// Copyright (c) 2015-2016 The Khronos Group Inc. // Copyright notice at https://www.khronos.org/registry/speccopyright.html [[framebuffer]] = The Framebuffer [[framebuffer-blending]] == Blending Blending combines the incoming ``source'' fragment's R, G, B, and A values with the ``destination'' R, G, B, and A values of each sample stored in the framebuffer at the fragment's latexmath:[$(x_f,y_f)$] location. Blending is performed for each pixel sample, rather than just once for each fragment. Source and destination values are combined according to the <>, quadruplets of source and destination weighting factors determined by the <>, and a <>, to obtain a new set of R, G, B, and A values, as described below. Blending is computed and applied separately to each color attachment used by the subpass, with separate controls for each attachment. Prior to performing the blend operation, signed and unsigned normalized fixed-point color components undergo an implied conversion to floating-point as specified by <>. Blending computations are treated as if carried out in floating-point, and will be performed with a precision and dynamic range no lower than that used to represent destination components. Blending applies only to fixed-point and floating-point color attachments. If the color attachment has an integer format, blending is not applied. The pipeline blend state is included in the sname:VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo structure during graphics pipeline creation: // refBegin VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo Structure specifying parameters of a newly created pipeline color blend state The sname:VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo structure is defined as: include::../api/structs/VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo.txt[] * pname:sType is the type of this structure. * pname:pNext is `NULL` or a pointer to an extension-specific structure. * pname:flags is reserved for future use. * pname:logicOpEnable controls whether to apply <>. * pname:logicOp selects which logical operation to apply. * pname:attachmentCount is the number of sname:VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState elements in pname:pAttachments. This value must: equal the pname:colorAttachmentCount for the subpass in which this pipeline is used. * pname:pAttachments: is a pointer to array of per target attachment states. * pname:blendConstants is an array of four values used as the R, G, B, and A components of the blend constant that are used in blending, depending on the <>. Each element of the pname:pAttachments array is a slink:VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState structure specifying per-target blending state for each individual color attachment. If the <> feature is not enabled on the device, all slink:VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState elements in the pname:pAttachments array must: be identical. include::../validity/structs/VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo.txt[] // refBegin VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState Structure specifying a pipeline color blend attachment state The sname:VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState structure is defined as: include::../api/structs/VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.txt[] * pname:blendEnable controls whether blending is enabled for the corresponding color attachment. If blending is not enabled, the source fragment's color for that attachment is passed through unmodified. * pname:srcColorBlendFactor selects which blend factor is used to determine the source factors latexmath:[$S_r,S_g,S_b$]. * pname:dstColorBlendFactor selects which blend factor is used to determine the destination factors latexmath:[$D_r,D_g,D_b$]. * pname:colorBlendOp selects which blend operation is used to calculate the RGB values to write to the color attachment. * pname:srcAlphaBlendFactor selects which blend factor is used to determine the source factor latexmath:[$S_a$]. * pname:dstAlphaBlendFactor selects which blend factor is used to determine the destination factor latexmath:[$D_a$]. * pname:alphaBlendOp selects which blend operation is use to calculate the alpha values to write to the color attachment. * pname:colorWriteMask is a bitmask selecting which of the R, G, B, and/or A components are enabled for writing, as described later in this chapter. include::../validity/structs/VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState.txt[] [[framebuffer-blendfactors]] === Blend Factors // refBegin VkBlendFactor Framebuffer blending factors The source and destination color and alpha blending factors are selected from the enum: include::../api/enums/VkBlendFactor.txt[] The semantics