// Copyright (c) 2015-2016 The Khronos Group Inc. // Copyright notice at https://www.khronos.org/registry/speccopyright.html [[fundamentals]] = Fundamentals This chapter introduces fundamental concepts including the {apiname} execution model, API syntax, queues, pipeline configurations, numeric representation, state and state queries, and the different types of objects and shaders. It provides a framework for interpreting more specific descriptions of commands and behavior in the remainder of the Specification. [[fundamentals-execmodel]] == Execution Model This section outlines the execution model of a {apiname} system. {apiname} exposes one or more _devices_, each of which exposes one or more _queues_ which may: process work asynchronously to one another. The queues supported by a device are divided into _families_, each of which supports one or more types of functionality and may: contain multiple queues with similar characteristics. Queues within a single family are considered _compatible_ with one another, and work produced for a family of queues can: be executed on any queue within that family. This specification defines four types of functionality that queues may: support: graphics, compute, transfer, and sparse memory management. [NOTE] .Note ==== It is possible that a single device may: report multiple similar queue families rather than, or as well as reporting multiple members of one or more of those families. This indicates that while members of those families have similar capabilities, they are _not_ directly compatible with one another. ==== Device memory is explicitly managed by the application. Each device may: advertise one or more heaps, representing different areas of memory. Memory heaps are either device local or host local, but are always visible to the device. Further detail about memory heaps is exposed via memory types available on that heap. Examples of memory areas that may: be available on an implementation include: * _device local_ is memory that is physically connected to the device. * _device local, host visible_ is device local memory that is visible to the host. * _host local, host visible_ is memory that is local to the host and visible to the device and host. On other architectures, there may: only be a single heap that can: be used for any purpose. A {apiname} application controls a set of devices through the submission of command buffers which have recorded device commands issued via {apiname} library calls. The content of command buffers is specific to the underlying hardware and is opaque to the application. Once constructed, a command buffer can: be submitted once or many times to a queue for execution. Multiple command buffers can: be built in parallel by employing multiple threads within the application. Command buffers submitted to different queues may: execute in parallel or even out of order with respect to one another. Command buffers submitted to a single queue respect the submission order, as described further in <>. Command buffer execution by the device is also asynchronous to host execution. Once a command buffer is submitted to a queue, control may: return to the application immediately. Synchronization between the device and host, and between different queues is the responsibility of the application. [[fundamentals-queueoperation]] === Queue Operation {apiname} queues provide an interface to the execution engines of a device. Commands are recorded into command buffers ahead of execution time. These command buffers are then submitted to queues for execution. Command buffers submitted to a single queue are played back in the order they were submitted, and commands within each buffer are played back in the order they were recorded. Work performed by those commands respects the ordering guarantees provided by explicit and implicit dependencies, as described below. Work submitted to separate queues may: execute in any relative order unless otherwise specified. Therefore, the application must: explicitly synchronize work between queues when needed. In order to control relative order of execution of work both within a queue and across multiple queues, {apiname} provides several synchronization primitives, which include _semaphores_, _events_, _pipeline barriers_, and _fences_. These are covered in depth in <>. In broad terms, semaphores are used to synchronize work across queues or across coarse-grained submissions to a single queue, events and barriers are used to synchronize work within a command buffer or sequence of command buffers submitted to a single queue, and fences are used to synchronize work between the device and the host. [NOTE] .Note ==== Implementations have significant freedom to overlap execution of work submitted to a queue, and this is common due to deep pipelining and parallelism in {apiname} devices. ==== Work is submitted to queues using queue submission commands that typically take the form ftext:vkQueue* (e.g. flink:vkQueueSubmit, flink:vkQueueBindSparse), and usually take a list of semaphores upon which to wait before work begins and a list of semaphores to signal once work has completed. Unless otherwise ordered by semaphores, command buffer execution from multiple queue submissions done using the flink:vkQueueSubmit command may: overlap (but not be reordered), sparse binding operations done using the flink:vkQueueBindSparse command from multiple batches may: overlap or be reordered, and command buffer