Enable looking up consul nodes by their node ID.

Assuming the following output from a consul agent:

```
==> Consul agent running!
           Version: 'v0.7.3-43-gc5e140c-dev (c5e140c+CHANGES)'
           Node ID: '40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5'
         Node name: 'myhost'
```

it is now possible to lookup nodes by their Node Name or Node ID, or a
prefix match of the Node ID, with the following caveats re: the prefix
match:

1) first eight digits of the Node ID are a required minimum (eight was
   chosen as an arbitrary number)
2) the length of the Node ID must be an even number or no result will be
   returned.

```
% dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 myhost.node.dc1.consul.
myhost.node.dc1.consul.	0	IN	A	127.0.0.1
% dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5.node.dc1.consul.
40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5.node.dc1.consul. 0	IN A 127.0.0.1
% dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 40e4a748.node.dc1.consul.
40e4a748.node.dc1.consul. 0	IN	A	127.0.0.1
% dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 40e4a74821.node.dc1.consul.
40e4a74821.node.dc1.consul. 0	IN	A	127.0.0.1
% dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 40e4a748-21.node.dc1.consul.
40e4a748-21.node.dc1.consul. 0	IN	A	127.0.0.1
```

consul/state/catalog.go

@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-memdb"
 )
 
+const (
+	// minUUIDLookupLen is used as a minimum length of a node name required before
+	// we test to see if the name is actually a UUID and perform an ID-based node
+	// lookup.
+	minUUIDLookupLen = 8
+)
+
 // Nodes is used to pull the full list of nodes for use during snapshots.
 func (s *StateSnapshot) Nodes() (memdb.ResultIterator, error) {
 	iter, err := s.tx.Get("nodes", "id")
@@ -151,7 +158,7 @@ func (s *StateStore) ensureNodeTxn(tx *memdb.Txn, idx uint64, node *structs.Node
 	// Check for an existing node
 	existing, err := tx.First("nodes", "id", node.Node)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("node lookup failed: %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("node name lookup failed: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	// Get the indexes
@@ -174,7 +181,7 @@ func (s *StateStore) ensureNodeTxn(tx *memdb.Txn, idx uint64, node *structs.Node
 	return nil
 }
 
-// GetNode is used to retrieve a node registration by node ID.
+// GetNode is used to retrieve a node registration by node name ID.
 func (s *StateStore) GetNode(id string) (uint64, *structs.Node, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Txn(false)
 	defer tx.Abort()
@@ -193,6 +200,25 @@ func (s *StateStore) GetNode(id string) (uint64, *structs.Node, error) {
 	return idx, nil, nil
 }
 
+// GetNodeID is used to retrieve a node registration by node ID.
+func (s *StateStore) GetNodeID(id types.NodeID) (uint64, *structs.Node, error) {
+	tx := s.db.Txn(false)
+	defer tx.Abort()
+
+	// Get the table index.
+	idx := maxIndexTxn(tx, "nodes")
+
+	// Retrieve the node from the state store
+	node, err := tx.First("nodes", "uuid", string(id))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("node lookup failed: %s", err)
+	}
+	if node != nil {
+		return idx, node.(*structs.Node), nil
+	}
+	return idx, nil, nil
+}
+
 // Nodes is used to return all of the known nodes.
 func (s *StateStore) Nodes(ws memdb.WatchSet) (uint64, structs.Nodes, error) {
 	tx := s.db.Txn(false)
@@ -662,15 +688,34 @@ func (s *StateStore) NodeServices(ws memdb.WatchSet, nodeName string) (uint64, *
 	// Get the table index.
 	idx := maxIndexTxn(tx, "nodes", "services")
 
-	// Query the node
+	// Query the node by node name
 	watchCh, n, err := tx.FirstWatch("nodes", "id", nodeName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("node lookup failed: %s", err)
 	}
-	ws.Add(watchCh)
+
 	if n == nil {
+		if len(nodeName) >= minUUIDLookupLen {
+			// Attempt to lookup the node by it's node ID
+			var idWatchCh <-chan struct{}
+			idWatchCh, n, err = tx.FirstWatch("nodes", "uuid_prefix", nodeName)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("node ID lookup failed: %s", err)
+			}
+			if n == nil {
+				ws.Add(watchCh)
+				return 0, nil, nil
+			} else {
+				ws.Add(idWatchCh)
+			}
+		} else {
+			ws.Add(watchCh)
 			return 0, nil, nil
 		}
+	} else {
+		ws.Add(watchCh)
+	}
+
 	node := n.(*structs.Node)
 
 	// Read all of the services

consul/state/catalog_test.go

@@ -10,14 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/lib"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/types"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/go-memdb"
+	uuid "github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid"
 )
 
+func makeRandomNodeID(t *testing.T) types.NodeID {
+	id, err := uuid.GenerateUUID()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+	return types.NodeID(id)
+}
+
 func TestStateStore_EnsureRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 	s := testStateStore(t)
 
 	// Start with just a node.
 	req := &structs.RegisterRequest{
-		ID:      types.NodeID("40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5"),
+		ID:      makeRandomNodeID(t),
 		Node:    "node1",
 		Address: "1.2.3.4",
 		TaggedAddresses: map[string]string{
@@ -27,6 +36,7 @@ func TestStateStore_EnsureRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 			"somekey": "somevalue",
 		},
 	}
+	nodeID := req.ID
 	if err := s.EnsureRegistration(1, req); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -37,7 +47,7 @@ func TestStateStore_EnsureRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
 		}
-		if out.ID != types.NodeID("40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5") ||
+		if out.ID != nodeID ||
 			out.Node != "node1" || out.Address != "1.2.3.4" ||
 			len(out.TaggedAddresses) != 1 ||
 			out.TaggedAddresses["hello"] != "world" ||
@@ -45,6 +55,13 @@ func TestStateStore_EnsureRegistration(t *testing.T) {
 			out.CreateIndex != 1 || out.ModifyIndex != 1 {
 			t.Fatalf("bad node returned: %#v", out)
 		}
+		_, out2, err := s.GetNodeID(nodeID)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err: %s", err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(out, out2) {
+			t.Fatalf("bad node returned: %#v -- %#v", out, out2)
+		}
 	}
 	verifyNode()
 
@@ -183,6 +200,7 @@ func TestStateStore_EnsureRegistration_Restore(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Start with just a node.
 	req := &structs.RegisterRequest{
+		ID:      makeRandomNodeID(t),
 		Node:    "node1",
 		Address: "1.2.3.4",
 	}

consul/state/schema.go

@@ -78,6 +78,14 @@ func nodesTableSchema() *memdb.TableSchema {
 					Lowercase: true,
 				},
 			},
+			"uuid": &memdb.IndexSchema{
+				Name:         "uuid",
+				AllowMissing: false,
+				Unique:       true,
+				Indexer: &memdb.UUIDFieldIndex{
+					Field: "ID",
+				},
+			},
 			"meta": &memdb.IndexSchema{
 				Name:         "meta",
 				AllowMissing: true,