of each enum value is described in the table below: .Blend Factors [width="100%",options="header",align="center",cols="59%,28%,13%"] |==== |VkBlendFactor | RGB Blend Factors (latexmath:[$S_r,S_g,S_b$]) or (latexmath:[$D_r,D_g,D_b$]) | Alpha Blend Factor (latexmath:[$S_a$] or latexmath:[$D_a$]) |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO | latexmath:[$(0,0,0)$] | latexmath:[$0$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE | latexmath:[$(1,1,1)$] | latexmath:[$1$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_COLOR | latexmath:[$(R_{s0},G_{s0},B_{s0})$] | latexmath:[$A_{s0}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR | latexmath:[$(1-R_{s0},1-G_{s0},1-B_{s0})$] | latexmath:[$1-A_{s0}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_DST_COLOR | latexmath:[$(R_d,G_d,B_d)$] | latexmath:[$A_d$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR | latexmath:[$(1-R_d,1-G_d,1-B_d)$] | latexmath:[$1-A_d$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(A_{s0},A_{s0},A_{s0})$] | latexmath:[$A_{s0}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(1-A_{s0},1-A_{s0},1-A_{s0})$] | latexmath:[$1-A_{s0}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_DST_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(A_d,A_d,A_d)$] | latexmath:[$A_d$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(1-A_d,1-A_d,1-A_d)$] | latexmath:[$1-A_d$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_CONSTANT_COLOR | latexmath:[$(R_c,G_c,B_c)$] | latexmath:[$A_c$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR | latexmath:[$(1-R_c,1-G_c,1-B_c)$] | latexmath:[$1-A_c$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_CONSTANT_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(A_c,A_c,A_c)$] | latexmath:[$A_c$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(1-A_c,1-A_c,1-A_c)$] | latexmath:[$1-A_c$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE | latexmath:[$(f,f,f); f=\min(A_{s0},1-A_d)$] | latexmath:[$1$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC1_COLOR | latexmath:[$(R_{s1},G_{s1},B_{s1})$] | latexmath:[$A_{s1}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_COLOR | latexmath:[$(1-R_{s1},1-G_{s1},1-B_{s1})$] | latexmath:[$1-A_{s1}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC1_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(A_{s1},A_{s1},A_{s1})$] | latexmath:[$A_{s1}$] |ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_ALPHA | latexmath:[$(1-A_{s1},1-A_{s1},1-A_{s1})$] | latexmath:[$1-A_{s1}$] |==== In this table, the following conventions are used: * latexmath:[$R_{s0},G_{s0},B_{s0}$] and latexmath:[$A_{s0}$] represent the first source color R, G, B, and A components, respectively, for the fragment output location corresponding to the color attachment being blended. * latexmath:[$R_{s1},G_{s1},B_{s1}$] and latexmath:[$A_{s1}$] represent the second source color R, G, B, and A components, respectively, used in dual source blending modes, for the fragment output location corresponding to the color attachment being blended. * latexmath:[$R_d,G_d,B_d$] and latexmath:[$A_d$] represent the R, G, B, and A components of the destination color. That is, the color currently in the corresponding color attachment for this fragment/sample. * latexmath:[$R_c,G_c,B_c$] and latexmath:[$A_c$] represent the blend constant R, G, B, and A components, respectively. // refEnd VkBlendFactor [[framebuffer-blendconstants]] If the pipeline state object is created without the ename:VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_BLEND_CONSTANTS dynamic state enabled then the ``blend constant'' latexmath:[$(R_c,G_c,B_c,A_c)$] is specified via the pname:blendConstants member of slink:VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo. // refBegin vkCmdSetBlendConstants Set the values of blend constants Otherwise, to dynamically set and change the blend constant, call: include::../api/protos/vkCmdSetBlendConstants.txt[] * pname:commandBuffer is the command buffer into which the command will be recorded. * pname:blendConstants is an array of four values specifying the R, G, B, and A components of the blend constant color used in blending, depending on the <>. include::../validity/protos/vkCmdSetBlendConstants.txt[] [[framebuffer-dsb]] === Dual-Source Blending Blend factors that use the secondary color input latexmath:[$(R_{s1},G_{s1},B_{s1},A_{s1})$] (ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC1_COLOR, ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_COLOR, ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC1_ALPHA, and ename:VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC1_ALPHA) may: consume hardware resources that could otherwise be used for rendering to multiple color attachments. Therefore, the