submissions and sparse binding operations may: overlap or be reordered against operations of the other type. Command buffer boundaries, both between primary command buffers of the same or different batches or submissions as well as between primary and secondary command buffers, do not introduce any implicit ordering constraints. In other words, submitting the set of command buffers (which can: include executing secondary command buffers) between any semaphore or fence operations plays back the recorded commands as if they had all been recorded into a single primary command buffer, except that the current state is <> on each boundary. Commands recorded in command buffers either perform actions (draw, dispatch, clear, copy, query/timestamp operations, begin/end subpass operations), set state (bind pipelines, descriptor sets, and buffers, set dynamic state, push constants, set render pass/subpass state), or perform synchronization (set/wait events, pipeline barrier, render pass/subpass dependencies). Some commands perform more than one of these tasks. State setting commands update the _current state_ of the command buffer. Some commands that perform actions (e.g. draw/dispatch) do so based on the current state set cumulatively since the start of the command buffer. The work involved in performing action commands is often allowed to overlap or to be reordered, but doing so mustnot: alter the state to be used by each action command. In general, action commands are those commands that alter framebuffer attachments, read/write buffer or image memory, or write to query pools. Synchronization commands introduce explicit <> between two sets of action commands, where the second set of commands depends on the first set of commands. These dependencies enforce that both the execution of certain <> in the later set occur after the execution of certain stages in the source set, and that the effects of <> performed by certain pipeline stages occur in order and are visible to each other. When not enforced by an explicit dependency or otherwise forbidden by the specification, action commands may: overlap execution or execute out of order, and may: not see the side effects of each other's memory accesses. Submitting command buffers and sparse memory operations, signaling fences, and signaling and waiting on semaphores each provide <>. Signaling a fence or semaphore each guarantees that the previous commands have completed execution and that memory writes from those commands are <> to future commands. Waiting on a semaphore or submitting command buffers after a fence has been signaled each guarantees that previous writes that were available are also <> to subsequent commands. [[fundamentals-queueoperation-apiorder]] Within a subpass of a <>, for a given (x,y,layer,sample) sample location, the following stages are guaranteed to execute in _API order_ for each separate primitive that includes that sample location: * depth bounds test * stencil test, stencil op and stencil write * depth test and depth write * occlusion queries * blending, logic op and color write where the API order sorts primitives: * First, by the action command that generates them. * Second, by the order they are processed by <>. Within this order, implementations also sort primitives: * Third, by an implementation-dependent ordering of new primitives generated by tessellation, if a tessellation shader is active. * Fourth, by the order new primitives are generated by <>, if geometry shading is active. * Fifth, by an implementation-dependent ordering of primitives generated due to the <>. The device executes command buffers from queues asynchronously from the host. Control is returned to an application immediately following command buffer submission to a queue. The application must: synchronize work between the host and device as needed. As part of each submission to a queue, a list of semaphores upon which to wait, and a list of semaphores to signal is provided along with the list of command buffers to execute. This is covered in more detail in <>. [[fundamentals-objectmodel-overview]] == Object Model The devices, queues, and other entities in {apiname} are represented by {apiname} objects. At the API level, all objects are referred to by handles. There are two classes of handles, dispatchable and non-dispatchable. _Dispatchable_ handle types are a pointer to an opaque type. This pointer may: be used by layers as part of intercepting API commands, and thus each API command takes a dispatchable type as its first parameter. Each object of a dispatchable type must: have a unique handle value during its lifetime. _Non-dispatchable_ handle types are a 64-bit integer type whose meaning is implementation-dependent, and may: encode object information directly in the handle rather than pointing to a software structure. Objects of a non-dispatchable type may: not have unique handle values within a type or across types. If handle values are not unique, then destroying one such handle mustnot: cause identical handles of other types to become invalid, and mustnot: cause identical handles of the same type to become invalid if that handle value has been created more times than it has been destroyed. All objects created or allocated from a sname:VkDevice (i.e. with a sname:VkDevice as the first parameter) are private to that device, and mustnot: be used on other devices. [[fundamentals-objectmodel-lifetime]] === Object Lifetime Objects are created