Previously max gas refunded was defined as gas_used div 2.
Here we name the constant 2 as MAX_REFUND_QUOTIENT and
change its value to 5.
The new equation will be: gas_used div MAX_REFUND_QUOTIENT
SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE or FeeSchedule[RefundsClear] in evm
have initial value of 15_000 when introduced by EIP-2200.
EIP-2200 also set new value for SSTORE_RESET_GAS
from 5000 to to 5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST
Now with EIP-3529, SSTORE_CLEARS_SCHEDULE beecome
SSTORE_RESET_GAS + ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY_COST
or 5000 - COLD_SLOAD_COST + ACCESS_LIST_STORAGE_KEY_COST
of 5000 - 2100 + 1900 = 4800
This preparation is needed for subsequent
EIPs included in London.
- Add London to Fork enum
- Block number to fork
- Parsing London fork in chain config
- Prepare gas costs table for London
- Prepare EVM opcode dispatcher for London
- Block rewards for London
- Prepare hive script for London
* continue importing rlp blocks
why:
a chain of blocks to be imported might have legit blocks
after rejected blocks
details:
import loop only stops if the import list is exhausted or if there
was a decoding error. this adds another four to the count of successful
no-hive tests.
* verify DAO marked extra data field in block header
why:
was ignored, scores another two no-hive tests
* verify minimum required difficulty in header validator
why:
two more nohive tests to succeed
details:
* subsumed extended header tests under validateKinship() and renamed it
more appropriately validateHeaderAndKinship()
* enhanced readability of p2p/chain.nim
* cleaned up test_blockchain_json.nim
* verify positive gasUsed unless no transactions
why:
solves another to nohive tests
details:
straightened test_blockchain_json chech so there is no unconditional
rejection anymore (based on the input test scenario)
* Re-adjust canonical head to parent of block to be inserted
why:
of the failing tests that remain to be solved, 30 of those will succeed
if the canonical database chain head is cleverly adjusted -- yes, it
looks like a hack, indeed.
details:
at the moment, this hack works for the non-hive tests only and is
triggered by a boolean argument passed on to the chain.persistBlocks()
method.
* Use parent instead of canonical head for block to be inserted
why:
side chains need to be inserted typically somewhere before the
canonical head.
details:
the previous _hack_ was unnecessary and removed, it was inspired by
some verification in persistBlocks() which explicitly referenced the
canonical head (which now might or might not refer to the newly inserted
header.)
* remove unnecessary code + comment
why:
some handy features were intended to support the unit test from
the clique/clique_test.go source (the other one is from
clique/snapshot_test.go.)
as this test cannot realistically be implemented without the full
api (includes mining support), it is left as that
Proper nested call functionality is being skipped in this iteration of new EVMC
host code to keep it simpler, to allow testing and architecture to be built
around the less complicated non-nested cases first.
Instead, nested calls use the old `Computation` path, and bypass any
third-party EVM that may be loaded. The results are the same, and mixing
different EVMs in this way is actually permitted in the EVMC specification.
This approach also means third-party EVMs we test don't need to support
precompiles and we don't need to specially handle those cases.
(E.g. "evmone" doesn't support precompiles, just EVM1 opcodes).
(These before/after scope actions are approximately copy-pasted from
`nimbus/vm/evmc_host.nim`, making their detailed behaviour "obviously correct".
Of course they are subject to tests as well. The small stack property of
a3c8a5c3 "EVMC: Small stacks when using EVMC, closes#575 (segfaults)" is
carefully retained.)
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Make the host service `setStorage` calculate the gas refund itself, instead of
depending on EVM internals.
In EVMC, host `setStorage` is responsible for adding the gas refund using the
rules of EIP-1283 (Constantinople), EIP-2200 (Istanbul) or EIP-2929 (Berlin).
It is not obvious that the host must do it from EVMC documentation, but it's
how it has to be. Note, this is very different from the gas _cost_, which the
host does not calculate.
Gas refund doesn't affect computation. It is applied after the whole
transaction is complete, so it can be tracked on the host or EVM side. But
`setStorage` doesn't return enough information for the EVM to calculate the
refund, so the host must do it when `setStorage` is used.
For now, this continues using Nimbus `Computation` just to hold the gas refund,
to fit around existing structures and get new EVMC working. But the host can't
keep using `Computation`, so gas refund will be moved out of it in due course.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
When processing log operations on the EVMC host side, it causes incorrect
`rootHash` results in some tests. This patch fixes the results.
