# beacon_chain # Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Status Research & Development GmbH # Licensed and distributed under either of # * MIT license (license terms in the root directory or at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT). # * Apache v2 license (license terms in the root directory or at https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0). # at your option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms. {.push raises: [Defect].} import # Standard library std/tables, std/options, std/typetraits, # Status libraries chronicles, stew/results, # Internal ../spec/[datatypes, digest], # Fork choice ./fork_choice_types logScope: topics = "fork_choice" export results # https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.11.1/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md # This is a port of https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/804 # which is a port of "Proto-Array": https://github.com/protolambda/lmd-ghost # See also: # - Protolambda port of Lighthouse: https://github.com/protolambda/eth2-py-hacks/blob/ae286567/proto_array.py # - Prysmatic writeup: https://hackmd.io/bABJiht3Q9SyV3Ga4FT9lQ#High-level-concept # - Gasper Whitepaper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052 # Helpers # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- func tiebreak(a, b: Eth2Digest): bool = ## Fork-Choice tie-break between 2 digests ## Currently implemented as `>=` (greater or equal) ## on the binary representation for i in 0 ..< a.data.len: if a.data[i] < b.data[i]: return false elif a.data[i] > b.data[i]: return true # else we have equality so far return true template unsafeGet*[K, V](table: Table[K, V], key: K): V = ## Get a value from a Nim Table, turning KeyError into ## an AssertionError defect # Pointer is used to work around the lack of a `var` withValue try: table[key] except KeyError as exc: raiseAssert(exc.msg) func `[]`(nodes: ProtoNodes, idx: Index): Option[ProtoNode] {.inline.} = ## Retrieve a ProtoNode at "Index" if idx < nodes.offset: return none(ProtoNode) let i = idx - nodes.offset if i >= nodes.buf.len: return none(ProtoNode) return some(nodes.buf[i]) func len*(nodes: ProtoNodes): int {.inline.} = nodes.buf.len func add(nodes: var ProtoNodes, node: ProtoNode) {.inline.} = nodes.buf.add node # Forward declarations # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- func maybe_update_best_child_and_descendant( self: var ProtoArray, parent_index: Index, child_index: Index): FcResult[void] func node_is_viable_for_head(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): bool func node_leads_to_viable_head(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): FcResult[bool] # ProtoArray routines # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- func init*(T: type ProtoArray, justified_epoch: Epoch, finalized_root: Eth2Digest, finalized_epoch: Epoch): T = let node = ProtoNode( root: finalized_root, parent: none(int), justified_epoch: justified_epoch, finalized_epoch: finalized_epoch, weight: 0, best_child: none(int), best_descendant: none(int) ) T( justified_epoch: justified_epoch, finalized_epoch: finalized_epoch, nodes: ProtoNodes(buf: @[node], offset: 0), indices: {node.root: 0}.toTable() ) func apply_score_changes*( self: var ProtoArray, deltas: var openArray[Delta], justified_epoch: Epoch, finalized_epoch: Epoch ): FcResult[void] = ## Iterate backwards through the array, touching all nodes and their parents ## and potentially the best-child of each parent. ## ## The structure of `self.nodes` array ensures that the child of each node ## is always touched before it's aprent. ## ## For each node the following is done: ## ## 1. Update the node's weight with the corresponding delta. ## 2. Backpropagate each node's delta to its parent's delta. ## 3. Compare the current node with the parent's best-child, ## updating if the current node should become the best-child ## 4. If required, update the parent's best-descendant with the current node or its best-descendant doAssert self.indices.len == self.nodes.len # By construction if deltas.len != self.indices.len: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidDeltaLen, deltasLen: deltas.len, indicesLen: self.indices.len ) self.justified_epoch = justified_epoch self.finalized_epoch = finalized_epoch # Iterate backwards through all the indices in `self.nodes` for node_physical_index in countdown(self.nodes.len - 1, 0): template node: untyped {.dirty.