or allocated by ftext:vkCreate* and ftext:vkAllocate* commands, respectively. Once an object is created or allocated, its ``structure'' is considered to be immutable, though the contents of certain object types is still free to change. Objects are destroyed or freed by ftext:vkDestroy* and ftext:vkFree* commands, respectively. Objects that are allocated (rather than created) take resources from an existing pool object or memory heap, and when freed return resources to that pool or heap. While object creation and destruction are generally expected to be low-frequency occurences during runtime, allocating and freeing objects can: occur at high frequency. Pool objects help accommodate improved performance of the allocations and frees. It is an application's responsibility to track the lifetime of {apiname} objects, and not to destroy them while they are still in use. Application-owned memory is immediately consumed by any {apiname} command it is passed into. The application can: alter or free this memory as soon as the commands that consume it have returned. The following object types are consumed when they are passed into a {apiname} command and not further accessed by the objects they are used to create. They can be destroyed at any time they are not in use by an API command: * sname:VkShaderModule * sname:VkPipelineCache * sname:VkPipelineLayout sname:VkDescriptorSetLayout objects may: be accessed by commands that operate on descriptor sets allocated using that layout, and those descriptor sets mustnot: be updated with flink:vkUpdateDescriptorSets after the descriptor set layout has been destroyed. Otherwise, descriptor set layouts can be destroyed any time they are not in use by an API command. The application mustnot: destroy any other type of {apiname} object until any uses of that object by the device (such as via command buffer execution) have completed. The following {apiname} objects can: be destroyed when no command buffers using the object are executing: * sname:VkEvent * sname:VkQueryPool * sname:VkBuffer * sname:VkBufferView * sname:VkImage * sname:VkImageView * sname:VkPipeline * sname:VkSampler * sname:VkDescriptorPool * sname:VkFramebuffer * sname:VkRenderPass * sname:VkCommandPool * sname:VkDeviceMemory * sname:VkDescriptorSet The following {apiname} objects can: be destroyed when work on the queue that uses the object has been completed: * sname:VkFence * sname:VkSemaphore * sname:VkCommandBuffer * sname:VkCommandPool In general, objects can: be destroyed or freed in any order, even if the object being freed is involved in the use of another object (e.g. use of a resource in a view, use of a view in a descriptor set, use of an object in a command buffer, binding of a memory allocation to a resource), as long as any object that uses the freed object is not further used in any way except to be destroyed or to be reset in such a way that it no longer uses the other object (such as resetting a command buffer). If the object has been reset, then it can: be used as if it never used the freed object. An exception to this is when there is a parent/child relationship between objects. In this case, the application mustnot: destroy a parent object before its children, except when the parent is explicitly defined to free its children when it is destroyed (e.g. for pool objects, as defined below). sname:VkCommandPool objects are parents of sname:VkCommandBuffer objects. sname:VkDescriptorPool objects are parents of sname:VkDescriptorSet objects. sname:VkDevice objects are parents of many object types (all that take a sname:VkDevice as a parameter to their creation). The following {apiname} objects have specific restrictions for when they can: be destroyed: * sname:VkQueue objects cannot: be explicitly destroyed. Instead, they are implicitly destroyed when the sname:VkDevice object they are retrieved from is destroyed. * Destroying a pool object implicitly frees all objects allocated from that pool. Specifically, destroying sname:VkCommandPool frees all sname:VkCommandBuffer objects that were allocated from it, and destroying sname:VkDescriptorPool frees all sname:VkDescriptorSet objects that were allocated from it. * sname:VkDevice objects can: be destroyed when all sname:VkQueue objects retrieved from them are idle, and all objects created from them have been destroyed. This includes the following objects: ** sname:VkFence ** sname:VkSemaphore ** sname:VkEvent ** sname:VkQueryPool ** sname:VkBuffer ** sname:VkBufferView ** sname:VkImage ** sname:VkImageView ** sname:VkShaderModule ** sname:VkPipelineCache ** sname:VkPipeline ** sname:VkPipelineLayout ** sname:VkSampler ** sname:VkDescriptorSetLayout ** sname:VkDescriptorPool ** sname:VkFramebuffer ** sname:VkRenderPass ** sname:VkCommandPool ** sname:VkCommandBuffer ** sname:VkDeviceMemory * sname:VkPhysicalDevice objects cannot: be explicitly destroyed. Instead, they are implicitly destroyed when the sname:VkInstance object they are retrieved from is destroyed. * sname:VkInstance objects can: be destroyed once all sname:VkDevice objects created from any of its sname:VkPhysicalDevice objects have been destroyed. [[fundamentals-commandsyntax]] == Command Syntax The Specification describes {apiname} commands as functions or procedures using C99 syntax. Language bindings for other languages such as C++ and Javascript may: allow for stricter parameter passing, or object-oriented interfaces. With few exceptions, {apiname} uses