The cause of these results is known: `Computation` is still doing parts of
contract scope entry/exit which need to be moved to the host. For now, as a
temporary workaround, update logs in `Computation` as it did before.
This makes test pass when using Nimbus EVM. (It breaks third-party EVMs when
`LOG*` ops are used, although most other tests pass.)
We can't keep this as it prevents complete host/EVM separation, but it's useful
in the current code, and it's fine to develop other functionality on top.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
When processing self destructs on the EVMC host side, it causes incorrect
`rootHash` results in some tests. This patch fixes the results.
The cause of these results is known: `Computation` is still doing parts of
contract scope entry/exit which need to be moved to the host. For now, as a
temporary workaround, update self destructs in `Computation` as it did before.
This makes test pass when using Nimbus EVM. (It breaks third-party EVMs when
`SELFDESTRUCT` ops are used, although most other tests pass.)
We can't keep this as it prevents complete host/EVM separation, but it's useful
in the current code, and it's fine to develop other functionality on top.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
In the unusual case where log data is zero-length, `data[0].addr` is invalid
and Nim thoughtfully raises `IndexOutOfBounds`, a `Defect` so it's not even
in `CatchableError`.
This is done in the EVMC host services to handle `LOG*` ops, and it made one
of the EVM tests silently fail with no error message. The fix is obvious.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Show calls from the host into the EVM. Shows the call, `evmc_message` fields,
and `evmc_result` fields when the call returns.
(When `show_tx_calls` is manually set to true.)
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
When `show_tx_calls` is manually set to true, show all the calls from the EVM
to the host, including name, arguments and results.
For example this shows each call to `setStorage`, the key, value and storage
result. This output allows the externally-visible activity of an EVM to be
seen, and it's been useful for guessing what went wrong when a test fails.
In theory, if two EVMs show the same activity in this log, they should have the
same effect on account states, gas, etc. and the same final `roothash`
(which is the only value some tests check).
ps. Ideally we'd use `{.push show.}`...`{.pop.}`, just like with `inline`.
But we can't: https://github.com/nim-lang/Nim/issues/12867
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
New pragma `{.show.}` on a proc definition turns on tracing for that proc.
Every call to it shows the name, arguments and results, if `show_tx_calls` is
manually set to true. This is to trace calls from EVM to host.
This started as a template which took a block expression, but the closure it
used led to illegal capture errors. It was easier to write a macro.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
1. Send all EVM executions through the EVMC `execute` function.
It leads to the same place in the end as calling `Computation` before, but
`execute` is the API function used by all EVMC implementations, and it is
very explicit what data is passed back and forth.
2. As a consequence this starts using the new `host_services` code from EVM, so
this is a significant change to the paths used for account state processing.
3. Because we will have to remove the `newComputation` call on the host side,
anticipating that the contract code is now saved in `host` instead of being
copied around. As it's saved in `host`, there is no need to pass it
separately to `evmcExecComputation`.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
We'll re-enable endian conversions based on a negotiated run-time option later,
but for now let's remove one complication to testing the new EVMC paths, and
also gain a little performance.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Even though `evmc_create_nimbus_evm` is called, it fails at link time because
the definition of that function isn't included unless it is pulled in
explicitly.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This provides the functions a loadable VM must provide for a host to use it.
The main access to a loaded EVM is `evmc_create_nimbus_evm`, and this meant to
be the only exported function the caller starts with.
That provides access to other functions, also defined in this patch, to
configure the EVM and then the key interesting function is `execute`.
`execute` runs a full computation, here using Nimbus EVM `Computation`.
(Note, even though everything is EVMC binary-compatible, there is a small
dependency on `TransactionHost` in `execute` here, which prevents this being
used by a host that is not Nimbus at the moment. It is necessary for some
tests, and will eventually go away.)
Although this provides the VM-side functionality needed by the host, it does
not contain the glue functions for `Computation` to call the host, which are
already part of the Nimbus EVM in `nimbus/vm/evmc_api.nim`.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
1. This provides the necessary type adjustments for host services to be
(optionally) callable via the EVMC binary-compatible interface. This layer
is stashed away in a glue module so the host services continue to use
appropriate Nim types, and are still callable directly.
Inlining is used to ensure there should be no real overhead, including stack
frame size for the `call` function. Note, `import` must be used for
`{.inline.}` to work effectively.
