
let
participants = get_attesting_indices(
epochRef, attestation.data, attestation.aggregation_bits)
for validator in participants:
self.backend.process_attestation(
validator,
attestation.data.beacon_block_root,
attestation.data.target.epoch)
? process_block(
self.backend, blckRef.root, blck.parent_root,
epochRef.current_justified_checkpoint.epoch,
epochRef.finalized_checkpoint.epoch
)
trace "Integrating block in fork choice",
block_root = shortLog(blckRef)
ok()
proc find_head*(
self: var ForkChoiceBackend,
justified_epoch: Epoch,
justified_root: Eth2Digest,
finalized_epoch: Epoch,
justified_state_balances: seq[Gwei]
): FcResult[Eth2Digest] =
## Returns the new blockchain head
# Compute deltas with previous call
# we might want to reuse the `deltas` buffer across calls
var deltas = newSeq[Delta](self.proto_array.indices.len)
? deltas.compute_deltas(
indices = self.proto_array.indices,
indices_offset = self.proto_array.nodes.offset,
votes = self.votes,
old_balances = self.balances,
new_balances = justified_state_balances
)
# Apply score changes
? self.proto_array.apply_score_changes(
deltas, justified_epoch, finalized_epoch
)
self.balances = justified_state_balances
# Find the best block
var new_head{.noInit.}: Eth2Digest
? self.proto_array.find_head(new_head, justified_root)
{.noSideEffect.}:
debug "Fork choice requested",
justified_epoch = justified_epoch,
justified_root = shortLog(justified_root),
finalized_epoch = finalized_epoch,
fork_choice_head = shortLog(new_head)
return ok(new_head)
# https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.12.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#get_head
proc get_head*(self: var ForkChoice,
dag: ChainDAGRef,
wallSlot: Slot): FcResult[Eth2Digest] =
? self.update_time(dag, wallSlot)
self.backend.find_head(
self.checkpoints.justified.epochRef.epoch,
self.checkpoints.justified.blck.root,
self.checkpoints.finalized.epoch,
self.checkpoints.justified.epochRef.effective_balances,
)
func prune*(
self: var ForkChoiceBackend, finalized_root: Eth2Digest
): FcResult[void] =
## Prune blocks preceding the finalized root as they are now unneeded.
self.proto_array.prune(finalized_root)
func prune*(self: var ForkChoice): FcResult[void] =
self.backend.prune(self.checkpoints.finalized.root)
func compute_deltas(
deltas: var openarray[Delta],
indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index],
indices_offset: Index,
votes: var openArray[VoteTracker],
old_balances: openarray[Gwei],
new_balances: openarray[Gwei]
): FcResult[void] =
## Update `deltas`
## between old and new balances
## between votes
##
## `deltas.len` must match `indices.len` (lenght match)
##
## Error:
## - If a value in indices is greater than `indices.len`
## - If a `Eth2Digest` in `votes` does not exist in `indices`
## except for the `default(Eth2Digest)` (i.e. zero hash)
for val_index, vote in votes.mpairs():
# No need to create a score change if the validator has never voted
# or if votes are for the zero hash (alias to the genesis block)
if vote.current_root == default(Eth2Digest) and vote.next_root == default(Eth2Digest):
continue
# If the validator was not included in `old_balances` (i.e. did not exist)
# its balance is zero
let old_balance = if val_index < old_balances.len: old_balances[val_index]
else: 0
# If the validator is not known in the `new_balances` then use balance of zero
#
# It is possible that there is a vote for an unknown validator if we change our
# justified state to a new state with a higher epoch on a different fork
# because that fork may have on-boarded less validators than the previous fork.
#
# Note that attesters are not different as they are activated only under finality
let new_balance = if val_index < new_balances.len: new_balances[val_index]
else: 0
if vote.current_root != vote.next_root or old_balance != new_balance:
# Ignore the current or next vote if it is not known in `indices`.
# We assume that it is outside of our tree (i.e., pre-finalization) and therefore not interesting.
if vote.current_root in indices:
let index = indices.unsafeGet(vote.current_root) - indices_offset
if index >= deltas.len:
return err ForkChoiceError(
kind: fcInvalidNodeDelta,
index: index
)
deltas[index] -= Delta old_balance
# Note that delta can be negative
# TODO: is int64 big enough?
if vote.next_root in indices:
let index = indices.unsafeGet(vote.next_root) - indices_offset
if index >= deltas.len:
return err ForkChoiceError(
kind: fcInvalidNodeDelta,
index: index
)
