nimbus-eth2/beacon_chain/beacon_chain_db.nim

# beacon_chain
# Copyright (c) 2018-2022 Status Research & Development GmbH
# Licensed and distributed under either of
#   * MIT license (license terms in the root directory or at https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
#   * Apache v2 license (license terms in the root directory or at https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
# at your option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to those terms.

{.push raises: [Defect].}

import
  std/[typetraits, tables],
  stew/[arrayops, assign2, byteutils, endians2, io2, objects, results],
  serialization, chronicles, snappy,
  eth/db/[kvstore, kvstore_sqlite3],
  ./networking/network_metadata, ./beacon_chain_db_immutable,
  ./spec/[eth2_ssz_serialization, eth2_merkleization, forks, state_transition],
  ./spec/datatypes/[phase0, altair, bellatrix],
  ./filepath

export
  phase0, altair, eth2_ssz_serialization, eth2_merkleization, kvstore,
  kvstore_sqlite3

logScope: topics = "bc_db"

type
  DbSeq*[T] = object
    insertStmt: SqliteStmt[openArray[byte], void]
    selectStmt: SqliteStmt[int64, openArray[byte]]
    recordCount: int64

  FinalizedBlocks* = object
    # A sparse version of DbSeq - can have holes but not duplicate entries
    insertStmt: SqliteStmt[(int64, array[32, byte]), void]
    selectStmt: SqliteStmt[int64, array[32, byte]]
    selectAllStmt: SqliteStmt[NoParams, (int64, array[32, byte])]

    low*: Opt[Slot]
    high*: Opt[Slot]

  DepositsSeq = DbSeq[DepositData]

  DepositContractSnapshot* = object
    eth1Block*: Eth2Digest
    depositContractState*: DepositContractState

  BeaconChainDBV0* = ref object
    ## BeaconChainDBV0 based on old kvstore table that sets the WITHOUT ROWID
    ## option which becomes unbearably slow with large blobs. It is used as a
    ## read-only store to support old versions - by freezing it at its current
    ## data set, downgrading remains possible since it's no longer touched -
    ## anyone downgrading will have to sync up whatever they missed.
    ##
    ## Newer versions read from the new tables first - if the data is not found,
    ## they turn to the old tables for reading. Writing is done only to the new
    ## tables.
    ##
    ## V0 stored most data in a single table, prefixing each key with a tag
    ## identifying the type of data.
    ##
    ## 1.1 introduced BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators storage where immutable
    ## validator data is stored in a separate table and only a partial
    ## BeaconState is written to kvstore
    ##
    ## 1.2 moved BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators to a separate table to
    ## alleviate some of the btree balancing issues - this doubled the speed but
    ## was still
    ##
    ## 1.3 creates `kvstore` with rowid, making it quite fast, but doesn't do
    ## anything about existing databases. Versions after that use a separate
    ## file instead (V1)
    backend: KvStoreRef # kvstore
    stateStore: KvStoreRef # state_no_validators

  BeaconChainDB* = ref object
    ## Database storing resolved blocks and states - resolved blocks are such
    ## blocks that form a chain back to the tail block.
    ##
    ## We assume that the database backend is working / not corrupt - as such,
    ## we will raise a Defect any time there is an issue. This should be
    ## revisited in the future, when/if the calling code safely can handle
    ## corruption of this kind.
    ##
    ## The database follows an "mostly-consistent" model where it's possible
    ## that some data has been lost to crashes and restarts - for example,
    ## the state root table might contain entries that don't lead to a state
    ## etc - this makes it easier to defer certain operations such as pruning
    ## and cleanup, but also means that some amount of "junk" is left behind
    ## when the application is restarted or crashes in the wrong moment.
    ##
    ## Generally, sqlite performs a commit at the end of every write, meaning
    ## that data write order is respected - the strategy thus becomes to write
    ## bulk data first, then update pointers like the `head root` entry.
    db*: SqStoreRef

    v0: BeaconChainDBV0
    genesisDeposits*: DepositsSeq

    # immutableValidatorsDb only stores the total count; it's a proxy for SQL
    # queries. (v1.4.0+)
    immutableValidatorsDb*: DbSeq[ImmutableValidatorDataDb2]
    immutableValidators*: seq[ImmutableValidatorData2]

    checkpoint*: proc() {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect].}

    keyValues: KvStoreRef # Random stuff using DbKeyKind - suitable for small values mainly!
    blocks: KvStoreRef # BlockRoot -> phase0.TrustedBeaconBlock
    altairBlocks: KvStoreRef # BlockRoot -> altair.TrustedBeaconBlock
    mergeBlocks: KvStoreRef # BlockRoot -> bellatrix.TrustedBeaconBlock
    stateRoots: KvStoreRef # (Slot, BlockRoot) -> StateRoot
    statesNoVal: KvStoreRef # StateRoot -> Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators
    altairStatesNoVal: KvStoreRef # StateRoot -> AltairBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators
    mergeStatesNoVal: KvStoreRef # StateRoot -> MergeBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators
    stateDiffs: KvStoreRef ##\
      ## StateRoot -> BeaconStateDiff
      ## Instead of storing full BeaconStates, one can store only the diff from
      ## a different state. As 75% of a typical BeaconState's serialized form's
      ## the validators, which are mostly immutable and append-only, just using
      ## a simple append-diff representation helps significantly. Various roots
      ## are stored in a mod-increment pattern across fixed-sized arrays, which
      ## addresses most of the rest of the BeaconState sizes.

