655 lines
23 KiB
Nim
655 lines
23 KiB
Nim
# beacon_chain
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# Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Status Research & Development GmbH
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# Licensed and distributed under either of
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# * MIT license (license terms in the root directory or at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
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# * Apache v2 license (license terms in the root directory or at https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
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# at your option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.
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when (NimMajor, NimMinor) < (1, 4):
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{.push raises: [Defect].}
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else:
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{.push raises: [].}
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import
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# Standard library
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std/[tables, typetraits],
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# Status libraries
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chronicles,
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stew/results,
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# Internal
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../spec/datatypes/base,
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../spec/helpers,
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# Fork choice
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./fork_choice_types
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logScope:
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topics = "fork_choice"
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export results
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# https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v0.11.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md
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# This is a port of https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/804
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# which is a port of "Proto-Array": https://github.com/protolambda/lmd-ghost
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# See also:
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# - Protolambda port of Lighthouse: https://github.com/protolambda/eth2-py-hacks/blob/ae286567/proto_array.py
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# - Prysmatic writeup: https://hackmd.io/bABJiht3Q9SyV3Ga4FT9lQ#High-level-concept
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# - Gasper Whitepaper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052
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# Helpers
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# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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func tiebreak(a, b: Eth2Digest): bool =
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## Fork-Choice tie-break between 2 digests
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## Currently implemented as `>=` (greater or equal)
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## on the binary representation
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for i in 0 ..< a.data.len:
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if a.data[i] < b.data[i]:
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return false
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elif a.data[i] > b.data[i]:
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return true
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# else we have equality so far
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return true
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template unsafeGet*[K, V](table: Table[K, V], key: K): V =
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## Get a value from a Nim Table, turning KeyError into
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## an AssertionError defect
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# Pointer is used to work around the lack of a `var` withValue
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try:
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table[key]
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except KeyError as exc:
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raiseAssert(exc.msg)
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func `[]`(nodes: ProtoNodes, idx: Index): Option[ProtoNode] =
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## Retrieve a ProtoNode at "Index"
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if idx < nodes.offset:
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return none(ProtoNode)
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let i = idx - nodes.offset
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if i >= nodes.buf.len:
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return none(ProtoNode)
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some(nodes.buf[i])
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func len*(nodes: ProtoNodes): int =
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nodes.buf.len
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func add(nodes: var ProtoNodes, node: ProtoNode) =
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nodes.buf.add node
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func isPreviousEpochJustified(self: ProtoArray): bool =
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self.checkpoints.justified.epoch + 1 == self.currentEpoch
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# Forward declarations
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# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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func maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(self: var ProtoArray,
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parentIdx: Index,
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childIdx: Index): FcResult[void]
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func nodeIsViableForHead(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): bool
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func nodeLeadsToViableHead(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): FcResult[bool]
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# ProtoArray routines
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# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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func init*(
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T: type ProtoArray, checkpoints: FinalityCheckpoints,
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hasLowParticipation: bool): T =
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let node = ProtoNode(
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root: checkpoints.finalized.root,
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parent: none(int),
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checkpoints: checkpoints,
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weight: 0,
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invalid: false,
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bestChild: none(int),
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bestDescendant: none(int))
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T(hasLowParticipation: hasLowParticipation,
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checkpoints: checkpoints,
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nodes: ProtoNodes(buf: @[node], offset: 0),
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indices: {node.root: 0}.toTable())
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iterator realizePendingCheckpoints*(
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self: var ProtoArray, resetTipTracking = true): FinalityCheckpoints =
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# Pull-up chain tips from previous epoch
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for idx, unrealized in self.currentEpochTips.pairs():
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let physicalIdx = idx - self.nodes.offset
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if unrealized != self.nodes.buf[physicalIdx].checkpoints:
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trace "Pulling up chain tip",
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blck = self.nodes.buf[physicalIdx].root,
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checkpoints = self.nodes.buf[physicalIdx].checkpoints,
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unrealized
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self.nodes.buf[physicalIdx].checkpoints = unrealized
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yield unrealized
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# Reset tip tracking for new epoch
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if resetTipTracking:
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self.currentEpochTips.clear()
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# https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#get_latest_attesting_balance
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func calculateProposerBoost(validatorBalances: openArray[Gwei]): uint64 =
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var
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total_balance: uint64
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num_validators: uint64
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for balance in validatorBalances:
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# We need to filter zero balances here to get an accurate active validator
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# count. This is because we default inactive validator balances to zero
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# when creating this balances array.
