api: add `CheckRegisterOpts` method to Agent API (#18943)

Ongoing work to support Nomad Workload Identity for authenticating with Consul
will mean that Nomad's service registration sync with Consul will want to use
Consul tokens scoped to individual workloads for registering services and
checks. The `CheckRegister` method in the API doesn't have an option to pass the
token in, which prevent us from sharing the same Consul connection for all
workloads. Add a `CheckRegisterOpts` to match the behavior of
`ServiceRegisterOpts`.

.changelog/18943.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+```release-note:improvement
+api: added `CheckRegisterOpts` to Agent API
+```

api/agent.go

@@ -998,7 +998,14 @@ func (a *Agent) UpdateTTLOpts(checkID, output, status string, q *QueryOptions) e
 // CheckRegister is used to register a new check with
 // the local agent
 func (a *Agent) CheckRegister(check *AgentCheckRegistration) error {
+	return a.CheckRegisterOpts(check, nil)
+}
+
+// CheckRegisterOpts is used to register a new check with
+// the local agent using query options
+func (a *Agent) CheckRegisterOpts(check *AgentCheckRegistration, q *QueryOptions) error {
 	r := a.c.newRequest("PUT", "/v1/agent/check/register")
+	r.setQueryOptions(q)
 	r.obj = check
 	_, resp, err := a.c.doRequest(r)
 	if err != nil {

api/agent_test.go

@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ func TestAPI_AgentChecks(t *testing.T) {
 		Name: "foo",
 	}
 	reg.TTL = "15s"
-	if err := agent.CheckRegister(reg); err != nil {
+	if err := agent.CheckRegisterOpts(reg, nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("err: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -1097,6 +1097,19 @@ func TestAPI_AgentChecks(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAgent_AgentChecksRegisterOpts_WithContextTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := NewClient(DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Nanosecond)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	opts := &QueryOptions{}
+	opts = opts.WithContext(ctx)
+	err = c.Agent().CheckRegisterOpts(&AgentCheckRegistration{}, opts)
+	require.True(t, errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded), "expected timeout")
+}
+
 func TestAPI_AgentChecksWithFilterOpts(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	c, s := makeClient(t)