    summaries: KvStoreRef # BlockRoot -> BeaconBlockSummary

    finalizedBlocks*: FinalizedBlocks
      ## Blocks that are known to be finalized, per the latest head (v1.7.0+)

  DbKeyKind = enum
    kHashToState
    kHashToBlock
    kHeadBlock
      ## Pointer to the most recent block selected by the fork choice
    kTailBlock
      ## Pointer to the earliest finalized block - this is the genesis block when
      ## the chain starts, but might advance as the database gets pruned
      ## TODO: determine how aggressively the database should be pruned. For a
      ##       healthy network sync, we probably need to store blocks at least
      ##       past the weak subjectivity period.
    kBlockSlotStateRoot
      ## BlockSlot -> state_root mapping
    kGenesisBlock
      ## Immutable reference to the network genesis state
      ## (needed for satisfying requests to the beacon node API).
    kEth1PersistedTo # Obsolete
    kDepositsFinalizedByEth1 # Obsolete
    kDepositsFinalizedByEth2
      ## A merkleizer checkpoint used for computing merkle proofs of
      ## deposits added to Eth2 blocks (it may lag behind the finalized
      ## eth1 deposits checkpoint).
    kHashToBlockSummary # Block summaries for fast startup
    kSpeculativeDeposits
      ## A merkelizer checkpoint created on the basis of deposit events
      ## that we were not able to verify against a `deposit_root` served
      ## by the web3 provider. This may happen on Geth nodes that serve
      ## only recent contract state data (i.e. only recent `deposit_roots`).
    kHashToStateDiff # Obsolete
    kHashToStateOnlyMutableValidators
    kBackfillBlock # Obsolete, was in `unstable` for a while, but never released

  BeaconBlockSummary* = object
    ## Cache of beacon block summaries - during startup when we construct the
    ## chain dag, loading full blocks takes a lot of time - the block
    ## summary contains a minimal snapshot of what's needed to instanciate
    ## the BlockRef tree.
    slot*: Slot
    parent_root*: Eth2Digest

const
  # The largest object we're saving is the BeaconState, and by far, the largest
  # part of it is the validator - each validator takes up at least 129 bytes
  # in phase0,  which means 100k validators is >12mb - in addition to this,
  # there are several MB of hashes.
  maxDecompressedDbRecordSize = 64*1024*1024

# Subkeys essentially create "tables" within the key-value store by prefixing
# each entry with a table id

func subkey(kind: DbKeyKind): array[1, byte] =
  result[0] = byte ord(kind)

func subkey[N: static int](kind: DbKeyKind, key: array[N, byte]):
    array[N + 1, byte] =
  result[0] = byte ord(kind)
  result[1 .. ^1] = key

func subkey(kind: type phase0.BeaconState, key: Eth2Digest): auto =
  subkey(kHashToState, key.data)

func subkey(
    kind: type Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators, key: Eth2Digest): auto =
  subkey(kHashToStateOnlyMutableValidators, key.data)

func subkey(kind: type phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, key: Eth2Digest): auto =
  subkey(kHashToBlock, key.data)

func subkey(kind: type BeaconBlockSummary, key: Eth2Digest): auto =
  subkey(kHashToBlockSummary, key.data)

func subkey(root: Eth2Digest, slot: Slot): array[40, byte] =
  var ret: array[40, byte]
  # big endian to get a naturally ascending order on slots in sorted indices
  ret[0..<8] = toBytesBE(slot.uint64)
  # .. but 7 bytes should be enough for slots - in return, we get a nicely
  # rounded key length
  ret[0] = byte ord(kBlockSlotStateRoot)
  ret[8..<40] = root.data

  ret

template panic =
  # TODO(zah): Could we recover from a corrupted database?
  #            Review all usages.
  raiseAssert "The database should not be corrupted"

template expectDb(x: auto): untyped =
  # There's no meaningful error handling implemented for a corrupt database or
  # full disk - this requires manual intervention, so we'll panic for now
  x.expect("working database (disk broken/full?)")

proc init*[T](Seq: type DbSeq[T], db: SqStoreRef, name: string): KvResult[Seq] =
  ? db.exec("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS """ & name & """(
       id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
       value BLOB
    );
  """)

  let
    insertStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "INSERT INTO " & name & "(value) VALUES (?);",
      openArray[byte], void, managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

    selectStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT value FROM " & name & " WHERE id = ?;",
      int64, openArray[byte], managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

    countStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT COUNT(1) FROM " & name & ";",
      NoParams, int64, managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

  var recordCount = int64 0
  let countQueryRes = countStmt.exec do (res: int64):
    recordCount = res

  let found = ? countQueryRes
  if not found:
    return err("Cannot count existing items")
  countStmt.dispose()

  ok(Seq(insertStmt: insertStmt,
         selectStmt: selectStmt,
         recordCount: recordCount))

proc close*(s: DbSeq) =
  s.insertStmt.dispose()
  s.selectStmt.dispose()

proc add*[T](s: var DbSeq[T], val: T) =
  var bytes = SSZ.encode(val)
  s.insertStmt.exec(bytes).expectDb()
  inc s.recordCount

template len*[T](s: DbSeq[T]): int64 =
  s.recordCount

proc get*[T](s: DbSeq[T], idx: int64): T =
  # This is used only locally
  let resultAddr = addr result