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if balance != 0:
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total_balance += balance
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num_validators += 1
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if num_validators == 0:
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return 0
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let
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average_balance = total_balance div num_validators.uint64
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committee_size = num_validators div SLOTS_PER_EPOCH
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committee_weight = committee_size * average_balance
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(committee_weight * PROPOSER_SCORE_BOOST) div 100
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func applyScoreChanges*(self: var ProtoArray,
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deltas: var openArray[Delta],
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currentEpoch: Epoch,
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checkpoints: FinalityCheckpoints,
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newBalances: openArray[Gwei],
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proposerBoostRoot: Eth2Digest): FcResult[void] =
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## Iterate backwards through the array, touching all nodes and their parents
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## and potentially the best-child of each parent.
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#
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# The structure of `self.nodes` array ensures that the child of each node
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# is always touched before its parent.
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#
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# For each node the following is done:
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#
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# 1. Update the node's weight with the corresponding delta.
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# 2. Backpropagate each node's delta to its parent's delta.
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# 3. Compare the current node with the parent's best-child,
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# updating if the current node should become the best-child
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# 4. If required, update the parent's best-descendant with the current node
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# or its best-descendant
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doAssert self.indices.len == self.nodes.len # By construction
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if deltas.len != self.indices.len:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidDeltaLen,
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deltasLen: deltas.len,
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indicesLen: self.indices.len)
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self.currentEpoch = currentEpoch
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self.checkpoints = checkpoints
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# If previous epoch is justified, pull up all current tips to previous epoch
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if self.hasLowParticipation and self.isPreviousEpochJustified:
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for realized in self.realizePendingCheckpoints(resetTipTracking = false):
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discard
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## Alias
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# This cannot raise the IndexError exception, how to tell compiler?
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template node: untyped {.dirty.} =
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self.nodes.buf[nodePhysicalIdx]
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# Default value, if not otherwise set in first node loop
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var proposerBoostScore: uint64
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# Iterate backwards through all the indices in `self.nodes`
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for nodePhysicalIdx in countdown(self.nodes.len - 1, 0):
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if node.root.isZero:
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continue
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var nodeDelta = deltas[nodePhysicalIdx]
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# If we find the node for which the proposer boost was previously applied,
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# decrease the delta by the previous score amount.
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if (not self.previousProposerBoostRoot.isZero) and
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self.previousProposerBoostRoot == node.root:
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if nodeDelta < 0 and
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nodeDelta - low(Delta) < self.previousProposerBoostScore.int64:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcDeltaUnderflow,
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index: nodePhysicalIdx)
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nodeDelta -= self.previousProposerBoostScore.int64
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# If we find the node matching the current proposer boost root, increase
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# the delta by the new score amount.
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#
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# https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.1.10/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#get_latest_attesting_balance
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if (not proposerBoostRoot.isZero) and proposerBoostRoot == node.root:
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proposerBoostScore = calculateProposerBoost(newBalances)
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if nodeDelta >= 0 and
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high(Delta) - nodeDelta < proposerBoostScore.int64:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcDeltaOverflow,
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index: nodePhysicalIdx)
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nodeDelta += proposerBoostScore.int64
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# Apply the delta to the node
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# We fail fast if underflow, which shouldn't happen.