the standard C types for parameters (int types from stdint.h, etc). Exceptions to this are using basetype:VkResult for return values, using basetype:VkBool32 for boolean values, basetype:VkDeviceSize for sizes and offsets pertaining to device address space, and basetype:VkFlags for passing bits or sets of bits of predefined values. Commands that create {apiname} objects are of the form ftext:vkCreate* and take stext:Vk*CreateInfo structures with the parameters needed to create the object. These {apiname} objects are destroyed with commands of the form ftext:vkDestroy*. The last in-parameter to each command that creates or destroys a {apiname} object is pname:pAllocator. The pname:pAllocator parameter can: be set to a non-`NULL` value such that allocations for the given object are delegated to an application provided callback; refer to the <> chapter for further details. Commands that allocate {apiname} objects owned by pool objects are of the form ftext:vkAllocate*, and take stext:Vk*AllocateInfo structures. These {apiname} objects are freed with commands of the form ftext:vkFree*. These objects do not take allocators; if host memory is needed, they will use the allocator that was specified when their parent pool was created. Information is retrieved from the implementation with commands of the form ftext:vkGet*. Commands are recorded into a command buffer by calling API commands of the form ftext:vkCmd*. Each such command may have different restrictions on where it can be used: in a primary and/or secondary command buffer, inside and/or outside a render pass, and in one or more of the supported queue types. These restrictions are documented together with the definition of each such command. [[fundamentals-threadingbehavior]] == Threading Behavior {apiname} is intended to provide scalable performance when used on multiple host threads. All commands support being called concurrently from multiple threads, but certain parameters, or components of parameters are defined to be _externally synchronized_. This means that the caller must: guarantee that no more than one thread is using such a parameter at a given time. More precisely, {apiname} commands use simple stores to update software structures representing {apiname} objects. A parameter declared as externally synchronized may: have its software structures updated at any time during the host execution of the command. If two commands operate on the same object and at least one of the commands declares the object to be externally synchronized, then the caller must: guarantee not only that the commands do not execute simultaneously, but also that the two commands are separated by an appropriate memory barrier (if needed). [NOTE] .Note ==== Memory barriers are particularly relevant on the ARM CPU architecture which is more weakly ordered than many developers are accustomed to from x86/x64 programming. Fortunately, most higher-level synchronization primitives (like the pthread library) perform memory barriers as a part of mutual exclusion, so mutexing {apiname} objects via these primitives will have the desired effect. ==== Many object types are _immutable_, meaning the objects cannot: change once they have been created. These types of objects never need external synchronization, except that they mustnot: be destroyed while they are in use on another thread. In certain special cases, mutable object parameters are internally synchronized such that they do not require external synchronization. One example of this is the use of a sname:VkPipelineCache in fname:vkCreateGraphicsPipelines and fname:vkCreateComputePipelines, where external synchronization around such a heavyweight command would be impractical. The implementation must: internally synchronize the cache in this example, and may: be able to do so in the form of a much finer-grained mutex around the command. Any command parameters that are not labeled as externally synchronized are either not mutated by the command or are internally synchronized. Additionally, certain objects related to a command's parameters (e.g. command pools and descriptor pools) may: be affected by a command, and must: also be externally synchronized. These implicit parameters are documented as described below. Parameters of commands that are externally synchronized are listed below. include::../hostsynctable/parameters.txt[] There are also a few instances where a command can: take in a user allocated list whose contents are externally synchronized parameters. In these cases, the caller must: guarantee that at most one thread is using a given element within the list at a given time. These parameters are listed below. include::../hostsynctable/parameterlists.txt[] In addition, there are some implicit parameters that need to be externally synchronized. For example, all pname:commandBuffer parameters that need to be externally synchronized imply that the pname:commandPool that was passed in when creating that command buffer also needs to be externally synchronized. The implicit parameters and their associated object are listed below. include::../hostsynctable/implicit.txt[] [[fundamentals-errors]] == Errors {apiname} is a layered API. The lowest layer is the core {apiname} layer, as defined by this Specification. The application can: use additional layers above the core for debugging, validation, and other purposes. One of the core principles of {apiname} is that building and submitting command buffers should: be highly efficient. Thus error checking and validation of state in the core layer is minimal, although more rigorous validation can: be enabled through the use of layers. The core layer assumes applications are using the API correctly. Except as documented elsewhere in the Specification, the behavior of the core layer to an application using the API incorrectly is undefined, and may: include program termination. However, implementations must: ensure that incorrect usage by an application does not affect the integrity of the operating system, the Vulkan implementation, or other Vulkan client applications in the system, and does not allow one application to access data belonging to another application. Applications can: request stronger robustness guarantees by enabling the pname:robustBufferAccess feature as described in <>. Validation of correct API usage is left to validation layers. Applications should: be developed with validation layers enabled, to help catch and eliminate errors. Once validated, released applications shouldnot: enable validation layers by default. [[fundamentals-validusage]] === Valid Usage Certain usage rules apply to all commands in the API unless explicitly denoted differently for a command. These rules are as follows. Any input parameter to a command that is an object handle must: be a valid object handle, unless otherwise specified. An object handle is valid if: * It has been created or allocated by a previous, successful call to the API. Such calls are noted in the specification. * It has not been deleted or freed by a previous call to the API. Such calls are noted in the specification. * Any objects used by that object, either as part of creation or execution, must: also be valid. The reserved handle sname:VK_NULL_HANDLE can: be passed in place of valid object handles when _explicitly called out in the specification_. Any command that creates an object successfully mustnot: return sname:VK_NULL_HANDLE. It is valid to pass sname:VK_NULL_HANDLE to any ftext:vkDestroy* or ftext:vkFree* command, which will silently ignore these values. Any parameter that is a pointer must: be a valid pointer. A pointer is valid if it points at memory containing values of the number and type(s) expected by the command, and all fundamental types accessed through the pointer (e.g. as elements of an array or as members of a structure) satisfy the alignment requirements of the host processor. Any parameter of an enumerated type must: be a valid enumerant for that type. A enumerant is valid if: * The enumerant is defined as part of the enumerated type. * The enumerant is not one of the special values defined for the enumerated type, which are suffixed with etext:_BEGIN_RANGE, etext:_END_RANGE, etext:_RANGE_SIZE or etext:_MAX_ENUM. Any parameter that is a flag value must: be a valid combination of bit flags. A valid combination is either zero or the bitwise OR of valid bit flags. A bit flag is valid if: * The flag is defined as part of the bits type, where the bits type is obtained by taking the flag type and replacing the trailing etext:Flags with etext:FlagBits. For example, a flag value of type elink:VkColorComponentFlags must: contain only values selected from the bit flags in elink:VkColorComponentFlagBits. * The flag is allowed in the context in which it is being used. For example, in some cases, certain bit flags or combinations of bit flags are mutually exclusive. Any parameter that is a structure containing a etext:VkStructureType ptext:sType member must: have a value of ptext:sType matching the type of the structure. The correct value is described for each structure type, but as a general rule, the name of this value is obtained by taking the structure name, stripping the leading etext:Vk, prefixing each capital letter with etext:_, converting the entire resulting string to upper case, and prefixing it with etext:VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE. For example, structures of type sname:VkImageCreateInfo must: have a ptext:sType value of ename:VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO. The values ename:VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LOADER_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO and ename:VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_LOADER_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO are reserved for internal use by the loader, and don't have corresponding {apiname} structures in this specification. Any parameter that is a structure containing a basetype:void* ptext:pNext member must: have a value of ptext:pNext that is either `NULL`, or points to a valid structure that is defined by an enabled extension. Extension structures are not described in the base {apiname} specification, but either in layered specifications incorporating those extensions, or in separate vendor-provided documents. The above rules also apply recursively to members of structures provided as input to a command, either as a direct argument to the command, or themselves a member of another structure. Specifics on valid usage of each command are covered in their individual sections. [[fundamentals-returncodes]] === Return Codes While the core {apiname} API is not designed to capture incorrect usage, some circumstances still require return codes. Commands in {apiname} return their status via return codes that are in one of two categories: * Successful completion codes are returned when a command needs to