Each branch node may have up to 16 sub-items - currently, these are
given VertexID based when they are first needed leading to a
mostly-random order of vertexid for each subitem.
Here, we pre-allocate all 16 vertex ids such that when a branch subitem
is filled, it already has a vertexid waiting for it. This brings several
important benefits:
* subitems are sorted and "close" in their id sequencing - this means
that when rocksdb stores them, they are likely to end up in the same
data block thus improving read efficiency
* because the ids are consequtive, we can store just the starting id and
a bitmap representing which subitems are in use - this reduces disk
space usage for branches allowing more of them fit into a single disk
read, further improving disk read and caching performance - disk usage
at block 18M is down from 84 to 78gb!
* the in-memory footprint of VertexRef reduced allowing more instances
to fit into caches and less memory to be used overall.
Because of the increased locality of reference, it turns out that we no
longer need to iterate over the entire database to efficiently generate
the hash key database because the normal computation is now faster -
this significantly benefits "live" chain processing as well where each
dirtied key must be accompanied by a read of all branch subitems next to
it - most of the performance benefit in this branch comes from this
locality-of-reference improvement.
On a sample resync, there's already ~20% improvement with later blocks
seeing increasing benefit (because the trie is deeper in later blocks
leading to more benefit from branch read perf improvements)
```
blocks: 18729664, baseline: 190h43m49s, contender: 153h59m0s
Time (total): -36h44m48s, -19.27%
```
Note: clients need to be resynced as the PR changes the on-disk format
R.I.P. little bloom filter - your life in the repo was short but
valuable
This kind of data is not used except in tests where it is used only to
create databases that don't match actual usage of aristo.
Removing simplifies future optimizations that can focus on processing
specific leaf types more efficiently.
A casualty of this removal is some test code as well as some proof
generation code that is unused - on the surface, it looks like it should
be possible to port both of these to the more specific data types -
doing so would ensure that a database written by one part of the
codebase can interact with the other - as it stands, there is confusion
on this point since using the proof generation code will result in a
database of a shape that is incompatible with the rest of eth1.
* move pfx out of variant which avoids pointless field type panic checks
and copies on access
* make `VertexRef` a non-inheritable object which reduces its memory
footprint and simplifies its use - it's also unclear from a semantic
point of view why inheritance makes sense for storing keys
* pre-allocate `blobify` data and remove redundant error handling
(cannot fail on correct data)
* use threadvar for temporary storage when decoding rdb, avoiding
closure env
* speed up database walkers by avoiding many temporaries
~5% perf improvement on block import, 100x on database iteration (useful
for building analysis tooling)
* Extracted `test_tx.testTxMergeProofAndKvpList()` => separate file
* Fix serialiser
why:
Typo lead to duplicate rlp-encoded nodes in chain
* Remove cruft
* Implemnt portal proof nodes generators `partXxxTwig()`
* Add unit test for portal proof nodes generator `partAccountTwig()`
* Cosmetics
* Simplify serialiser return code format
* Fix proof generator for extension nodes
why:
Code was simply bonkers, not detected before the unit tests were
adapted to check for just this.
* Implemented portal proof nodes verifier `partUntwig()`
* Cosmetics
* Fix `testutp` cli poblem
When lazily verifying state roots, we may end up with an entire state
without roots that gets computed for the whole database - in the current
design, that would result in hashes for the entire trie being held in
memory.
Since the hash depends only on the data in the vertex, we can store it
directly at the top-most level derived from the verticies it depends on
- be that memory or database - this makes the memory usage broadly
linear with respect to the already-existing in-memory change set stored
in the layers.
It also ensures that if we have multiple forks in memory, hashes get
cached in the correct layer maximising reuse between forks.
The same layer numbering scheme as elsewhere is reused, where -2 is the
backend, -1 is the balancer, then 0+ is the top of the stack and stack.
A downside of this approach is that we create many small batches - a
future improvement could be to collect all such writes in a single
batch, though the memory profile of this approach should be examined
first (where is the batch kept, exactly?).
* Remove cruft left-over from PR #2494
* TODO
* Update comments on `HashKey` type values
* Remove obsolete hash key conversion flag `forceRoot`
why:
Is treated implicitly by having vertex keys as `HashKey` type and
root vertex states converted to `Hash256`
* Imported/rebase from `no-ext`, PR #2485
Store extension nodes together with the branch
Extension nodes must be followed by a branch - as such, it makes sense
to store the two together both in the database and in memory:
* fewer reads, writes and updates to traverse the tree
* simpler logic for maintaining the node structure
* less space used, both memory and storage, because there are fewer
nodes overall
There is also a downside: hashes can no longer be cached for an
extension - instead, only the extension+branch hash can be cached - this
seems like a fine tradeoff since computing it should be fast.