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# Note that delta can be negative but weight cannot
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let weight = node.weight + nodeDelta
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if weight < 0:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcDeltaUnderflow,
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index: nodePhysicalIdx)
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node.weight = weight
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# If the node has a parent, try to update its best-child and best-descendent
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if node.parent.isSome():
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let parentLogicalIdx = node.parent.unsafeGet()
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let parentPhysicalIdx = parentLogicalIdx - self.nodes.offset
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if parentPhysicalIdx < 0:
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# Orphan, for example
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# 0
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# / \
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# 2 1
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# |
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# 3
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# |
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# 4
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# -------pruned here ------
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# 5 6
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# |
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# 7
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# |
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# 8
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# / \
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# 9 10
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#
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# with 5 the canonical chain and 6 a discarded fork
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# that will be pruned next.
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continue
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if parentPhysicalIdx >= deltas.len:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidParentDelta,
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index: parentPhysicalIdx)
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# Back-propagate the nodes delta to its parent.
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deltas[parentPhysicalIdx] += nodeDelta
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# After applying all deltas, update the `previous_proposer_boost`.
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self.previousProposerBoostRoot = proposerBoostRoot
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self.previousProposerBoostScore = proposerBoostScore
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for nodePhysicalIdx in countdown(self.nodes.len - 1, 0):
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if node.root.isZero:
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continue
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if node.parent.isSome():
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let parentLogicalIdx = node.parent.unsafeGet()
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let parentPhysicalIdx = parentLogicalIdx - self.nodes.offset
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if parentPhysicalIdx < 0:
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# Orphan
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continue
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let nodeLogicalIdx = nodePhysicalIdx + self.nodes.offset
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? self.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentLogicalIdx, nodeLogicalIdx)
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ok()
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func onBlock*(self: var ProtoArray,
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root: Eth2Digest,
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parent: Eth2Digest,
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checkpoints: FinalityCheckpoints,
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unrealized = none(FinalityCheckpoints)): FcResult[void] =
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## Register a block with the fork choice
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## A block `hasParentInForkChoice` may be false
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## on fork choice initialization:
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## - either from Genesis
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## - or from a finalized state loaded from database
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# Note: if parent is an "Option" type, we can run out of stack space.
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# If the block is already known, ignore it
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if root in self.indices:
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return ok()
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var parentIdx: Index
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self.indices.withValue(parent, index) do:
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parentIdx = index[]
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do:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcUnknownParent,
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childRoot: root,
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parentRoot: parent)
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let nodeLogicalIdx = self.nodes.offset + self.nodes.buf.len
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let node = ProtoNode(
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root: root,
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parent: some(parentIdx),
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checkpoints: checkpoints,
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weight: 0,
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invalid: false,
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bestChild: none(int),
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bestDescendant: none(int))
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self.indices[node.root] = nodeLogicalIdx
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self.nodes.add node
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if unrealized.isSome:
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self.currentEpochTips.del parentIdx
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self.currentEpochTips[nodeLogicalIdx] = unrealized.get
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? self.maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(parentIdx, nodeLogicalIdx)
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ok()
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func findHead*(self: var ProtoArray,
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head: var Eth2Digest,
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justifiedRoot: Eth2Digest): FcResult[void] =
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## Follows the best-descendant links to find the best-block (i.e. head-block)
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##
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## ️ Warning
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## The result may not be accurate if `onBlock` is not followed by
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## `applyScoreChanges` as `onBlock` does not update the whole tree.