  let queryRes = s.selectStmt.exec(idx + 1) do (recordBytes: openArray[byte]):
    try:
      resultAddr[] = decode(SSZ, recordBytes, T)
    except SerializationError:
      panic()

  let found = queryRes.expectDb()
  if not found: panic()

proc init*(T: type FinalizedBlocks, db: SqStoreRef, name: string): KvResult[T] =
  ? db.exec("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS """ & name & """(
       id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
       value BLOB NOT NULL
    );
  """)

  let
    insertStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "REPLACE INTO " & name & "(id, value) VALUES (?, ?);",
      (int64, array[32, byte]), void, managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

    selectStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT value FROM " & name & " WHERE id = ?;",
      int64, array[32, byte], managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")
    selectAllStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT id, value FROM " & name & " ORDER BY id;",
      NoParams, (int64, array[32, byte]), managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

    maxIdStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT MAX(id) FROM " & name & ";",
      NoParams, Option[int64], managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

    minIdStmt = db.prepareStmt(
      "SELECT MIN(id) FROM " & name & ";",
      NoParams, Option[int64], managed = false).expect("this is a valid statement")

  var
    low, high: Opt[Slot]
    tmp: Option[int64]

  for rowRes in minIdStmt.exec(tmp):
    expectDb rowRes
    if tmp.isSome():
      low.ok(Slot(tmp.get()))

  for rowRes in maxIdStmt.exec(tmp):
    expectDb rowRes
    if tmp.isSome():
      high.ok(Slot(tmp.get()))

  maxIdStmt.dispose()
  minIdStmt.dispose()

  ok(T(insertStmt: insertStmt,
         selectStmt: selectStmt,
         selectAllStmt: selectAllStmt,
         low: low,
         high: high))

proc close*(s: FinalizedBlocks) =
  s.insertStmt.dispose()
  s.selectStmt.dispose()
  s.selectAllStmt.dispose()

proc insert*(s: var FinalizedBlocks, slot: Slot, val: Eth2Digest) =
  doAssert slot.uint64 < int64.high.uint64, "Only reasonable slots supported"
  s.insertStmt.exec((slot.int64, val.data)).expectDb()
  s.low.ok(min(slot, s.low.get(slot)))
  s.high.ok(max(slot, s.high.get(slot)))

proc get*(s: FinalizedBlocks, idx: Slot): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  var row: s.selectStmt.Result
  for rowRes in s.selectStmt.exec(int64(idx), row):
    expectDb rowRes
    return ok(Eth2Digest(data: row))

  err()

iterator pairs*(s: FinalizedBlocks): (Slot, Eth2Digest) =
  var row: s.selectAllStmt.Result
  for rowRes in s.selectAllStmt.exec(row):
    expectDb rowRes
    yield (Slot(row[0]), Eth2Digest(data: row[1]))

proc loadImmutableValidators(vals: DbSeq[ImmutableValidatorDataDb2]): seq[ImmutableValidatorData2] =
  result = newSeqOfCap[ImmutableValidatorData2](vals.len())
  for i in 0 ..< vals.len:
    let tmp = vals.get(i)
    result.add ImmutableValidatorData2(
      pubkey: tmp.pubkey.loadValid(),
      withdrawal_credentials: tmp.withdrawal_credentials)

template withManyWrites*(dbParam: BeaconChainDB, body: untyped) =
  # We don't enforce strong ordering or atomicity requirements in the beacon
  # chain db in general, relying instead on readers to be able to deal with
  # minor inconsistencies - however, putting writes in a transaction is orders
  # of magnitude faster when doing many small writes, so we use this as an
  # optimization technique and the templace is named accordingly.
  let db = dbParam
  expectDb db.db.exec("BEGIN TRANSACTION;")
  var commit = false
  try:
    body
    commit = true
  finally:
    if commit:
      expectDb db.db.exec("COMMIT TRANSACTION;")
    else:
      expectDb db.db.exec("ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;")

proc new*(T: type BeaconChainDB,
          dir: string,
          inMemory = false,
          readOnly = false
    ): BeaconChainDB =
  var db = if inMemory:
      SqStoreRef.init("", "test", readOnly = readOnly, inMemory = true).expect(
        "working database (out of memory?)")
    else:
      let s = secureCreatePath(dir)
      doAssert s.isOk # TODO(zah) Handle this in a better way

      SqStoreRef.init(
        dir, "nbc", readOnly = readOnly, manualCheckpoint = true).expectDb()

  if not readOnly:
    # Remove the deposits table we used before we switched
    # to storing only deposit contract checkpoints
    if db.exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS deposits;").isErr:
      debug "Failed to drop the deposits table"

    # An old pubkey->index mapping that hasn't been used on any mainnet release
    if db.exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS validatorIndexFromPubKey;").isErr:
      debug "Failed to drop the validatorIndexFromPubKey table"

  var
    # V0 compatibility tables - these were created WITHOUT ROWID which is slow
    # for large blobs
    backend = kvStore db.openKvStore().expectDb()
    # state_no_validators is similar to state_no_validators2 but uses a
    # different key encoding and was created WITHOUT ROWID
    stateStore = kvStore db.openKvStore("state_no_validators").expectDb()

    genesisDepositsSeq =
      DbSeq[DepositData].init(db, "genesis_deposits").expectDb()
    immutableValidatorsDb =
      DbSeq[ImmutableValidatorDataDb2].init(db, "immutable_validators2").expectDb()