2. This also provides a key call in the other direction, the version of host to
EVM `execute` that is called on the host side.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This provides "host services", functions provided by the application to an EVM.
They are a key part of EVMC compatibility, but we will switch to using these
with "native" EVM as well.
These are functions like `getStorage`, `setStorage` and `emitLog` for accessing
the account state, because the EVM is not allowed direct access to the database.
This code is adapted from `nimbus/vm/evmc_host.nim` and other places, but there
is more emphasis on being host-side only, no dependency on the EVM or
`Computation` type. It uses `TransactionHost` and types in `host_types`.
These host services have two goals: To be compatible with EVMC, and to be a
good way for the Nimbus EVM to access the data it needs. In our new Nimbus
internal architecture, the EVM will only access the databases and other
application state via these host service functions.
The reason for containing the EVM like this, even "native" EVM, is that having
one good interface to the data makes it a lot easier to change how the database
works, which is on the roadmap.
These functions almost have EVMC signatures, but they are not binary compatible
with EVMC. (Binary compatibility is provided by another module). It would be
fine for Nimbus EVM to call these functions directly when linked directly.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Block validation failure isn't an error, it's correct rejection of a bad block
from the network. All conditions that lead to block rejection return a simple
boolean.
When a block is rejected, most reasons log at `debug` level. Only `stateRoot`
mismatch shouts a loud, highlighted, multi-line error message with big red
`error` alert.
Historically this was to assist EVM development, because it was more likely to
be a Nimbus EVM bug than a real bad block. But now the EVM is in good shape,
has a large and thorough testsuite, and `stateRoot` mismatch is more likely to
be a real bad block that should be rejected with less fuss.
If there's a genuine EVM bug, we'll still get an alert: Consensus failure will
quickly become obvious, and the block where it happens is easily fetched.
So a big, loud error is no longer useful, and it became a problem during tests.
Recently a few hundred tests were added that trigger it, and now successful
test output is filled with attention-grabbing errors which aren't really errors
or particularly useful.
Since it's not really an error, the original motivation is now backwards, and
other reasons warn at `debug` level, make this like the others.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
The common forks list was already used, redirected via `vm_forks` for
historical compatibility. Remove the old `vm_forks` now and divert all imports
to the common forks list outside the EVM.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
File `vm_types2` is obsolete. Remove this file and divert all imports to the
common forks list outside the EVM, or in some cases they don't need it anyway.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Fork names were originally capitalized, and were made lower case by @narimiran
in commit 36a7519 to satisfy `parseEnum` in some tests. Restore the
capitalization and make the tests work with it.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Many places outside the EVM use `Fork` and the fork list, and in general we
want progressively fewer dependencies on EVM internal types and files.
This may prove to be a temporary location, especially when we implement
issue #640. But it's a fine temporary location if so.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
The current EVM generates its own new contract addresses, and this is why there
are separate `msg.contractAddress` and `msg.codeAddress` fields in the
computation start message.
In EVMC, account updates are only allowed on the host side, including contract
generation, and the start message has one destination field, `msg.destination`.
The EVM cannot select addresses, only use them. It's a sensible design.
The difference makes the current EVM incompatible with EVMC and its message
format, so this patch corrects the difference. It moves contract address
generation to the host side. This simplifies the EVM and its API a little.
(As an API change, this is incompatible with vm2, so it's guarded under
`evmc_enabled` to allow vm2 to continue to build and run at this time. This is
also why there are fewer deletions than would otherwise be expected.)
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
The rationale in EIP-6[1] for changing names to `selfDestruct` applies to code
as much as it does to specs. Also, Ethereum uses the new names consistently,
so it's useful for our code to match the terms used in later EIP specs and
testsuite entries.
This change is straightforward, and is a prerequisite for patches to come that
do things with the `selfDestruct` fields.
[1] https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6
Hudson Jameson, "EIP-6: Renaming SUICIDE opcode," Ethereum Improvement
Proposals, no. 6, November 2015.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This is the main patch which removes Whisper code from `nimbus-eth1` code.
It removes all configuration, help, startup, JSON-RPC calls and most types.
Note, there is still Whisper functionality in `nim-eth`. Also, the "wrapper"
under `wrappers/` isn't dealt with by this change, but it's not built by
default (and might not currently work).
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This is the patch which removes Whisper functionality from `nimbus-eth1`,
even though the code has yet to be removed after.
After this change, enabling Whisper has no effect. Its configuration is
ignored and it won't be started.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This commit turns Whisper off by default, without changing anything else.