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var justifiedIdx: Index
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self.indices.withValue(justifiedRoot, value) do:
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justifiedIdx = value[]
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do:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcJustifiedNodeUnknown,
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blockRoot: justifiedRoot)
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let justifiedNode = self.nodes[justifiedIdx]
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if justifiedNode.isNone():
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidJustifiedIndex,
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index: justifiedIdx)
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let bestDescendantIdx = justifiedNode.get().bestDescendant.get(justifiedIdx)
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let bestNode = self.nodes[bestDescendantIdx]
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if bestNode.isNone():
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant,
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index: bestDescendantIdx)
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# Perform a sanity check to ensure the node can be head
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if not self.nodeIsViableForHead(bestNode.get()):
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidBestNode,
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startRoot: justifiedRoot,
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fkChoiceCheckpoints: self.checkpoints,
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headRoot: justifiedNode.get().root,
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headCheckpoints: justifiedNode.get().checkpoints)
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head = bestNode.get().root
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ok()
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func prune*(self: var ProtoArray, finalizedRoot: Eth2Digest): FcResult[void] =
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## Update the tree with new finalization information.
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## The tree is pruned if and only if:
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## - The `finalizedRoot` and finalized epoch are different from current
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##
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## Returns error if:
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## - The finalized epoch is less than the current one
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## - The finalized epoch matches the current one but the finalized root is different
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## - Internal error due to invalid indices in `self`
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var finalizedIdx: int
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self.indices.withValue(finalizedRoot, value) do:
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finalizedIdx = value[]
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do:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcFinalizedNodeUnknown,
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blockRoot: finalizedRoot)
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if finalizedIdx == self.nodes.offset:
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# Nothing to do
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return ok()
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if finalizedIdx < self.nodes.offset:
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcPruningFromOutdatedFinalizedRoot,
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finalizedRoot: finalizedRoot)
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trace "Pruning blocks from fork choice",
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finalizedRoot = shortLog(finalizedRoot)
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let finalPhysicalIdx = finalizedIdx - self.nodes.offset
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for nodeIdx in 0 ..< finalPhysicalIdx:
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self.currentEpochTips.del nodeIdx
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self.indices.del(self.nodes.buf[nodeIdx].root)
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# Drop all nodes prior to finalization.
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# This is done in-place with `moveMem` to avoid costly reallocations.
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static: doAssert ProtoNode.supportsCopyMem(), "ProtoNode must be a trivial type"
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let tail = self.nodes.len - finalPhysicalIdx
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# TODO: can we have an unallocated `self.nodes`? i.e. self.nodes[0] is nil
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moveMem(self.nodes.buf[0].addr, self.nodes.buf[finalPhysicalIdx].addr, tail * sizeof(ProtoNode))
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self.nodes.buf.setLen(tail)
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# update offset
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self.nodes.offset = finalizedIdx
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ok()
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func maybeUpdateBestChildAndDescendant(self: var ProtoArray,
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parentIdx: Index,
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childIdx: Index): FcResult[void] =
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## Observe the parent at `parentIdx` with respect to the child at `childIdx` and
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## potentially modify the `parent.bestChild` and `parent.bestDescendant` values
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##
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## There are four scenarios:
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##
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## 1. The child is already the best child
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## but it's now invalid due to a FFG change and should be removed.
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## 2. The child is already the best child
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## and the parent is updated with the new best descendant
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## 3. The child is not the best child but becomes the best child
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## 4. The child is not the best child and does not become the best child
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let child = self.nodes[childIdx]
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if child.isNone():
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidNodeIndex,
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index: childIdx)
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let parent = self.nodes[parentIdx]
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if parent.isNone():
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidNodeIndex,
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index: parentIdx)
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let childLeadsToViableHead = ? self.nodeLeadsToViableHead(child.get())
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let # Aliases to the 3 possible (bestChild, bestDescendant) tuples
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changeToNone = (none(Index), none(Index))
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changeToChild = (
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some(childIdx),
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# Nim `options` module doesn't implement option `or`
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if child.get().bestDescendant.isSome(): child.get().bestDescendant
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else: some(childIdx)
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)
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noChange = (parent.get().bestChild, parent.get().bestDescendant)
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# TODO: state-machine? The control-flow is messy
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let (newBestChild, newBestDescendant) = block:
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if parent.get().bestChild.isSome:
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let bestChildIdx = parent.get().bestChild.unsafeGet()
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if bestChildIdx == childIdx and not childLeadsToViableHead:
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# The child is already the best-child of the parent
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# but it's not viable to be the head block => remove it
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changeToNone
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elif bestChildIdx == childIdx:
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# If the child is the best-child already, set it again to ensure
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# that the best-descendant of the parent is up-to-date.