    # V1 - expected-to-be small rows get without rowid optimizations
    keyValues = kvStore db.openKvStore("key_values", true).expectDb()
    blocks = kvStore db.openKvStore("blocks").expectDb()
    altairBlocks = kvStore db.openKvStore("altair_blocks").expectDb()
    mergeBlocks = kvStore db.openKvStore("merge_blocks").expectDb()
    stateRoots = kvStore db.openKvStore("state_roots", true).expectDb()
    statesNoVal = kvStore db.openKvStore("state_no_validators2").expectDb()
    altairStatesNoVal = kvStore db.openKvStore("altair_state_no_validators").expectDb()
    mergeStatesNoVal = kvStore db.openKvStore("merge_state_no_validators").expectDb()
    stateDiffs = kvStore db.openKvStore("state_diffs").expectDb()
    summaries = kvStore db.openKvStore("beacon_block_summaries", true).expectDb()
    finalizedBlocks = FinalizedBlocks.init(db, "finalized_blocks").expectDb()

  # Versions prior to 1.4.0 (altair) stored validators in `immutable_validators`
  # which stores validator keys in compressed format - this is
  # slow to load and has been superceded by `immutable_validators2` which uses
  # uncompressed keys instead. We still support upgrading a database from the
  # old format, but don't need to support downgrading, and therefore safely can
  # remove the keys
  let immutableValidatorsDb1 =
      DbSeq[ImmutableValidatorData].init(db, "immutable_validators").expectDb()

  if immutableValidatorsDb.len() < immutableValidatorsDb1.len():
    notice "Migrating validator keys, this may take a minute",
      len = immutableValidatorsDb1.len()
    while immutableValidatorsDb.len() < immutableValidatorsDb1.len():
      let val = immutableValidatorsDb1.get(immutableValidatorsDb.len())
      immutableValidatorsDb.add(ImmutableValidatorDataDb2(
        pubkey: val.pubkey.loadValid().toUncompressed(),
        withdrawal_credentials: val.withdrawal_credentials
      ))
  immutableValidatorsDb1.close()

  # Safe because nobody will be downgrading to pre-altair versions
  # TODO: drop table maybe? that would require not creating the table just above
  discard db.exec("DELETE FROM immutable_validators;")

  T(
    db: db,
    v0: BeaconChainDBV0(
      backend: backend,
      stateStore: stateStore,
    ),
    genesisDeposits: genesisDepositsSeq,
    immutableValidatorsDb: immutableValidatorsDb,
    immutableValidators: loadImmutableValidators(immutableValidatorsDb),
    checkpoint: proc() = db.checkpoint(),
    keyValues: keyValues,
    blocks: blocks,
    altair_blocks: altair_blocks,
    merge_blocks: merge_blocks,
    stateRoots: stateRoots,
    statesNoVal: statesNoVal,
    altairStatesNoVal: altairStatesNoVal,
    mergeStatesNoVal: mergeStatesNoVal,
    stateDiffs: stateDiffs,
    summaries: summaries,
    finalizedBlocks: finalizedBlocks,
  )

proc decodeSSZ[T](data: openArray[byte], output: var T): bool =
  try:
    readSszBytes(data, output, updateRoot = false)
    true
  except SerializationError as e:
    # If the data can't be deserialized, it could be because it's from a
    # version of the software that uses a different SSZ encoding
    warn "Unable to deserialize data, old database?",
      err = e.msg, typ = name(T), dataLen = data.len
    false

proc decodeSnappySSZ[T](data: openArray[byte], output: var T): bool =
  try:
    let decompressed = snappy.decode(data, maxDecompressedDbRecordSize)
    readSszBytes(decompressed, output, updateRoot = false)
    true
  except SerializationError as e:
    # If the data can't be deserialized, it could be because it's from a
    # version of the software that uses a different SSZ encoding
    warn "Unable to deserialize data, old database?",
      err = e.msg, typ = name(T), dataLen = data.len
    false

proc encodeSSZ(v: auto): seq[byte] =
  try:
    SSZ.encode(v)
  except IOError as err:
    raiseAssert err.msg

proc encodeSnappySSZ(v: auto): seq[byte] =
  try:
    snappy.encode(SSZ.encode(v))
  except CatchableError as err:
    # In-memory encode shouldn't fail!
    raiseAssert err.msg

proc getRaw(db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], T: type Eth2Digest): Opt[T] =
  var res: Opt[T]
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    if data.len == sizeof(Eth2Digest):
      res.ok Eth2Digest(data: toArray(sizeof(Eth2Digest), data))
    else:
      # If the data can't be deserialized, it could be because it's from a
      # version of the software that uses a different SSZ encoding
      warn "Unable to deserialize data, old database?",
       typ = name(T), dataLen = data.len
      discard

  discard db.get(key, decode).expectDb()

  res

proc putRaw(db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], v: Eth2Digest) =
  db.put(key, v.data).expectDb()

type GetResult = enum
  found = "Found"
  notFound = "Not found"
  corrupted = "Corrupted"

proc getSSZ[T](db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], output: var T): GetResult =
  var status = GetResult.notFound

  # TODO address is needed because there's no way to express lifetimes in nim
  #      we'll use unsafeAddr to find the code later
  var outputPtr = unsafeAddr output # callback is local, ptr wont escape
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    status =
      if decodeSSZ(data, outputPtr[]): GetResult.found
      else: GetResult.corrupted

  discard db.get(key, decode).expectDb()

  status

proc putSSZ(db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], v: auto) =
  db.put(key, encodeSSZ(v)).expectDb()

proc getSnappySSZ[T](db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], output: var T): GetResult =
  var status = GetResult.notFound