number of color attachments that can: be used in a framebuffer may: be lower when using dual-source blending. Dual-source blending is only supported if the <> feature is enabled. The maximum number of color attachments that can: be used in a subpass when using dual-source blending functions is implementation-dependent and is reported as the pname:maxFragmentDualSrcAttachments member of sname:VkPhysicalDeviceLimits. When using a fragment shader with dual-source blending functions, the color outputs are bound to the first and second inputs of the blender using the code:Index decoration, as described in <>. If the second color input to the blender is not written in the shader, or if no output is bound to the second input of a blender, the result of the blending operation is not defined. [[framebuffer-blendoperations]] === Blend Operations // refBegin VkBlendOp Framebuffer blending operations Once the source and destination blend factors have been selected, they along with the source and destination components are passed to the blending operation. The blending operations are selected from the following enum, with RGB and alpha components potentially using different blend operations: include::../api/enums/VkBlendOp.txt[] <<< The semantics of each enum value is described in the table below: .Blend Operations [width="100%",cols="45%,30%,25%",options="header",align="center"] |==== |VkBlendOp | RGB Components | Alpha Component |ename:VK_BLEND_OP_ADD | latexmath:[$R=R_{s0}\times S_r+R_d\times D_r$] + latexmath:[$G=G_{s0}\times S_g+G_d\times D_g$] + latexmath:[$B=B_{s0}\times S_b+B_d\times D_b$] | latexmath:[$A=A_{s0}\times S_a+A_d\times D_a$] |ename:VK_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT | latexmath:[$R=R_{s0}\times S_r-R_d\times D_r$] + latexmath:[$G=G_{s0}\times S_g-G_d\times D_g$] + latexmath:[$B=B_{s0}\times S_b-B_d\times D_b$] | latexmath:[$A=A_{s0}\times S_a-A_d\times D_a$] |ename:VK_BLEND_OP_REVERSE_SUBTRACT | latexmath:[$R=R_d\times D_r-R_{s0}\times S_r$] + latexmath:[$G=G_d\times D_g-G_{s0}\times S_g$] + latexmath:[$B=B_d\times D_b-B_{s0}\times S_b$] | latexmath:[$A=A_d\times D_a-A_{s0}\times S_a$] |ename:VK_BLEND_OP_MIN | latexmath:[$R=\min(R_{s0},R_d)$] + latexmath:[$G=\min(G_{s0},G_d)$] + latexmath:[$B=\min(B_{s0},B_d)$] | latexmath:[$A=\min(A_{s0},A_d)$] |ename:VK_BLEND_OP_MAX | latexmath:[$R=\max(R_{s0},R_d)$] + latexmath:[$G=\max(G_{s0},G_d)$] + latexmath:[$B=\max(B_{s0},B_d)$] | latexmath:[$A=\max(A_{s0},A_d)$] |==== In this table, the following conventions are used: * latexmath:[$R_{s0},G_{s0},B_{s0}$] and latexmath:[$A_{s0}$] represent the first source color R, G, B, and A components, respectively. * latexmath:[$R_d,G_d,B_d$] and latexmath:[$A_d$] represent the R, G, B, and A components of the destination color. That is, the color currently in the corresponding color attachment for this fragment/sample. * latexmath:[$S_r,S_g,S_b$] and latexmath:[$S_a$] represent the source blend factor R, G, B, and A components, respectively. * latexmath:[$D_r,D_g,D_b$] and latexmath:[$D_a$] represent the destination blend factor R, G, B, and A components, respectively. The blending operation produces a new set of values latexmath:[$R, G, B$] and latexmath:[$A$], which are written to the framebuffer attachment. If blending is not enabled for this attachment, then latexmath:[$R, G, B$] and latexmath:[$A$] are assigned latexmath:[$R_{s0},G_{s0},B_{s0}$] and latexmath:[$A_{s0}$], respectively. If the color attachment is fixed-point, the components of the source and destination values and blend factors are each clamped to latexmath:[$[0,1\]$] or latexmath:[$[-1,1\]$] respectively for an unsigned normalized or signed normalized color attachment prior to evaluating the blend operations. If the color attachment is floating-point, no clamping occurs. // refEnd VkBlendOp // refBegin VkColorComponentFlagBits Bitmask controlling which components are written to the framebuffer The pname:colorWriteMask member of slink:VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState determines whether the final color values latexmath:[$R, G, B$] and latexmath:[$A$] are written to the framebuffer attachment. pname:colorWriteMask is any combination of the following bits: include::../api/enums/VkColorComponentFlagBits.txt[] If ename:VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT is set, then the latexmath:[$R$] value is written to color attachment for the appropriate sample, otherwise the value in memory is unmodified. The ename:VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT, ename:VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT, and ename:VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT bits similarly control writing of the latexmath:[$G, B,$] and