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changeToChild
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else:
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let bestChild = self.nodes[bestChildIdx]
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if bestChild.isNone():
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return err ForkChoiceError(
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kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant,
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index: bestChildIdx)
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let bestChildLeadsToViableHead =
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? self.nodeLeadsToViableHead(bestChild.get())
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if childLeadsToViableHead and not bestChildLeadsToViableHead:
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# The child leads to a viable head, but the current best-child doesn't
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changeToChild
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elif not childLeadsToViableHead and bestChildLeadsToViableHead:
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# The best child leads to a viable head, but the child doesn't
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noChange
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elif child.get().weight == bestChild.get().weight:
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# Tie-breaker of equal weights by root
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if child.get().root.tiebreak(bestChild.get().root):
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changeToChild
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else:
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noChange
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else: # Choose winner by weight
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let cw = child.get().weight
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let bw = bestChild.get().weight
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if cw >= bw:
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changeToChild
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else:
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||
noChange
|
||
else:
|
||
if childLeadsToViableHead:
|
||
# There is no current best-child and the child is viable
|
||
changeToChild
|
||
else:
|
||
# There is no current best-child but the child is not viable
|
||
noChange
|
||
|
||
self.nodes.buf[parentIdx - self.nodes.offset].bestChild = newBestChild
|
||
self.nodes.buf[parentIdx - self.nodes.offset].bestDescendant = newBestDescendant
|
||
|
||
ok()
|
||
|
||
func nodeLeadsToViableHead(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): FcResult[bool] =
|
||
## Indicates if the node itself or its best-descendant are viable
|
||
## for blockchain head
|
||
let bestDescendantIsViableForHead = block:
|
||
if node.bestDescendant.isSome():
|
||
let bestDescendantIdx = node.bestDescendant.unsafeGet()
|
||
let bestDescendant = self.nodes[bestDescendantIdx]
|
||
if bestDescendant.isNone:
|
||
return err ForkChoiceError(
|
||
kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant,
|
||
index: bestDescendantIdx)
|
||
self.nodeIsViableForHead(bestDescendant.get())
|
||
else:
|
||
false
|
||
|
||
ok(bestDescendantIsViableForHead or self.nodeIsViableForHead(node))
|
||
|
||
func nodeIsViableForHead(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): bool =
|
||
## This is the equivalent of `filter_block_tree` function in eth2 spec
|
||
## https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/v1.3.0-alpha.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#filter_block_tree
|
||
|
||
if node.invalid:
|
||
return false
|
||
|
||
if self.hasLowParticipation:
|
||
return
|
||
if node.checkpoints.justified.epoch < self.checkpoints.justified.epoch:
|
||
false
|
||
elif self.isPreviousEpochJustified:
|
||
node.checkpoints.finalized.epoch >= self.checkpoints.finalized.epoch
|
||
else:
|
||
node.checkpoints.finalized == self.checkpoints.finalized or
|
||
self.checkpoints.finalized.epoch == GENESIS_EPOCH
|
||
|
||
## Any node that has a different finalized or justified epoch
|
||
## should not be viable for the head.
|
||
(
|
||
(node.checkpoints.justified == self.checkpoints.justified) or
|
||
(self.checkpoints.justified.epoch == GENESIS_EPOCH)
|
||
) and (
|
||
(node.checkpoints.finalized == self.checkpoints.finalized) or
|
||
(self.checkpoints.finalized.epoch == GENESIS_EPOCH)