  # TODO address is needed because there's no way to express lifetimes in nim
  #      we'll use unsafeAddr to find the code later
  var outputPtr = unsafeAddr output # callback is local, ptr wont escape
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    status =
      if decodeSnappySSZ(data, outputPtr[]): GetResult.found
      else: GetResult.corrupted

  discard db.get(key, decode).expectDb()

  status

proc putSnappySSZ(db: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], v: auto) =
  db.put(key, encodeSnappySSZ(v)).expectDb()

proc close*(db: BeaconChainDBV0) =
  discard db.stateStore.close()
  discard db.backend.close()

proc close*(db: BeaconChainDB) =
  if db.db == nil: return

  # Close things in reverse order
  db.finalizedBlocks.close()
  discard db.summaries.close()
  discard db.stateDiffs.close()
  discard db.mergeStatesNoVal.close()
  discard db.altairStatesNoVal.close()
  discard db.statesNoVal.close()
  discard db.stateRoots.close()
  discard db.mergeBlocks.close()
  discard db.altairBlocks.close()
  discard db.blocks.close()
  discard db.keyValues.close()

  db.immutableValidatorsDb.close()
  db.genesisDeposits.close()
  db.v0.close()
  db.db.close()

  db.db = nil

func toBeaconBlockSummary*(v: SomeForkyBeaconBlock): BeaconBlockSummary =
  BeaconBlockSummary(
    slot: v.slot,
    parent_root: v.parent_root,
  )

proc putBeaconBlockSummary(
    db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest, value: BeaconBlockSummary) =
  # Summaries are too simple / small to compress, store them as plain SSZ
  db.summaries.putSSZ(root.data, value)

proc putBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, value: phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.blocks.putSnappySSZ(value.root.data, value)
    db.putBeaconBlockSummary(value.root, value.message.toBeaconBlockSummary())

proc putBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, value: altair.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.altairBlocks.putSnappySSZ(value.root.data, value)
    db.putBeaconBlockSummary(value.root, value.message.toBeaconBlockSummary())

proc putBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, value: bellatrix.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.mergeBlocks.putSnappySSZ(value.root.data, value)
    db.putBeaconBlockSummary(value.root, value.message.toBeaconBlockSummary())

proc updateImmutableValidators*(
    db: BeaconChainDB, validators: openArray[Validator]) =
  # Must be called before storing a state that references the new validators
  let numValidators = validators.len

  while db.immutableValidators.len() < numValidators:
    let immutableValidator =
      getImmutableValidatorData(validators[db.immutableValidators.len()])
    if not db.db.readOnly:
      db.immutableValidatorsDb.add ImmutableValidatorDataDb2(
        pubkey: immutableValidator.pubkey.toUncompressed(),
        withdrawal_credentials: immutableValidator.withdrawal_credentials)
    db.immutableValidators.add immutableValidator

template toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(state: phase0.BeaconState):
    Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators =
  isomorphicCast[Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators](state)

template toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(state: altair.BeaconState):
    AltairBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators =
  isomorphicCast[AltairBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators](state)

template toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(state: bellatrix.BeaconState):
    MergeBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators =
  isomorphicCast[MergeBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators](state)

proc putState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, value: phase0.BeaconState) =
  db.updateImmutableValidators(value.validators.asSeq())
  db.statesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(
    key.data, toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(value))

proc putState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, value: altair.BeaconState) =
  db.updateImmutableValidators(value.validators.asSeq())
  db.altairStatesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(
    key.data, toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(value))

proc putState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, value: bellatrix.BeaconState) =
  db.updateImmutableValidators(value.validators.asSeq())
  db.mergeStatesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(
    key.data, toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(value))

proc putState*(db: BeaconChainDB, state: ForkyHashedBeaconState) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.putStateRoot(state.latest_block_root(), state.data.slot, state.root)
    db.putState(state.root, state.data)

# For testing rollback
proc putCorruptPhase0State*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.statesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(key.data, Validator())

proc putCorruptAltairState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.altairStatesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(key.data, Validator())

proc putCorruptMergeState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.mergeStatesNoVal.putSnappySSZ(key.data, Validator())

func stateRootKey(root: Eth2Digest, slot: Slot): array[40, byte] =
  var ret: array[40, byte]
  # big endian to get a naturally ascending order on slots in sorted indices
  ret[0..<8] = toBytesBE(slot.uint64)
  ret[8..<40] = root.data

  ret

proc putStateRoot*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest, slot: Slot,
    value: Eth2Digest) =
  db.stateRoots.putRaw(stateRootKey(root, slot), value)

proc putStateDiff*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest, value: BeaconStateDiff) =
  db.stateDiffs.putSnappySSZ(root.data, value)

proc delBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.blocks.del(key.data).expectDb()
    db.altairBlocks.del(key.data).expectDb()
    db.mergeBlocks.del(key.data).expectDb()
    db.summaries.del(key.data).expectDb()

proc delState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.withManyWrites:
    db.statesNoVal.del(key.data).expectDb()
    db.altairStatesNoVal.del(key.data).expectDb()
    db.mergeStatesNoVal.del(key.data).expectDb()