}= self.nodes.buf[node_physical_index] ## Alias # This cannot raise the IndexError exception, how to tell compiler? if node.root == default(Eth2Digest): continue let node_delta = deltas[node_physical_index] # Apply the delta to the node # We fail fast if underflow, which shouldn't happen. # Note that delta can be negative but weight cannot let weight = node.weight + node_delta if weight < 0: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcDeltaUnderflow, index: node_physical_index ) node.weight = weight # If the node has a parent, try to update its best-child and best-descendant if node.parent.isSome(): let parent_logical_index = node.parent.unsafeGet() let parent_physical_index = parent_logical_index - self.nodes.offset if parent_physical_index < 0: # Orphan, for example # 0 # / \ # 2 1 # | # 3 # | # 4 # -------pruned here ------ # 5 6 # | # 7 # | # 8 # / \ # 9 10 # # with 5 the canonical chain and 6 a discarded fork # that will be pruned next. break if parent_physical_index >= deltas.len: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidParentDelta, index: parent_physical_index ) # Back-propagate the nodes delta to its parent. deltas[parent_physical_index] += node_delta let node_logical_index = node_physical_index + self.nodes.offset ? self.maybe_update_best_child_and_descendant(parent_logical_index, node_logical_index) return ok() func on_block*( self: var ProtoArray, root: Eth2Digest, parent: Eth2Digest, justified_epoch: Epoch, finalized_epoch: Epoch ): FcResult[void] = ## Register a block with the fork choice ## A block `hasParentInForkChoice` may be false ## on fork choice initialization: ## - either from Genesis ## - or from a finalized state loaded from database # Note: if parent is an "Option" type, we can run out of stack space. # If the block is already known, ignore it if root in self.indices: return ok() var parent_index: Index self.indices.withValue(parent, index) do: parent_index = index[] do: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcUnknownParent, child_root: root, parent_root: parent ) let node_logical_index = self.nodes.offset + self.nodes.buf.len let node = ProtoNode( root: root, parent: some(parent_index), justified_epoch: justified_epoch, finalized_epoch: finalized_epoch, weight: 0, best_child: none(int), best_descendant: none(int) ) self.indices[node.root] = node_logical_index self.nodes.add node ? self.maybe_update_best_child_and_descendant(parent_index, node_logical_index) return ok() func find_head*( self: var ProtoArray, head: var Eth2Digest, justified_root: Eth2Digest ): FcResult[void] = ## Follows the best-descendant links to find the best-block (i.e. head-block) ## ## ⚠️ Warning ## The result may not be accurate if `on_new_block` ## is not followed by `apply_score_changes` as `on_new_block` does not ## update the whole tree. var justified_index: Index self.indices.withValue(justified_root, value) do: justified_index = value[] do: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcJustifiedNodeUnknown, block_root: justified_root ) let justified_node = self.nodes[justified_index] if justified_node.isNone(): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidJustifiedIndex, index: justified_index ) let best_descendant_index = justified_node.get().best_descendant.get(justified_index) let best_node = self.nodes[best_descendant_index] if best_node.isNone(): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant, index: best_descendant_index ) # Perform a sanity check to ensure the node can be head if not self.node_is_viable_for_head(best_node.get()): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidBestNode, start_root: justified_root, justified_epoch: self.justified_epoch, finalized_epoch: self.finalized_epoch, head_root: justified_node.get().root, head_justified_epoch: justified_node.get().justified_epoch, head_finalized_epoch: justified_node.get().finalized_epoch ) head = best_node.get().root return ok() func prune*( self: var ProtoArray, finalized_root: Eth2Digest ): FcResult[void] = ## Update the tree with new finalization information. ## The tree is pruned if and only if: ## - The `finalized_root` and finalized epoch are different from current ## ## Returns error if: ## - The finalized epoch is less than the current one ## - The finalized epoch matches the current one but the finalized root is different ## - Internal error due to invalid indices in `self` var finalized_index: int self.indices.withValue(finalized_root, value) do: finalized_index = value[] do: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcFinalizedNodeUnknown, block_root: finalized_root ) if finalized_index == self.nodes.offset: # Nothing to do return ok() if finalized_index < self.nodes.offset: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcPruningFromOutdatedFinalizedRoot, finalizedRoot: finalized_root ) trace "Pruning blocks from fork choice", finalizedRoot = shortlog(finalized_root) let final_phys_index = finalized_index-self.nodes.offset for node_index in 0 ..