latexmath:[$A$] values. The pname:colorWriteMask is applied regardless of whether blending is enabled. // refEnd VkColorComponentFlagBits If the numeric format of a framebuffer attachment uses sRGB encoding, the R, G, and B destination color values (after conversion from fixed-point to floating-point) are considered to be encoded for the sRGB color space and hence are linearized prior to their use in blending. Each R, G, and B component is converted from nonlinear to linear as described in the ``KHR_DF_TRANSFER_SRGB'' section of the <>. If the format is not sRGB, no linearization is performed. If the numeric format of a framebuffer attachment uses sRGB encoding, then the final R, G and B values are converted into the nonlinear sRGB representation before being written to the framebuffer attachment as described in the ``KHR_DF_TRANSFER_SRGB'' section of the Khronos Data Format Specification. If the framebuffer color attachment numeric format is not sRGB encoded then the resulting latexmath:[$c_s$] values for R, G and B are unmodified. The value of A is never sRGB encoded. That is, the alpha component is always stored in memory as linear. If the framebuffer color attachment is ename:VK_ATTACHMENT_UNUSED, no writes are performed through that attachment. Framebuffer color attachments greater than or equal to sname:VkSubpassDescription::pname:colorAttachmentCount perform no writes. [[framebuffer-logicop]] == Logical Operations The application can: enable a _logical operation_ between the fragment's color values and the existing value in the framebuffer attachment. This logical operation is applied prior to updating the framebuffer attachment. Logical operations are applied only for signed and unsigned integer and normalized integer framebuffers. Logical operations are not applied to floating-point or sRGB format color attachments. // refBegin VkLogicOp Framebuffer logical operations Logical operations are controlled by the pname:logicOpEnable and pname:logicOp members of slink:VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo. If pname:logicOpEnable is ename:VK_TRUE, then a logical operation selected by pname:logicOp is applied between each color attachment and the fragment's corresponding output value, and blending of all attachments is treated as if it were disabled. Any attachments using color formats for which logical operations are not supported simply pass through the color values unmodified. The logical operation is applied independently for each of the red, green, blue, and alpha components. The pname:logicOp is selected from the following operations: include::../api/enums/VkLogicOp.txt[] <<< The logical operations supported by Vulkan are summarized in the following table in which * latexmath:[$\lnot$] is bitwise invert, * latexmath:[$\land$] is bitwise and, * latexmath:[$\lor$] is bitwise or, * latexmath:[$\oplus$] is bitwise exclusive or, * latexmath:[$s$] is the fragment's latexmath:[$R_{s0}, G_{s0}, B_{s0}$] or latexmath:[$A_{s0}$] component value for the fragment output corresponding to the color attachment being updated, and * latexmath:[$d$] is the color attachment's latexmath:[$R, G, B$] or latexmath:[$A$] component value: .Logical Operations [width="75%",options="header",align="center"] |==== |Mode | Operation |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_CLEAR | latexmath:[$0$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_AND | latexmath:[$s \land d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_AND_REVERSE | latexmath:[$s \land \lnot d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY | latexmath:[$s$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_AND_INVERTED | latexmath:[$\lnot s \land d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_NO_OP | latexmath:[$d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_XOR | latexmath:[$s \oplus d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_OR | latexmath:[$s \lor d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_NOR | latexmath:[$\lnot (s \lor d)$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_EQUIVALENT | latexmath:[$\lnot (s \oplus d)$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_INVERT | latexmath:[$\lnot d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_OR_REVERSE | latexmath:[$s \lor \lnot d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY_INVERTED | latexmath:[$\lnot s$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_OR_INVERTED | latexmath:[$\lnot s \lor d$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_NAND | latexmath:[$\lnot (s \land d)$] |ename:VK_LOGIC_OP_SET | all 1s |==== The result of the logical operation is then written to the color attachment as controlled by the component write mask, described in <>. // refEnd VkLogicOp