proc delStateRoot*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest, slot: Slot) =
  db.stateRoots.del(stateRootKey(root, slot)).expectDb()

proc delStateDiff*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest) =
  db.stateDiffs.del(root.data).expectDb()

proc putHeadBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.keyValues.putRaw(subkey(kHeadBlock), key)

proc putTailBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.keyValues.putRaw(subkey(kTailBlock), key)

proc putGenesisBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest) =
  db.keyValues.putRaw(subkey(kGenesisBlock), key)

proc putEth2FinalizedTo*(db: BeaconChainDB,
                         eth1Checkpoint: DepositContractSnapshot) =
  db.keyValues.putSnappySSZ(subkey(kDepositsFinalizedByEth2), eth1Checkpoint)

proc getPhase0Block(db: BeaconChainDBV0, key: Eth2Digest): Opt[phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock] =
  # We only store blocks that we trust in the database
  result.ok(default(phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock))
  if db.backend.getSnappySSZ(
      subkey(phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, key), result.get) != GetResult.found:
    result.err()
  else:
    # set root after deserializing (so it doesn't get zeroed)
    result.get().root = key

proc getPhase0Block*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest):
    Opt[phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock] =
  # We only store blocks that we trust in the database
  result.ok(default(phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock))
  if db.blocks.getSnappySSZ(key.data, result.get) != GetResult.found:
    result = db.v0.getPhase0Block(key)
  else:
    # set root after deserializing (so it doesn't get zeroed)
    result.get().root = key

proc getAltairBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest):
    Opt[altair.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock] =
  # We only store blocks that we trust in the database
  result.ok(default(altair.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock))
  if db.altairBlocks.getSnappySSZ(key.data, result.get) == GetResult.found:
    # set root after deserializing (so it doesn't get zeroed)
    result.get().root = key
  else:
    result.err()

proc getMergeBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest):
    Opt[bellatrix.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock] =
  # We only store blocks that we trust in the database
  result.ok(default(bellatrix.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock))
  if db.mergeBlocks.getSnappySSZ(key.data, result.get) == GetResult.found:
    # set root after deserializing (so it doesn't get zeroed)
    result.get().root = key
  else:
    result.err()

proc getPhase0BlockSSZ(db: BeaconChainDBV0, key: Eth2Digest, data: var seq[byte]): bool =
  let dataPtr = unsafeAddr data # Short-lived
  var success = true
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    try: dataPtr[] = snappy.decode(data, maxDecompressedDbRecordSize)
    except CatchableError: success = false
  db.backend.get(subkey(phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, key), decode).expectDb() and success

proc getPhase0BlockSSZ*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, data: var seq[byte]): bool =
  let dataPtr = unsafeAddr data # Short-lived
  var success = true
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    try: dataPtr[] = snappy.decode(data, maxDecompressedDbRecordSize)
    except CatchableError: success = false
  db.blocks.get(key.data, decode).expectDb() and success or
    db.v0.getPhase0BlockSSZ(key, data)

proc getAltairBlockSSZ*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, data: var seq[byte]): bool =
  let dataPtr = unsafeAddr data # Short-lived
  var success = true
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    try: dataPtr[] = snappy.decode(data, maxDecompressedDbRecordSize)
    except CatchableError: success = false
  db.altairBlocks.get(key.data, decode).expectDb() and success

proc getMergeBlockSSZ*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, data: var seq[byte]): bool =
  let dataPtr = unsafeAddr data # Short-lived
  var success = true
  proc decode(data: openArray[byte]) =
    try: dataPtr[] = snappy.decode(data, maxDecompressedDbRecordSize)
    except CatchableError: success = false

  db.mergeBlocks.get(key.data, decode).expectDb() and success

proc getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
    immutableValidators: openArray[ImmutableValidatorData2],
    store: KvStoreRef, key: openArray[byte], output: var ForkyBeaconState,
    rollback: RollbackProc): bool =
  ## Load state into `output` - BeaconState is large so we want to avoid
  ## re-allocating it if possible
  ## Return `true` iff the entry was found in the database and `output` was
  ## overwritten.
  ## Rollback will be called only if output was partially written - if it was
  ## not found at all, rollback will not be called
  # TODO rollback is needed to deal with bug - use `noRollback` to ignore:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14126
  # TODO RVO is inefficient for large objects:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13879

  case store.getSnappySSZ(key, toBeaconStateNoImmutableValidators(output))
  of GetResult.found:
    let numValidators = output.validators.len
    doAssert immutableValidators.len >= numValidators

    for i in 0 ..< numValidators:
      let
        # Bypass hash cache invalidation
        dstValidator = addr output.validators.data[i]

      assign(
        dstValidator.pubkey,
        immutableValidators[i].pubkey.toPubKey())
      assign(
        dstValidator.withdrawal_credentials,
        immutableValidators[i].withdrawal_credentials)

    output.validators.resetCache()

    true
  of GetResult.notFound:
    false
  of GetResult.corrupted:
    rollback()
    false

proc getState(
    db: BeaconChainDBV0,
    immutableValidators: openArray[ImmutableValidatorData2],
    key: Eth2Digest, output: var phase0.BeaconState,
    rollback: RollbackProc): bool =
  # Nimbus 1.0 reads and writes writes genesis BeaconState to `backend`
  # Nimbus 1.1 writes a genesis BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators to `backend` and
  # reads both BeaconState and BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators from `backend`
  # Nimbus 1.2 writes a genesis BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators to `stateStore`
  # and reads BeaconState from `backend` and BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators
  # from `stateStore`. We will try to read the state from all these locations.
  if getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
      immutableValidators, db.stateStore,
      subkey(Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators, key), output, rollback):
    return true
  if getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
      immutableValidators, db.backend,
      subkey(Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators, key), output, rollback):
    return true

