network-stories/pages/Logos Blockchain.md

Understanding the Logos Blockchain Whitepaper

Title: Understanding the Logos Blockchain Whitepaper | A High-Level Conceptual Overview/Review of the Logos Blockchain

Purpose: This document reflects an approach of whitepaper review that combines a rough-draft whitepaper review containing comments/reflections/concerns with a further simplification of concepts to make everything more digestible to more people outside of the internal Status infra team for communication purposes. In addition, this review will provide a gauge of difficulty of understanding involved with various different terms/concepts.

Tags: #learning #whitepaper #Logos

---

**"We build everything on top of consensus." ** Dr. Corey Petty

---

How-To (Get Cookin')

Instructions: There are some descriptions below which detail the usage of visual guidance metrics available in the form of "cookbook-like" instructions for how to consume this document:

Gauges	Description	Visualization
Difficulty	1-10 (Ticks/Pips)	[||||||||||]
Time	In Minutes	X Minutes
Resources	Article/Video Links w/ Visual Content	Conceptual & Pictoral "Ingredients List" of Links

See below 'Recipe' and modify accordingly to above in Figma.

![[Pasted image 20220415164934.png]]

---

Operating Definitions:

Prep (Difficulty) is defined as the ease of which the concepts can be generally understood. (Future: Make into more fun visual or something more enjoyable than a difficulty bar.)

Cook Time (Scope) is in reference to the size of information necessary to learn to gain a decent level of comprehension.

Ingredients (Resources) is for links relevant to helping people understand the concepts. Number references and use superscript notation to reference mentions in terminology Recipes descriptions.

Future Work: Adjust difficulty/time ratings, cook time respec. based on feedback from everyone at DXB.

---

Necessary Terminology by Layer

---

The Six (6) Technology Layers of Logos as a Blockchain

tl;dr one to two sentences that group these phrases together

• Terminology Template (Recipe): here
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: [pictures, videos, article links, research papers, etc.]

Consensus

• BBA
  • Prep: [|| ]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.07867.pdf
• Leaderless
  • Prep: [||||| ]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9546485
• DAGs
  • Prep: [| ]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph
    2. https://tokens-economy.gitbook.io/consensus/chain-based-dag/direct-acyclic-graph-tangle-dag
• CIC
  • Prep: [| ]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. See 'Consensus' section within Logos Specifications
• P2P Messaging
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer
• Message Passing (is a general framework, P2P Messaging is a subset of Message Passing)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Gossip Protocol (is a subset of P2P Messaging)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_protocol#:~:text=A%20gossip%20protocol%20or%20epidemic,all%20members%20of%20a%20group.
• Permissionless
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/023.pdf
• Scalability
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/023.pdf
    2. https://medium.com/vechain-foundation/what-does-scalability-really-mean-in-blockchain-b8b13b3181c6
    3. https://101blockchains.com/blockchain-scalability-challenges/
• Decentralization
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization
    2. https://blockworks.co/measuring-decentralization-is-your-crypto-decentralized/
    3. https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/7vxemtm3/release/2
• Security
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.06993.pdf
• Communication Costs (wrt message complexity - see how this extends into hardware)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.221.883&rep=rep1&type=pdf#:~:text=message%20complexity%20denotes%20the%20maximum,last%20node%20completes%20the%20algorithm.
• Stream or Subgraph
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://thegraph.com/docs/en/developer/define-subgraph-hosted/
    2. https://streamingfastio.medium.com/streamingfacts-understanding-the-costs-of-upgrading-a-subgraph-fedf5d61223 (is this related?)
• Staking
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=112001112005005071028123005115028071053009053038065056030075021066021091100007083094098007039126015013042085120028028079118118027039038017006093067005067006124005093039032030000094104124024001105026027114005123097090090111113068087076002030115100122071&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE
    2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3609817
    3. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4059460
• Sybil Resistance
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack
• CFT (Crash Fault Tolerant)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://medium.com/@chamirachid/your-journey-to-consensus-part-1-6a88a6f818f65
    2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tolerance5
    3. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/102792.102801
• BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerant)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_fault
• PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/practical-byzantine-fault-tolerancepbft/#:~:text=Practical%20Byzantine%20Fault%20Tolerance%20is,optimized%20for%20low%20overhead%20time.
    2. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/nsdi09/tech/full_papers/clement/clement.pdf
• Finality
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://medium.com/mechanism-labs/finality-in-blockchain-consensus-d1f83c120a9a5
• Social Applications (look up context)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Bootstrapping
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_node#:~:text=A%20bootstrapping%20node%2C%20also%20known,successfully%20join%20the%20overlay%20network.
• Rounds
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Round-less
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Paxos
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• DAG-Based Consensus
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients:
    1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352864819301476
• Liveness
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Asynchronous (P2P)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Execution-Layer Decoupling
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Interchangeability
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Liveness
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Extensibility
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Highly-Partitioned Blockchains with Local Views
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Ordering
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Reputation
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Confidence
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Network Congestion
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Topology
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Resilience (Consensus context)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Verifiability
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Non-Repudiation
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Snowball
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Lachesis
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Glacier
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.