< final_phys_index: self.indices.del(self.nodes.buf[node_index].root) # Drop all nodes prior to finalization. # This is done in-place with `moveMem` to avoid costly reallocations. static: doAssert ProtoNode.supportsCopyMem(), "ProtoNode must be a trivial type" let tail = self.nodes.len - final_phys_index # TODO: can we have an unallocated `self.nodes`? i.e. self.nodes[0] is nil moveMem(self.nodes.buf[0].addr, self.nodes.buf[final_phys_index].addr, tail * sizeof(ProtoNode)) self.nodes.buf.setLen(tail) # update offset self.nodes.offset = finalized_index return ok() func maybe_update_best_child_and_descendant( self: var ProtoArray, parent_index: Index, child_index: Index): Result[void, ForkChoiceError] = ## Observe the parent at `parent_index` with respect to the child at `child_index` and ## potentially modify the `parent.best_child` and `parent.best_descendant` values ## ## There are four scenarios: ## ## 1. The child is already the best child ## but it's now invalid due to a FFG change and should be removed. ## 2. The child is already the best child ## and the parent is updated with the new best descendant ## 3. The child is not the best child but becomes the best child ## 4. The child is not the best child and does not become the best child let child = self.nodes[child_index] if child.isNone(): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidNodeIndex, index: child_index ) let parent = self.nodes[parent_index] if parent.isNone(): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidNodeIndex, index: parent_index ) let child_leads_to_viable_head = ? self.node_leads_to_viable_head(child.get()) let # Aliases to the 3 possible (best_child, best_descendant) tuples change_to_none = (none(Index), none(Index)) change_to_child = ( some(child_index), # Nim `options` module doesn't implement option `or` if child.get().best_descendant.isSome(): child.get().best_descendant else: some(child_index) ) no_change = (parent.get().best_child, parent.get().best_descendant) # TODO: state-machine? The control-flow is messy let (new_best_child, new_best_descendant) = block: if parent.get().best_child.isSome: let best_child_index = parent.get().best_child.unsafeGet() if best_child_index == child_index and not child_leads_to_viable_head: # The child is already the best-child of the parent # but it's not viable to be the head block => remove it change_to_none elif best_child_index == child_index: # If the child is the best-child already, set it again to ensure # that the best-descendant of the parent is up-to-date. change_to_child else: let best_child = self.nodes[best_child_index] if best_child.isNone(): return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant, index: best_child_index ) let best_child_leads_to_viable_head = ? self.node_leads_to_viable_head(best_child.get()) if child_leads_to_viable_head and not best_child_leads_to_viable_head: # The child leads to a viable head, but the current best-child doesn't change_to_child elif not child_leads_to_viable_head and best_child_leads_to_viable_head: # The best child leads to a viable head, but the child doesn't no_change elif child.get().weight == best_child.get().weight: # Tie-breaker of equal weights by root if child.get().root.tiebreak(best_child.get().root): change_to_child else: no_change else: # Choose winner by weight let cw = child.get().weight let bw = best_child.get().weight if cw >= bw: change_to_child else: no_change else: if child_leads_to_viable_head: # There is no current best-child and the child is viable change_to_child else: # There is no current best-child but the child is not viable no_change self.nodes.buf[parent_index - self.nodes.offset].best_child = new_best_child self.nodes.buf[parent_index - self.nodes.offset].best_descendant = new_best_descendant return ok() func node_leads_to_viable_head( self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode ): FcResult[bool] = ## Indicates if the node itself or its best-descendant are viable ## for blockchain head let best_descendant_is_viable_for_head = block: if node.best_descendant.isSome(): let best_descendant_index = node.best_descendant.unsafeGet() let best_descendant = self.nodes[best_descendant_index] if best_descendant.isNone: return err ForkChoiceError( kind: fcInvalidBestDescendant, index: best_descendant_index ) self.node_is_viable_for_head(best_descendant.get()) else: false return ok(best_descendant_is_viable_for_head or self.node_is_viable_for_head(node)) func node_is_viable_for_head(self: ProtoArray, node: ProtoNode): bool = ## This is the equivalent of `filter_block_tree` function in eth2 spec ## https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/v0.10.0/specs/phase0/fork-choice.md#filter_block_tree ## ## Any node that has a different finalized or justified epoch ## should not be viable for the head. ( (node.justified_epoch == self.justified_epoch) or (self.justified_epoch == Epoch(0)) ) and ( (node.finalized_epoch == self.finalized_epoch) or (self.finalized_epoch == Epoch(0)) ) # Sanity checks # ---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Sanity checks on internal private procedures when isMainModule: import nimcrypto/hash echo "Sanity checks on fork choice tiebreaks" block: let a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") let b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") # sha256(1) doAssert tiebreak(a, b) block: let a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") let b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x0000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000") # sha256(1) doAssert tiebreak(a, b) block: let a = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0xD86E8112F3C4C4442126F8E9F44F16867DA487F29052BF91B810457DB34209A4") # sha256(2) let b = Eth2Digest.fromHex("0x7C9FA136D4413FA6173637E883B6998D32E1D675F88CDDFF9DCBCF331820F4B8") # sha256(1) doAssert tiebreak(a, b)