TODO: fix commented code
* Fix merge functions and `toNode()`
* Update `merkleSignCommit()` prototype
why:
Result is always a 32bit hash
* Update short Merkle hash key generation
details:
Ethereum reference MPTs use Keccak hashes as node links if the size of
an RLP encoded node is at least 32 bytes. Otherwise, the RLP encoded
node value is used as a pseudo node link (rather than a hash.) This is
specified in the yellow paper, appendix D.
Different to the `Aristo` implementation, the reference MPT would not
store such a node on the key-value database. Rather the RLP encoded node value is stored instead of a node link in a parent node
is stored as a node link on the parent database.
Only for the root hash, the top level node is always referred to by the
hash.
* Fix/update `Extension` sections
why:
Were commented out after removal of a dedicated `Extension` type which
left the system disfunctional.
* Clean up unused error codes
* Update unit tests
* Update docu
---------
Co-authored-by: Jacek Sieka <jacek@status.im>
The Vertex type unifies branches, extensions and leaves into a single
memory area where the larges member is the branch (128 bytes + overhead) -
the payloads we have are all smaller than 128 thus wrapping them in an
extra layer of `ref` is wasteful from a memory usage perspective.
Further, the ref:s must be visited during the M&S phase of garbage
collection - since we keep millions of these, many of them
short-lived, this takes up significant CPU time.
```
Function CPU Time: Total CPU Time: Self Module Function (Full) Source File Start Address
system::markStackAndRegisters 10.0% 4.922s nimbus system::markStackAndRegisters(var<system::GcHeap>).constprop.0 gc.nim 0x701230`
```
* Updates and corrections
* Extract `CoreDb` configuration from `base.nim` into separate module
why:
This makes it easier to avoid circular imports, in particular
when the capture journal (aka tracer) is revived.
* Extract `Ledger` configuration from `base.nim` into separate module
why:
This makes it easier to avoid circular imports (if any.)
also:
Move `accounts_ledger.nim` file to sub-folder `backend`. That way the
layout resembles that of the `core_db`.
Introduce a new `StoData` payload type similar to `AccountData`
* slightly more efficient storage format
* typed api
* fewer seqs
* fix encoding docs - it wasn't rlp after all :)
The state and account MPT:s currenty share key space in the database
based on that vertex id:s are assigned essentially randomly, which means
that when two adjacent slot values from the same contract are accessed,
they might reside at large distance from each other.
Here, we prefix each vertex id by its root causing them to be sorted
together thus bringing all data belonging to a particular contract
closer together - the same effect also happens for the main state MPT
whose nodes now end up clustered together more tightly.
In the future, the prefix given to the storage keys can also be used to
perform range operations such as reading all the storage at once and/or
deleting an account with a batch operation.
Notably, parts of the API already supported this rooting concept while
parts didn't - this PR makes the API consistent by always working with a
root+vid.
* rebased from `github/on-demand-mpt`
ackn:
wip: on-demand mpt construction
Given that actual data is stored in the `Vertex` structure, it's useful
to think of the MPT as a cache for computing roots rather than being a
functional requirement on its own.
This PR engenders this line of thinking by incrementally computing the
MPT only when it's needed, ie when a state (or similar) root is needed.
This has the effect of siginficantly reducing memory usage as well as
improving performance:
* no need for dirty-mpt-node book-keeping
* no need to build complex forest of upcoming hashing work
* only hashes that are functionally needed are ever computed -
intermediate nodes whose MTP root is not observed are never computed /
processed
* Unit test hot fixes
* Unit test hot fixes cont.
(somehow lost that part)
---------
Co-authored-by: Jacek Sieka <jacek@status.im>
* Tighten `CoreDb` API for accounts
why:
Apart from cruft, the way to fetch the accounts state root via a
`CoreDbColRef` record was unnecessarily complicated.
* Extend `CoreDb` API for accounts to cover storage tries
why:
In future, this will make the notion of column objects obsolete. Storage
trees will then be indexed by the account address rather than the vertex
ID equivalent like a `CoreDbColRef`.
* Apply new/extended accounts API to ledger and tests
details:
This makes the `distinct_ledger` module obsolete
* Remove column object constructors
why:
They were needed as an abstraction of MPT sub-trees including storage
trees. Now, storage trees are handled by the account (e.g. via address)
they belong to and all other trees can be identified by a constant well
known vertex ID. So there is no need for column objects anymore.
Still there are some left-over column object methods wnich will be
removed next.
* Remove `serialise()` and `PayloadRef` from default Aristo API
why:
Not needed. `PayloadRef` was used for unstructured/unknown payload
formats (account or blob) and `serialise()` was used for decodng
`PayloadRef`. Now it is known in advance what the payload looks
like.