Node Reputation

• Ikingut (Reputation Algorithm)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Important Conceptual Goals
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
    • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients: 1.
      • Simple
      • Lightweight
      • Pluggable
      • Adaptive
      • Dynamic
      • Robust
      • No Transitive Trust
      • Reasonable Bootstrap Time
  • Reputation Polling (Polling Dynamics)
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
    • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients: 1.
    • Indirect Request
      • Prep: [||||||||||]
      • Cook Time: X min
      • Ingredients: 1.
    • Direct Request
      • Prep: [||||||||||]
      • Cook Time: X min
      • Ingredients: 1.
      • Unirep (a pre-existing example)
      • Qualities Necessary (of Direct Request)
        • Verifiability
        • Non-Repudiation
        • Privacy Preserving (preserve origins of score, emit opinions without a way to trace back the origins - MPC)
    • Local Heuristic
  • Glacier Algorithm
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
      • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients:
      • Each Iteration
        1. Voting
        2. Agent Action (Post-Consensus Decision Finality)
      • Min-Multiplicative Reputation Punishment
        • Multiplicative
        • Linear
  • Experimental Research
    • Starting Point
      • Trust Wisdom per Node (requires further elaboration)
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Adversary Types and Effects (requires further elaboration)
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
    • Current Stage of Testing/Challenges
      • Silent-Omniscient Adversaries
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Punishment Testing (Modulating Punishment/No Punishment Impacts to Conditions)
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Adding Multiplicative-min Punishment
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Reputation Attacks
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
        • Con-Artist Attack
          • Prep: [||||||||||]
          • Cook Time: X min
          • Ingredients: 1.
        • The On-Off Attack
          • Prep: [||||||||||]
          • Cook Time: X min
          • Ingredients: 1.
      • Punishment Effects on Glacier
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Reputation Limitations
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
        • No immediate defense against coordinated attacks
        • Reputation does not add to security
    • Future Work
      • Circumstantial Impact of Reputation on Consensus
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Long-running Simulation
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Sudden changes in Collective Byzantine Behavior
        • Prep: [||||||||||]
        • Cook Time: X min
        • Ingredients: 1.
      • Pending Questions
        1. Interaction of Stake-based and Reputation-based selection
           • Stake simulations are necessary for exploring options
           • Relevant in the incentives discussion?
        2. How much (and if) does reputation really help in a coordinated attack? (Assuming patient con-artist attack)
           • Complex interactions here, this model would particularly benefit having a prototype/PoC
• Node Challenges
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  1. Intermittence Flexibility
  2. Sudden Changing Behavior
  3. Bootstrapping Quickly
  4. Resilience to Dynamic Unpredictable Network Changes (Can Handle Membership Volatility)
• Design
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  1. Local reputation view
  2. Adaptive and Dynamic
  3. Required Bootstrapping
     • Network View Not Required
     • Individual Node Reputation Not Required
• Eigentrust
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Transitive Trust
  • Understanding the Math
  • Trust Decay
    • Malicious Clusters (describe nuances better, trusted nodes cannot overlap the malicious collective)
  • Trust for Consensus
  • Separation of Reputation
  • Confidant
  • XRep
  • P-Grid
  • R2Trust
• Generic Taxonomy
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Dimensions
    • Single
    • Multiple
  • Time computation
  • Aggregation
    • Deterministic sum of positive and negative ratings
    • Probabilistic
  • Logic
    • Local vs gathered data
    • Age of data
    • Frequency of data
    • Weight of multiple dimensions
  • Value Control
    • External
    • Internal
  • Data Aging
    • None
    • Decay
    • Death of old/selected
  • Selection
    • Ranking-based
    • Threshold (trusted/untrusted)
    • Probabilistic selection

Network Layer and Mempool

• Node Discovery
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Subnetworks
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Design
  • Implementation
  • Ideas
• Mempool
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Challenges
  • Approach
  • Mempool Design

Staking and Multi-DAG

• Factory of DAGs
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Concept
  • Algorithm
• Sub-DAG
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Cross-DAG
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Bridge (Intermediary) Nodes
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Gravity
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Application-Level User-Driven
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Direct Communication Channel
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Direct Communication VGER
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Challenges
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Probabilistic Finality and Cross-Network Communication
  • Network Partitioning and Forks
  • Weak Subjectivity - Reputation of nodes matters to clients. Nodes are clients of other networks.
  • Verifying Weights in Staking
  • Glacier Algorithm Quiesces
• Approach
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  1. Deterministic Finality
  2. Secondary Consensus Protocol (form local opinion on external DAG)
  3. Intermediary DAG (Intersection of nodes participating mutually in common structures)
• Vertex Sealing
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• XSub (Cross-sub-DAG communication)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• XDAG (Cross-DAG communication)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• XDAG Fees
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Communication Patterns
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Direct
  • User-Coordinated Channel
  • Sub-DAG-Coordinated Channel
• Stake Sub-DAG
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Totally-Ordered Chain
  • Global Knowledge
  • Alternative Designs
    • 2P-Set
    • Per-Node Branch

Data Model and Concurrency

• Reference Work
  • eUTXO (Direct extension of the basic UTXO model)
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
    • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients: 1.
    • References (Cardano foundational paper)
    • Validator
    • Datum
    • Redeemer
    • Ledger Description
  • CKB
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
    • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients: 1.
    • Key feature: state space ownership
    • Cell description
    • Transaction description
  • Zexe
    • Prep: [||||||||||]
    • Cook Time: X min
    • Ingredients: 1.
    • Key Feature: Privacy
    • Transaction Description
    • Record Description
• Approach
• Data Model Design
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
    • Challenges
    • Concept
    • Data Structures and Constraints
• Concurrent Execution (Threads)
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Execution Patterns
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
  • Useful patterns
    • Example of EVM execution on this model
    • Explore and describe
  • Anti-patterns
    • High Contention
    • Low Affinity

Tokenomics

• Fees
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Rewards
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• Slashing
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.
• MEV
  • Prep: [||||||||||]
  • Cook Time: X min
  • Ingredients: 1.

Relevant Projects

Codex

Waku

VAC