So this can be cherry-picked if you just want to disable Whisper without
removing it.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
There's no need for macro `toSymbolName` to convert fork enum values to their
presentation texts (logging etc) then re-parse them back to a fork enum value.
`asFork` is already used in the same function and works without these steps,
so use it consistently.
Same applies to `op.toSymbolName` and `asOp`.
This makes the code simpler, and removes a text pattern-matching requirement.
The patch has been checked to confirm it doesn't change the compiled code.
Motivation: The forks list will be removed from VM because it is used outside
the VM as well. Doing so highlighted vm2's `toSymbolName`. It's not needed,
and it's best if the VM doesn't constrain text strings used outside the VM
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
The last caller of `setupComputation` is gone, now that it's been replaced by
the single entry point for all EVM calls, `runComputation`.
With this removal, EVM's `Computation` type should no longer be used anywhere
outside the call module (except in some tests and the EVM itself).
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Simplify transaction validations to use `runComputation`; drop other code.
Getting everything right up to this point to pass all the tests was trickier
than it looks.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Simplify how JSON fixtures tests are run to use `runComputation`.
Drop other code.
These use the `noTransfer` option, which is similar enough to calling
`c.executeOpcodes()` instead of `c.execComputation()`.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Add another flag to disable a processing step when a call doesn't come from
a real transaction:
- `noTransfer`: Don't update balances, nonces, code.
This is to support VM fixtures tests which require account balances and nonces
to be unchanged when running the account's code.
These tests call `c.executeOpcodes()`, an internal function of the EVM, instead
of the usual `c.execComputation()`. It goes direct to the bytecode dispatcher,
skipping parts of `Computation` that are normally called.
But we can't keep calling `c.executeOpcodes()` and have a single entry point to
the VM, let alone an EVMC entry point.
`noTransfer` provides similar enough behaviour to calling `c.executeOpcodes()`
that these tests can use the new single entry point like everything else.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Simplify `estimateGas` to use `runComputation`; drop other code.
The RPC/GraphQL `estimateGas` operation is quite different from the `call`
operation. It is much more like ordinary transaction execution than `call`,
though there are still enough differences that tx validation cannot be used.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Simplify `call` to use `runComputation`; drop other code.
The RPC/GraphQL `call` operation differs in many ways from regular transaction
calls. The following flags are set, to disable various steps in processing.
All four are true (disabling the corresponding step) for `call`:
- `noIntrinsic`: Don't charge intrinsic gas.
- `noAccessList`: Don't initialise EIP2929 access list.
- `noGasCharge`: Don't charge sender account for gas.
- `noRefund`: Don't apply gas refund/burn rule.
Interestingly, the RPC/GraphQL `estimateGas` operation doesn't behave so
differently from regular transactions. It might be that not all these steps
should be disabled for `call` either. But until we investigate what
RPC/GraphQL clients are expecting, keep the same behaviour as before.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
The following four flags are added, to change various steps in EVM processing
when a call doesn't come from a real transaction:
- `noIntrinsic`: Don't charge intrinsic gas.
- `noAccessList`: Don't initialise EIP2929 access list.
- `noGasCharge`: Don't charge sender account for gas.
- `noRefund`: Don't apply gas refund/burn rule.
This is to support RPC and GraphQL `call` operations, which behave differently
in some ways from regular transaction calls, and to support some test suites.
In EVMC terms, all these alterations can be performed on the host side.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Calculate extra intrinsic gas for an EIP-2930 transaction with access list.
While we're here, do the rest of the intrinsic gas calculation. Make it clear,
explicit and in one place. (Previous code delegated parts of the calculation
to `transaction.nim` but had to do the rest locally due to mismatched types.)
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
New entry point `runComputation`, for all EVM calls.
(Later the intent is `runComputationAsync`.)
As noted in commit 297d789, there are six entry points calling EVM computation,
with different parameters and expecting different behaviours. Parameters were
dealt with in `setupComputation`. Behaviours are unified in `runComputation`,
with options passed via `CallParams`.
This code performs the steps used when validating a transaction. Options for
non-standard behaviour for RPC, GraphQL and tests to be added as required.
This replaces `setupComputation`, `execComputation` and `executeOpcodes`
(other than its own calls). As a result `Computation` and other EVM types are
no longer referenced in the main program, and many imports can be dropped.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Change fixtures tests to use shared `setupComputation` instead of
their own slightly different variant.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Change RPC/GraphQL calls to the EVM to use shared `setupComputation`
instead of their own special variant.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
There are currently six entry points to running an EVM computation, all with
slightly different parameters, and expecting slightly different EVM behaviours.