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
func propagateInvalidity*(
|
||
self: var ProtoArray, startPhysicalIdx: Index) =
|
||
# Called when startPhysicalIdx is updated in a parent role, so the pairs of
|
||
# indices generated of (parent, child) where both >= startPhysicalIdx, mean
|
||
# the loop in general from the child's perspective starts one index higher.
|
||
for nodePhysicalIdx in startPhysicalIdx + 1 ..< self.nodes.len:
|
||
let nodeParent = self.nodes.buf[nodePhysicalIdx].parent
|
||
if nodeParent.isNone:
|
||
continue
|
||
|
||
let
|
||
parentLogicalIdx = nodeParent.unsafeGet()
|
||
parentPhysicalIdx = parentLogicalIdx - self.nodes.offset
|
||
|
||
# Former case is orphaned, latter is invalid, but caught in score updates
|
||
if parentPhysicalIdx < 0 or parentPhysicalIdx >= self.nodes.len:
|
||
continue
|
||
|
||
# Invalidity transmits to all descendents
|
||
if self.nodes.buf[parentPhysicalIdx].invalid:
|
||
self.nodes.buf[nodePhysicalIdx].invalid = true
|
||
|
||
# Diagnostics
|
||
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
# Helpers to dump internal state
|
||
|
||
type ProtoArrayItem* = object
|
||
root*: Eth2Digest
|
||
parent*: Eth2Digest
|
||
checkpoints*: FinalityCheckpoints
|
||
unrealized*: Option[FinalityCheckpoints]
|
||
weight*: int64
|
||
invalid*: bool
|
||
bestChild*: Eth2Digest
|
||
bestDescendant*: Eth2Digest
|
||
|
||
func root(self: ProtoNodes, logicalIdx: Option[Index]): Eth2Digest =
|
||
if logicalIdx.isNone:
|
||
return ZERO_HASH
|
||
let node = self[logicalIdx.unsafeGet]
|
||
if node.isNone:
|
||
return ZERO_HASH
|
||
node.unsafeGet.root
|
||
|
||
iterator items*(self: ProtoArray): ProtoArrayItem =
|
||
## Iterate over all nodes known by fork choice.
|
||
doAssert self.indices.len == self.nodes.len
|
||
for nodePhysicalIdx, node in self.nodes.buf:
|
||
if node.root.isZero:
|
||
continue
|
||
|
||
let unrealized = block:
|
||
let nodeLogicalIdx = nodePhysicalIdx + self.nodes.offset
|
||
if self.currentEpochTips.hasKey(nodeLogicalIdx):
|
||
some self.currentEpochTips.unsafeGet(nodeLogicalIdx)
|
||
else:
|
||
none(FinalityCheckpoints)
|
||
|
||
yield ProtoArrayItem(
|
||
root: node.root,
|
||
parent: self.nodes.root(node.parent),
|
||
checkpoints: node.checkpoints,
|
||
unrealized: unrealized,
|
||
weight: node.weight,
|
||
invalid: node.invalid,
|
||
bestChild: self.nodes.root(node.bestChild),
|
||
bestDescendant: self.nodes.root(node.bestDescendant))
|
||
|
||
# Sanity checks
|
||
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
# Sanity checks on internal private procedures
|
||
|
||
when isMainModule:
|
||
import nimcrypto/hash
|
||
|
||
echo "Sanity checks on fork choice tiebreaks"
|
||
|
||
block:
|
||
const a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
|
||
const b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") # sha256(1)
|
||
|
||
doAssert tiebreak(a, b)
|
||
|
||
block:
|
||
const a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
|
||
const b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") # sha256(1)
|
||
|
||
doAssert tiebreak(a, b)
|
||
|
||
block:
|
||
const a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0xD86E8112F3C4C4442126F8E9F44F16867DA487F29052BF91B810457DB34209A4") # sha256(2)
|
||
const b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x7C9FA136D4413FA6173637E883B6998D32E1D675F88CDDFF9DCBCF331820F4B8") # sha256(1)
|
||
|
||
doAssert tiebreak(a, b)
|