communicate success or status information. All successful completion codes are non-negative values. * Run time error codes are returned when a command needs to communicate a failure that could only be detected at run time. All run time error codes are negative values. All return codes in {apiname} are reported via basetype:VkResult return values. The possible codes are: include::../enums/VkResult.txt[] [[fundamentals-successcodes]] .Success codes * ename:VK_SUCCESS Command successfully completed * ename:VK_NOT_READY A fence or query has not yet completed * ename:VK_TIMEOUT A wait operation has not completed in the specified time * ename:VK_EVENT_SET An event is signaled * ename:VK_EVENT_RESET An event is unsignaled * ename:VK_INCOMPLETE A return array was too small for the result [[fundamentals-errorcodes]] .Error codes * ename:VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY A host memory allocation has failed. * ename:VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY A device memory allocation has failed. * ename:VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED Initialization of an object could not be completed for implementation-specific reasons. * ename:VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST The logical or physical device has been lost. See <> * ename:VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED Mapping of a memory object has failed. * ename:VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT A requested layer is not present or could not be loaded. * ename:VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT A requested extension is not supported. * ename:VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT A requested feature is not supported. * ename:VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER The requested version of {apiname} is not supported by the driver or is otherwise incompatible for implementation-specific reasons. * ename:VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS Too many objects of the type have already been created. * ename:VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED A requested format is not supported on this device. If a command returns a run time error, it will leave any result pointers unmodified. Out of memory errors do not damage any currently existing {apiname} objects. Objects that have already been successfully created can: still be used by the application. Performance-critical commands generally do not have return codes. If a run time error occurs in such commands, the implementation will defer reporting the error until a specified point. For commands that record into command buffers (ftext:vkCmd*) run time errors are reported by fname:vkEndCommandBuffer. [[fundamentals-numerics]] == Numeric Representation and Computation Implementations normally perform computations in floating-point, and must: meet the range and precision requirements defined under ``Floating-Point Computation'' below. These requirements only apply to computations performed in {apiname} operations outside of shader execution, such as texture image specification and sampling, and per-fragment operations. Range and precision requirements during shader execution differ and are specified by the <> section. In some cases, the representation and/or precision of operations is implicitly limited by the specified format of vertex or texel data consumed by {apiname}. Specific floating-point formats are described later in this section. [[fundamentals-floatingpoint]] === Floating-Point Computation Most floating-point computation is performed in SPIR-V shader modules. The properties of computation within shaders are constrained as defined by the <> section. Some floating-point computation is performed outside of shaders, such as viewport and depth range calculations. For these computations, we do not specify how floating-point numbers are to be represented, or the details of how operations on them are performed, but only place minimal requirements on representation and precision as described in the remainder of this section. ifdef::editing-notes[] [NOTE] .editing-note ==== (Jon, Bug 14966) This is a rat's nest of complexity, both in terms of describing/enumerating places such computation may take place (other than ``not shader code'') and in how implementations may do it. We have consciously deferred the resolution of this issue to post-1.0, and in the meantime, the following language inherited from the OpenGL Specification is inserted as a placeholder. Hopefully it can be tightened up considerably. ==== endif::editing-notes[] We require simply that numbers' floating-point parts contain enough bits and that their exponent fields are large enough so that individual results of floating-point operations are accurate to about 1 part in 10^5^. The maximum representable magnitude for all floating-point values must: be at least 2^32^. latexmath:[$x \cdot 0 = 0 \cdot x = 0$] for any non-infinite and non-NaN latexmath:[$x$]. latexmath:[$1 \cdot x = x \cdot 1 = x$]. latexmath:[$x + 0 = 0 + x = x$]. latexmath:[$0^0 = 1$]. Occasionally, further requirements will be specified. Most single-precision floating-point formats meet these requirements. The special values latexmath:[$Inf$] and latexmath:[$-Inf$] encode values with magnitudes too large to be represented; the special value latexmath:[$NaN$] encodes ``Not A Number'' values resulting from undefined arithmetic operations such as latexmath:[$0 / 