deltas[index] += Delta new_balance
# Note that delta can be negative
# TODO: is int64 big enough?
vote.current_root = vote.next_root
return ok()
# Sanity checks
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Sanity checks on internal private procedures
when isMainModule:
import stew/endians2
func fakeHash(index: SomeInteger): Eth2Digest =
## Create fake hashes
## Those are just the value serialized in big-endian
## We add 16x16 to avoid having a zero hash are those are special cased
## We store them in the first 8 bytes
## as those are the one used in hash tables Table[Eth2Digest, T]
result.data[0 ..< 8] = (16*16+index).uint64.toBytesBE()
proc tZeroHash() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test zero votes"
const validator_count = 16
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](validator_count)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
var old_balances: seq[Gwei]
var new_balances: seq[Gwei]
for i in 0 ..< validator_count:
indices.add fakeHash(i), i
votes.add default(VoteTracker)
old_balances.add 0
new_balances.add 0
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
doAssert deltas == newSeq[Delta](validator_count), "deltas should be zeros"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tAll_voted_the_same() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test all same votes"
const
Balance = Gwei(42)
validator_count = 16
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](validator_count)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
var old_balances: seq[Gwei]
var new_balances: seq[Gwei]
for i in 0 ..< validator_count:
indices.add fakeHash(i), i
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: default(Eth2Digest),
next_root: fakeHash(0), # Get a non-zero hash
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
old_balances.add Balance
new_balances.add Balance
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
for i, delta in deltas.pairs:
if i == 0:
doAssert delta == Delta(Balance * validator_count), "The 0th root should have a delta"
else:
doAssert delta == 0, "The non-0 indexes should have a zero delta"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tDifferent_votes() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test all different votes"
const
Balance = Gwei(42)
validator_count = 16
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](validator_count)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
var old_balances: seq[Gwei]
var new_balances: seq[Gwei]
for i in 0 ..< validator_count:
indices.add fakeHash(i), i
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: default(Eth2Digest),
next_root: fakeHash(i), # Each vote for a different root
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
old_balances.add Balance
new_balances.add Balance
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
for i, delta in deltas.pairs:
doAssert delta == Delta(Balance), "Each root should have a delta"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tMoving_votes() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test moving votes"
const
Balance = Gwei(42)
validator_count = 16
TotalDeltas = Delta(Balance * validator_count)
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](validator_count)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
var old_balances: seq[Gwei]
var new_balances: seq[Gwei]
for i in 0 ..< validator_count:
indices.add fakeHash(i), i
votes.add VoteTracker(
# Move vote from root 0 to root 1
current_root: fakeHash(0),
next_root: fakeHash(1),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
old_balances.add Balance
new_balances.add Balance
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
for i, delta in deltas.pairs:
if i == 0:
doAssert delta == -TotalDeltas, "0th root should have a negative delta"
elif i == 1:
doAssert delta == TotalDeltas, "1st root should have a positive delta"
else:
doAssert delta == 0, "The non-0 and non-1 indexes should have a zero delta"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tMove_out_of_tree() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test votes for unknown subtree"
const Balance = Gwei(42)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
# Add a block
indices.add fakeHash(1), 0
# 2 validators
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](2)
let old_balances = @[Balance, Balance]
let new_balances = @[Balance, Balance]
# One validator moves their vote from the block to the zero hash
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: fakeHash(1),
next_root: default(Eth2Digest),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
# One validator moves their vote from the block to something outside of the tree
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: fakeHash(1),
next_root: fakeHash(1337),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
doAssert deltas[0] == -Delta(Balance)*2, "The 0th block should have lost both balances."
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tChanging_balances() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test changing balances"
const
OldBalance = Gwei(42)
NewBalance = OldBalance * 2
validator_count = 16
TotalOldDeltas = Delta(OldBalance * validator_count)
TotalNewDeltas = Delta(NewBalance * validator_count)
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](validator_count)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
var old_balances: seq[Gwei]
var new_balances: seq[Gwei]
for i in 0 ..< validator_count:
indices.add fakeHash(i), i
votes.add VoteTracker(
# Move vote from root 0 to root 1
current_root: fakeHash(0),
next_root: fakeHash(1),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
old_balances.add OldBalance
new_balances.add NewBalance
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
for i, delta in deltas.pairs:
if i == 0:
doAssert delta == -TotalOldDeltas, "0th root should have a negative delta"
elif i == 1:
doAssert delta == TotalNewDeltas, "1st root should have a positive delta"
else:
doAssert delta == 0, "The non-0 and non-1 indexes should have a zero delta"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tValidator_appears() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test validator appears"
const Balance = Gwei(42)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
# Add 2 blocks
indices.add fakeHash(1), 0
indices.add fakeHash(2), 1
# 1 validator at the start, 2 at the end
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](2)
let old_balances = @[Balance]
let new_balances = @[Balance, Balance]
# Both moves vote from Block 1 to 2
for _ in 0 ..< 2:
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: fakeHash(1),
next_root: fakeHash(2),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
doAssert deltas[0] == -Delta(Balance), "Block 1 should have lost only 1 balance"
doAssert deltas[1] == Delta(Balance)*2, "Block 2 should have gained 2 balances"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
proc tValidator_disappears() =
echo " fork_choice compute_deltas - test validator disappears"
const Balance = Gwei(42)
var indices: Table[Eth2Digest, Index]
var votes: seq[VoteTracker]
# Add 2 blocks
indices.add fakeHash(1), 0
indices.add fakeHash(2), 1
# 1 validator at the start, 2 at the end
var deltas = newSeqUninitialized[Delta](2)
let old_balances = @[Balance, Balance]
let new_balances = @[Balance]
# Both moves vote from Block 1 to 2
for _ in 0 ..< 2:
votes.add VoteTracker(
current_root: fakeHash(1),
next_root: fakeHash(2),
next_epoch: Epoch(0)
)
let err = deltas.compute_deltas(
indices, indices_offset = 0, votes, old_balances, new_balances
)
doAssert err.isOk, "compute_deltas finished with error: " & $err
doAssert deltas[0] == -Delta(Balance)*2, "Block 1 should have lost 2 balances"
doAssert deltas[1] == Delta(Balance), "Block 2 should have gained 1 balance"
for vote in votes:
doAssert vote.current_root == vote.next_root, "The vote should have been updated"
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
echo "fork_choice internal tests for compute_deltas"
tZeroHash()
tAll_voted_the_same()
tDifferent_votes()
tMoving_votes()
tChanging_balances()
tValidator_appears()
tValidator_disappears()
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