* Added query function `hasStorageData()` whether a storage area exists
why:
Useful for supporting `slotStateEmpty()` of the `CoreDb` API
* In the `Ledger` replace `storage.stateEmpty()` by `slotStateEmpty()`
* On Aristo, hide the storage root/vertex ID in the `PayloadRef`
why:
The storage vertex ID is fully controlled by Aristo while the
`AristoAccount` object is controlled by the application. With the
storage root part of the `AristoAccount` object, there was a useless
administrative burden to keep that storage root field up to date.
* Remove cruft, update comments etc.
* Update changed MPT access paradigms
why:
Fixes verified proxy tests
* Fluffy cosmetics
This buffer eleminates a large part of allocations during MPT traversal,
reducing overall memory usage and GC pressure.
Ideally, we would use it throughout in the API instead of
`openArray[byte]` since the built-in length limit appropriately exposes
the natural 64-nibble depth constraint that `openArray` fails to
capture.
* Remove unused `merge*()` functions (for production)
details:
Some functionality moved to test suite
* Make sure that only `AccountData` leaf type is exactly used on VertexID(1)
* clean up payload type
* Provide dedicated functions for merging accounts and storage trees
why:
Storage trees are always linked to an account, so there is no need
for an application to fiddle about (e.e. creating, re-cycling) with
storage tree vertex IDs.
* CoreDb: Disable tracer functionality
why:
Must be updated to accommodate new/changed `Aristo` functions.
* CoreDb: Use new `mergeXXX()` functions
why:
Makes explicit vertex ID management obsolete for creating new
storage trees.
* Remove `mergePayload()` and other cruft from API, `aristo_merge`, etc.
* clean up merge functions
details:
The merge implementation `mergePayloadImpl()` does not need to be super
generic anymore as all the edge cases are covered by the specialised
functions `mergeAccountPayload()`, `mergeGenericData()`, and
`mergeStorageData()`.
* No tracer available at the moment, so disable offending tests
* Fix debug noise in `hashify()` for perfectly normal situation
why:
Was previously considered a fixable error
* Fix test sample file names
why:
The larger test file `goerli68161.txt.gz` is already in the local
archive. So there is no need to use the smaller one from the external
repo.
* Activate `accounts_cache` module from `db/ledger`
why:
A copy of the original `accounts_cache.nim` source to be integrated
into the `Ledger` module wrapper which allows to switch between
different `accounts_cache` implementations unser tha same API.
details:
At a later state, the `db/accounts_cache.nim` wrapper will be
removed so that there is only one access to that module via
`db/ledger/accounts_cache.nim`.
* Fix copyright headers in source code
* Aristo: Provide key-value list signature calculator
detail:
Simple wrappers around `Aristo` core functionality
* Update new API for `CoreDb`
details:
+ Renamed new API functions `contains()` => `hasKey()` or `hasPath()`
which disables the `in` operator on non-boolean `contains()` functions
+ The functions `get()` and `fetch()` always return a not-found error if
there is no item, available. The new functions `getOrEmpty()` and
`mergeOrEmpty()` return an an empty `Blob` if there is no such key
found.
* Rewrite `core_apps.nim` using new API from `CoreDb`
* Use `Aristo` functionality for calculating Merkle signatures
details:
For debugging, the `VerifyAristoForMerkleRootCalc` can be set so
that `Aristo` results will be verified against the legacy versions.
* Provide general interface for Merkle signing key-value tables
details:
Export `Aristo` wrappers
* Activate `CoreDb` tests
why:
Now, API seems to be stable enough for general tests.
* Update `toHex()` usage
why:
Byteutils' `toHex()` is superior to `toSeq.mapIt(it.toHex(2)).join`
* Split `aristo_transcode` => `aristo_serialise` + `aristo_blobify`
why:
+ Different modules for different purposes
+ `aristo_serialise`: RLP encoding/decoding
+ `aristo_blobify`: Aristo database encoding/decoding
* Compacted representation of small nodes' links instead of Keccak hashes
why:
Ethereum MPTs use Keccak hashes as node links if the size of an RLP
encoded node is at least 32 bytes. Otherwise, the RLP encoded node
value is used as a pseudo node link (rather than a hash.) Such a node
is nor stored on key-value database. Rather the RLP encoded node value
is stored instead of a lode link in a parent node instead. Only for
the root hash, the top level node is always referred to by the hash.
This feature needed an abstraction of the `HashKey` object which is now
either a hash or a blob of length at most 31 bytes. This leaves two
ways of representing an empty/void `HashKey` type, either as an empty
blob of zero length, or the hash of an empty blob.
* Update `CoreDb` interface (mainly reducing logger noise)
* Fix copyright years (to make `Lint` happy)
Jacek Sieka
Jordan Hrycaj