0$]. Implementations may: support latexmath:[$Inf$]s and latexmath:[$NaN$]s in their floating-point computations. Any representable floating-point value is legal as input to a {apiname} command that requires floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number to such a command is unspecified, but mustnot: lead to {apiname} interruption or termination. In <> arithmetic, for example, providing a negative zero or a denormalized number to an {apiname} command must: yield deterministic results, while providing a latexmath:[$NaN$] or latexmath:[$Inf$] yields unspecified results. [[fundamentals-fp16]] === 16-Bit Floating-Point Numbers 16-bit floating point numbers are defined in the ``16-bit floating point numbers'' section of the Khronos Data Format Specification. Any representable 16-bit floating-point value is legal as input to a {apiname} command that accepts 16-bit floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as latexmath:[$Inf$] or latexmath:[$NaN$]) to such a command is unspecified, but mustnot: lead to {apiname} interruption or termination. Providing a denormalized number or negative zero to {apiname} must: yield deterministic results. [[fundamentals-fp11]] === Unsigned 11-Bit Floating-Point Numbers Unsigned 11-bit floating point numbers are defined in the ``Unsigned 11-bit floating point numbers'' section of the Khronos Data Format Specification. When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 11-bit floating-point representation, finite values are rounded to the closest representable finite value. While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the direction of zero. This means negative values are converted to zero. Likewise, finite positive values greater than 65024 (the maximum finite representable unsigned 11-bit floating-point value) are converted to 65024. Additionally: negative infinity is converted to zero; positive infinity is converted to positive infinity; and both positive and negative latexmath:[$NaN$] are converted to positive latexmath:[$NaN$]. Any representable unsigned 11-bit floating-point value is legal as input to a {apiname} command that accepts 11-bit floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as latexmath:[$Inf$] or latexmath:[$NaN$]) to such a command is unspecified, but mustnot: lead to {apiname} interruption or termination. Providing a denormalized number to {apiname} must: yield deterministic results. [[fundamentals-fp10]] === Unsigned 10-Bit Floating-Point Numbers Unsigned 10-bit floating point numbers are defined in the ``Unsigned 10-bit floating point numbers'' section of the Khronos Data Format Specification. When a floating-point value is converted to an unsigned 10-bit floating-point representation, finite values are rounded to the closest representable finite value. While less accurate, implementations are allowed to always round in the direction of zero. This means negative values are converted to zero. Likewise, finite positive values greater than 64512 (the maximum finite representable unsigned 10-bit floating-point value) are converted to 64512. Additionally: negative infinity is converted to zero; positive infinity is converted to positive infinity; and both positive and negative latexmath:[$NaN$] are converted to positive latexmath:[$NaN$]. Any representable unsigned 10-bit floating-point value is legal as input to a {apiname} command that accepts 10-bit floating-point data. The result of providing a value that is not a floating-point number (such as latexmath:[$Inf$] or latexmath:[$NaN$]) to such a command is unspecified, but mustnot: lead to {apiname} interruption or termination. Providing a denormalized number to {apiname} must: yield deterministic results. [[fundamentals-general]] === General Requirements Some calculations require division. In such cases (including implied divisions performed by vector normalization), division by zero produces an unspecified result but mustnot: lead to {apiname} interruption or termination. [[fundamentals-fixedconv]] == Fixed-Point Data Conversions When generic vertex attributes and pixel color or depth components are represented as integers, they are often (but not always) considered to be _normalized_. Normalized integer values are treated specially when being converted to and from floating-point values, and are usually referred to as _normalized fixed-point_. In the remainder of this section, latexmath:[$b$] denotes the bit width of the fixed-point integer representation. When the integer is one of the types defined by the API, latexmath:[$b$] is the bit width of that type. When the integer comes from an <> containing color or depth component texels, latexmath:[$b$] is the number of bits allocated to that component in its <>. The signed and unsigned fixed-point representations are assumed to be latexmath:[$b$]-bit binary two's-complement integers and binary unsigned integers, respectively. [[fundamentals-fixedfpconv]] === Conversion from Normalized Fixed-Point to Floating-Point Unsigned normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range latexmath:[$[0,1\]$]. The conversion from an unsigned normalized fixed-point value latexmath:[$c$] to the corresponding floating-point value latexmath:[$f$] is defined as [latexmath] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ \[ f = { c \over { 2^b - 1 } } \] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Signed normalized fixed-point integers represent numbers in the range latexmath:[$[-1,1\]$]. The