  case db.backend.getSnappySSZ(subkey(phase0.BeaconState, key), output)
  of GetResult.found:
    true
  of GetResult.notFound:
    false
  of GetResult.corrupted:
    rollback()
    false

proc getState*(
    db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, output: var phase0.BeaconState,
    rollback: RollbackProc): bool =
  ## Load state into `output` - BeaconState is large so we want to avoid
  ## re-allocating it if possible
  ## Return `true` iff the entry was found in the database and `output` was
  ## overwritten.
  ## Rollback will be called only if output was partially written - if it was
  ## not found at all, rollback will not be called
  # TODO rollback is needed to deal with bug - use `noRollback` to ignore:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14126
  # TODO RVO is inefficient for large objects:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13879
  if not getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
      db.immutableValidators, db.statesNoVal, key.data, output, rollback):
    db.v0.getState(db.immutableValidators, key, output, rollback)
  else:
    true

proc getState*(
    db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, output: var altair.BeaconState,
    rollback: RollbackProc): bool =
  ## Load state into `output` - BeaconState is large so we want to avoid
  ## re-allocating it if possible
  ## Return `true` iff the entry was found in the database and `output` was
  ## overwritten.
  ## Rollback will be called only if output was partially written - if it was
  ## not found at all, rollback will not be called
  # TODO rollback is needed to deal with bug - use `noRollback` to ignore:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14126
  # TODO RVO is inefficient for large objects:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13879
  getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
    db.immutableValidators, db.altairStatesNoVal, key.data, output, rollback)

proc getState*(
    db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, output: var bellatrix.BeaconState,
    rollback: RollbackProc): bool =
  ## Load state into `output` - BeaconState is large so we want to avoid
  ## re-allocating it if possible
  ## Return `true` iff the entry was found in the database and `output` was
  ## overwritten.
  ## Rollback will be called only if output was partially written - if it was
  ## not found at all, rollback will not be called
  # TODO rollback is needed to deal with bug - use `noRollback` to ignore:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/14126
  # TODO RVO is inefficient for large objects:
  #      https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/13879
  getStateOnlyMutableValidators(
    db.immutableValidators, db.mergeStatesNoVal, key.data, output, rollback)

proc getStateRoot(db: BeaconChainDBV0,
                   root: Eth2Digest,
                   slot: Slot): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.backend.getRaw(subkey(root, slot), Eth2Digest)

proc getStateRoot*(db: BeaconChainDB,
                   root: Eth2Digest,
                   slot: Slot): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.stateRoots.getRaw(stateRootKey(root, slot), Eth2Digest) or
    db.v0.getStateRoot(root, slot)

proc getStateDiff*(db: BeaconChainDB,
                   root: Eth2Digest): Opt[BeaconStateDiff] =
  result.ok(BeaconStateDiff())
  if db.stateDiffs.getSnappySSZ(root.data, result.get) != GetResult.found:
    result.err

proc getHeadBlock(db: BeaconChainDBV0): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.backend.getRaw(subkey(kHeadBlock), Eth2Digest)

proc getHeadBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.keyValues.getRaw(subkey(kHeadBlock), Eth2Digest) or
    db.v0.getHeadBlock()

proc getTailBlock(db: BeaconChainDBV0): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.backend.getRaw(subkey(kTailBlock), Eth2Digest)

proc getTailBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.keyValues.getRaw(subkey(kTailBlock), Eth2Digest) or
    db.v0.getTailBlock()

proc getGenesisBlock(db: BeaconChainDBV0): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.backend.getRaw(subkey(kGenesisBlock), Eth2Digest)

proc getGenesisBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB): Opt[Eth2Digest] =
  db.keyValues.getRaw(subkey(kGenesisBlock), Eth2Digest) or
    db.v0.getGenesisBlock()

proc getEth2FinalizedTo(db: BeaconChainDBV0): Opt[DepositContractSnapshot] =
  result.ok(DepositContractSnapshot())
  let r = db.backend.getSnappySSZ(subkey(kDepositsFinalizedByEth2), result.get)
  if r != found: result.err()

proc getEth2FinalizedTo*(db: BeaconChainDB): Opt[DepositContractSnapshot] =
  result.ok(DepositContractSnapshot())
  let r = db.keyValues.getSnappySSZ(subkey(kDepositsFinalizedByEth2), result.get)
  if r != found: return db.v0.getEth2FinalizedTo()

proc containsBlock*(db: BeaconChainDBV0, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  db.backend.contains(subkey(phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, key)).expectDb()

proc containsBlockPhase0*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  db.blocks.contains(key.data).expectDb() or
    db.v0.containsBlock(key)

proc containsBlockAltair*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  db.altairBlocks.contains(key.data).expectDb()

proc containsBlockMerge*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  db.mergeBlocks.contains(key.data).expectDb()

proc containsBlock*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  db.containsBlockMerge(key) or db.containsBlockAltair(key) or
    db.containsBlockPhase0(key)

proc containsState*(db: BeaconChainDBV0, key: Eth2Digest): bool =
  let sk = subkey(Phase0BeaconStateNoImmutableValidators, key)
  db.stateStore.contains(sk).expectDb() or
    db.backend.contains(sk).expectDb() or
    db.backend.contains(subkey(phase0.BeaconState, key)).expectDb()

proc containsState*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, legacy: bool = true): bool =
  db.mergeStatesNoVal.contains(key.data).expectDb or
  db.altairStatesNoVal.contains(key.data).expectDb or
  db.statesNoVal.contains(key.data).expectDb or
    (legacy and db.v0.containsState(key))

iterator getAncestors*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest):
    phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock =
  ## Load a chain of ancestors for blck - returns a list of blocks with the
  ## oldest block last (blck will be at result[0]).
  ##
  ## The search will go on until the ancestor cannot be found.