First step in merging them is a common `setupComputation` that replaces all
the different `*...SetupComputation` functions.
This uses the `TransactionHost` type because it's a step towards using that
type for all EVM calls using only EVMC. For now an EVMC message is created
then translated to EVM-internal `Message`. It is done this way to build up
the new interface in stages where all tests pass at each stage.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
`TransactionHost` represents the interface to the EVM from the application once
we've fully transitioned to EVMC. It represents a managed EVM call, and the
"EVMC host" side of the host<->EVM boundary.
This holds transaction state which sits outside the EVM, but a pointer to this
is passed around by the EVM as _opaque_ type `evmc_host_context`.
To the EVM, this offers "host services", which manage account state that the
EVM cannot do, such as balance transfers, call costs, storage, logs, gas
refunds, nested calls and new contract addresses. The EVM has no direct access
to the account state database or network; it's all via "host services".
To the application (host side), this object represents a managed EVM call, with
inputs, a method to run, outputs, hidden transaction state, and later async
scheduling. It is to replace `Computation` on the application side, while
`Computation` will remain but just be for the EVM side.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
This fixes a bug spotted by @mjfh that was introduced by commit 2a7ccceb:
try:
if not c.continuation.isNil:
(c.continuation)()
c.continuation = nil
c.selectVM(fork)
except CatchableError as e:
...
The call to `(c.continuation)()` was moved by 2a7ccceb inside the `try` so
that, like all the Op functions do already, if the continuation raises, the
interpreter's general catch turns the exception into a an error status result.
But if the continuation raises an exception, `continuation` is not cleared in
the next line, and at the next resumption the continuation is called again.
It may loop doing this.
This doesn't currently happen because the continuations don't really raise, but
it's still a correctness issue.
This fix also allows a continuation to spawn a second continuation, if it
encounters a second suspension point. This also doesn't happen currently,
but the pattern will become useful with async EVM.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
There is no valid `CREATE_CONTRACT_ADDRESS`. Some places on the internet say
account zero means contract creation, but that's not correct.
Transactions to `ZERO_ADDRESS` are legitimate transfers to that account, not
contract creations. They are used to "burn" Eth. People also send Eth to
address zero by accident, unrecoverably, due to poor user interface issues.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
Each place in `call_evm` that sets up an EVM call calculates the new contract
address for contract creations. But it's redundant, because `newComputation`
ignores the provided value and does the calculation again.
Remove the unused address calculation.
This is also a step to merging different entry points and EVMC. This change
ends up with the same value in both `msg.contractAddress` and `msg.codeAddress`
for every entry point, and this is good because it matches the EVMC message
structure, where they are replaced by only one value called `msg.destination`
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
`c.executeOpcodes` is called by some JSON fixture tests. These tests bypass
some of the setup and return, and because of this call, continuations aren't
processed either. Opcodes that use continuations will behave incorrectly.
The opcodes used in these particular tests don't use continuations currently,
so just add some assertions to verify this remains the case.
This is only used by local tests, and the call to `c.executeOpcodes` will be
replaced by the common entry point (that handles things like this correctly in
all cases) so we don't need to spend more time on this.
Signed-off-by: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org>
why:
previously, table data were stored with the table iterator. while
loading a table with permuted entries will always reconstruct equivalent
tables (in the sense of `==`), serialisation data are not comparable.
this patch produces always the same serialised data for equivalent
tables.
why:
source-local unit tests would hardly be triggered by github CI as rightly
criticised with the last patch.
details:
source-local unit tests have been moved to tests folder.
this version also contains rlp serialisation code so rlp encode/decode
will apply tranparently. this is not needed in p2p/validate but will be
useful with the clique protocol.
why:
to be used in Clique consensus protocol which suggests 4k cache entries.
the previous implementation used OrderTable[] which has complexity O(n)
for deleting entries.
after EIP2718/EIP2930, we have additional fields:
type AccessTuple {
address: Address!
storageKeys : [Bytes32!]
}
type Transaction {
r: BigInt!
s: BigInt!
v: BigInt!
# Envelope transaction support
type: Int
accessList: [AccessTuple!]
}
close#606
KonradStaniec
jangko
Jordan Hrycaj
Jamie Lokier