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+### BLS Verification
+
+**Warning: This document is pending academic review and should not yet be considered secure.**
+
+See https://z.cash/blog/new-snark-curve/ for BLS-12-381 parameters.
+
+We represent coordinates as defined in https://github.com/zkcrypto/pairing/tree/master/src/bls12_381/.
+
+Specifically, a point in G1 as a 384-bit integer `z`, which we decompose into:
+
+* `x = z % 2**381`
+* `highflag = z // 2**382`
+* `lowflag = (z % 2**382) // 2**381`
+
+If `highflag == 3`, the point is the point at infinity and we require `lowflag = x = 0`. Otherwise, we require `highflag == 2`, in which case the point is `(x, y)` where `y` is the valid coordinate such that `(y * 2) // q == lowflag`.
+
+We represent a point in G2 as a pair of 384-bit integers `(z1, z2)` that are each decomposed into `x1`, `highflag1`, `lowflag1`, `x2`, `highflag2`, `lowflag2` as above. We require `lowflag2 == highflag2 == 0`. If `highflag1 == 3`, the point is the point at infinity and we require `lowflag1 == x1 == x2 == 0`. Otherwise, we require `highflag == 2`, in which case the point is `(x1 * i + x2, y)` where `y` is the valid coordinate such that the imaginary part of `y` satisfies `(y_im * 2) // q == lowflag1`.
+
+`BLSVerify(pubkey: uint384, msg: bytes32, sig: [uint384], domain: uint64)` is done as follows:
+
+* Verify that `pubkey` is a valid G1 point and `sig` is a valid G2 point.
+* Convert `msg` to a G2 point using `hash_to_G2` defined below.
+* Do the pairing check: verify `e(pubkey, hash_to_G2(msg, domain)) == e(G1, sig)` (where `e` is the BLS pairing function)
+
+Here is the `hash_to_G2` definition:
+
+```python
+G2_cofactor = 305502333931268344200999753193121504214466019254188142667664032982267604182971884026507427359259977847832272839041616661285803823378372096355777062779109
+field_modulus = 4002409555221667393417789825735904156556882819939007885332058136124031650490837864442687629129015664037894272559787
+
+def hash_to_G2(m, domain):
+    x1 = hash(bytes8(domain) + b'\x01' + m)
+    x2 = hash(bytes8(domain) + b'\x02' + m)
+    x_coord = FQ2([x1, x2]) # x1 + x2 * i
+    while 1:
+        x_cubed_plus_b2 = x_coord ** 3 + FQ2([4,4])
+        y_coord = mod_sqrt(x_cubed_plus_b2)
+        if y_coord is not None:
+            break
+        x_coord += FQ2([1, 0]) # Add one until we get a quadratic residue
+    assert is_on_curve((x_coord, y_coord))
+    return multiply((x_coord, y_coord), G2_cofactor)
+```
+
+Here is a sample implementation of `mod_sqrt`:
+
+```python
+qmod = field_modulus ** 2 - 1
+eighth_roots_of_unity = [FQ2([1,1]) ** ((qmod * k) // 8) for k in range(8)]
+
+def mod_sqrt(val):
+    candidate_sqrt = val ** ((qmod + 8) // 16)
+    check = candidate_sqrt ** 2 / val
+    if check in eighth_roots_of_unity[::2]:
+        return candidate_sqrt / eighth_roots_of_unity[eighth_roots_of_unity.index(check) // 2]
+    return None
+```
+
+`BLSMultiVerify(pubkeys: [uint384], msgs: [bytes32], sig: [uint384], domain: uint64)` is done as follows:
+
+* Verify that each element of `pubkeys` is a valid G1 point and `sig` is a valid G2 point.
+* Convert each element of `msg` to a G2 point using `hash_to_G2` defined above, using the specified `domain`.
+* Check that the length of `pubkeys` and `msgs` is the same, call the length `L`
+* Do the pairing check: verify `e(pubkeys[0], hash_to_G2(msgs[0], domain)) * ... * e(pubkeys[L-1], hash_to_G2(msgs[L-1], domain)) == e(G1, sig)`