  var
    res: phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock
    root = root
  while db.blocks.getSnappySSZ(root.data, res) == GetResult.found or
        db.v0.backend.getSnappySSZ(
          subkey(phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, root), res) == GetResult.found:
    res.root = root
    yield res
    root = res.message.parent_root

proc getBeaconBlockSummary*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest):
    Opt[BeaconBlockSummary] =
  var summary: BeaconBlockSummary
  if db.summaries.getSSZ(root.data, summary) == GetResult.found:
    ok(summary)
  else:
    err()

proc loadSummaries*(db: BeaconChainDB): Table[Eth2Digest, BeaconBlockSummary] =
  # Load summaries into table - there's no telling what order they're in so we
  # load them all - bugs in nim prevent this code from living in the iterator.
  var summaries = initTable[Eth2Digest, BeaconBlockSummary](1024*1024)

  discard db.summaries.find([], proc(k, v: openArray[byte]) =
    var output: BeaconBlockSummary

    if k.len() == sizeof(Eth2Digest) and decodeSSZ(v, output):
      summaries[Eth2Digest(data: toArray(sizeof(Eth2Digest), k))] = output
    else:
      warn "Invalid summary in database", klen = k.len(), vlen = v.len()
  )

  summaries

type RootedSummary = tuple[root: Eth2Digest, summary: BeaconBlockSummary]
iterator getAncestorSummaries*(db: BeaconChainDB, root: Eth2Digest):
    RootedSummary =
  ## Load a chain of ancestors for blck - iterates over the block starting from
  ## root and moving parent by parent
  ##
  ## The search will go on until an ancestor cannot be found.

  var
    res: RootedSummary
    newSummaries: seq[RootedSummary]

  res.root = root

  # Yield summaries in reverse chain order by walking the parent references.
  # If a summary is missing, try loading it from the older version or create one
  # from block data.

  const summariesQuery = """
  WITH RECURSIVE
    next(v) as (
      SELECT value FROM beacon_block_summaries
      WHERE `key` == ?

    UNION ALL
      SELECT value FROM beacon_block_summaries
      INNER JOIN next ON `key` == substr(v, 9, 32)
  )
  SELECT v FROM next;
"""
  let
    stmt = expectDb db.db.prepareStmt(
      summariesQuery, array[32, byte],
      array[sizeof(BeaconBlockSummary), byte],
      managed = false)

  defer: # in case iteration is stopped along the way
    # Write the newly found summaries in a single transaction - on first migration
    # from the old format, this brings down the write from minutes to seconds
    stmt.dispose()

    if not db.db.readOnly:
      if newSummaries.len() > 0:
        db.withManyWrites:
          for s in newSummaries:
            db.putBeaconBlockSummary(s.root, s.summary)

      # Clean up pre-altair summaries - by now, we will have moved them to the
      # new table
      db.db.exec(
        "DELETE FROM kvstore WHERE key >= ? and key < ?",
        ([byte ord(kHashToBlockSummary)], [byte ord(kHashToBlockSummary) + 1])).expectDb()

  var row: stmt.Result
  for rowRes in exec(stmt, root.data, row):
    expectDb rowRes
    if decodeSSZ(row, res.summary):
      yield res
      res.root = res.summary.parent_root

  # Backwards compat for reading old databases, or those that for whatever
  # reason lost a summary along the way..
  while true:
    if db.v0.backend.getSnappySSZ(
        subkey(BeaconBlockSummary, res.root), res.summary) == GetResult.found:
      discard # Just yield below
    elif (let blck = db.getPhase0Block(res.root); blck.isSome()):
      res.summary = blck.get().message.toBeaconBlockSummary()
    elif (let blck = db.getAltairBlock(res.root); blck.isSome()):
      res.summary = blck.get().message.toBeaconBlockSummary()
    elif (let blck = db.getMergeBlock(res.root); blck.isSome()):
      res.summary = blck.get().message.toBeaconBlockSummary()
    else:
      break

    yield res

    # Next time, load them from the right place
    newSummaries.add(res)

    res.root = res.summary.parent_root

# Test operations used to create broken and/or legacy database

proc putStateV0*(db: BeaconChainDB, key: Eth2Digest, value: phase0.BeaconState) =
  # Writes to KVStore, as done in 1.0.12 and earlier
  db.v0.backend.putSnappySSZ(subkey(type value, key), value)

proc putBlockV0*(db: BeaconChainDB, value: phase0.TrustedSignedBeaconBlock) =
  # Write to KVStore, as done in 1.0.12 and earlier
  # In particular, no summary is written here - it should be recreated
  # automatically
  db.v0.backend.putSnappySSZ(subkey(phase0.SignedBeaconBlock, value.root), value)