conversion from a signed normalized fixed-point value latexmath:[$c$] to the corresponding floating-point value latexmath:[$f$] is performed using [latexmath] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ \[ f = \max \left\{ {c \over {2^{b-1} - 1}}, -1.0 \right\} \] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Only the range latexmath:[$[-2^{b-1}+1,2^{b-1}-1\]$] is used to represent signed fixed-point values in the range latexmath:[$[-1,1\]$]. For example, if latexmath:[$b = 8$], then the integer value latexmath:[$-127$] corresponds to latexmath:[$-1.0$] and the value 127 corresponds to latexmath:[$1.0$]. Note that while zero is exactly expressible in this representation, one value (latexmath:[$-128$] in the example) is outside the representable range, and must: be clamped before use. This equation is used everywhere that signed normalized fixed-point values are converted to floating-point, including for all signed normalized fixed-point parameters in {apiname} commands, such as vertex attribute values, as well as for specifying texture or framebuffer values using signed normalized fixed-point. [[fundamentals-fpfixedconv]] === Conversion from Floating-Point to Normalized Fixed-Point The conversion from a floating-point value latexmath:[$f$] to the corresponding unsigned normalized fixed-point value latexmath:[$c$] is defined by first clamping latexmath:[$f$] to the range latexmath:[$[0,1\]$], then computing // Equation {glop:fund:convert:eqfloatuint} [latexmath] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ \[ f' = \operatorname{convertFloatToUint} ( f \times ( 2^b - 1 ) , b ) \] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ where latexmath:[$\operatorname{convertFloatToUint}(r,b)$] returns one of the two unsigned binary integer values with exactly latexmath:[$b$] bits which are closest to the floating-point value latexmath:[$r$] (where rounding to nearest is preferred). If latexmath:[$r$] is equal to an integer, then that integer value is returned. In particular, if latexmath:[$f$] is equal to 0.0 or 1.0, then latexmath:[$f'$] must: be assigned 0 or latexmath:[$2^b-1$], respectively. The conversion from a floating-point value latexmath:[$f$] to the corresponding signed normalized fixed-point value latexmath:[$c$] is performed by clamping latexmath:[$f$] to the range latexmath:[$[-1,1\]$], then computing // Equation {glop:fund:convert:eqfloatsnorm} [latexmath] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ \[ f' = \operatorname{convertFloatToInt} ( f \times ( 2^{b - 1} - 1 ) , b ) \] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ where latexmath:[$\operatorname{convertFloatToInt}(r,b)$] returns one of the two signed two's-complement binary integer values with exactly latexmath:[$b$] bits which are closest to the floating-point value latexmath:[$r$] (where rounding to nearest is preferred). If latexmath:[$r$] is equal to an integer, then that integer value is returned. In particular, if latexmath:[$f$] is equal to -1.0, 0.0, or 1.0, then latexmath:[$f'$] must: be assigned latexmath:[$-(2^{b-1}-1)$], 0, or latexmath:[$2^{b-1}-1$], respectively. This equation is used everywhere that floating-point values are converted to signed normalized fixed-point, including when querying floating-point state and returning integers, as well as for specifying signed normalized texture or framebuffer values using floating-point. [[fundamentals-versionnum]] == API Version Numbers and Semantics The {apiname} version number is used in several places in the API. In each such use, the API _major version number_, _minor version number_, and _patch version number_ are packed into a 32-bit integer as follows: * The major version number is a 10-bit integer packed into bits 31-22. * The minor version number is a 10-bit integer packed into bits 21-12. * The patch version number is a 12-bit integer packed into bits 11-0. Differences in any of the {apiname} version numbers indicates a change to the API in some way, with each part of the version number indicating a different scope of changes. A difference in patch version numbers indicates that some usually small aspect of the specification or header has been modified, typically to fix a bug, and may: have an impact on the behavior of existing functionality. Differences in this version number shouldnot: affect either _full compatibility_ or _backwards compatibility_ between two versions, or add additional interfaces to the API. A difference in minor version numbers indicates that some amount of new functionality has been added. This will usually include new interfaces in the header, and may: also include behavior changes and bug fixes. Functionality may: be deprecated in a minor revision, but will not be removed. When a new minor version is introduced, the patch version is reset to 0, and each minor revision maintains its own set of patch versions. Differences in this version shouldnot: affect backwards compatibility, but will affect full compatibility. A difference in major version numbers indicates a large set of changes to the API, potentially including new functionality and header interfaces, behavioral changes, removal of deprecated features, modification or outright replacement of any feature, and is thus very likely to break any and all compatibility. Differences in this version will typically require significant modification to an application in order for it to function. [[fundamentals-common-objects]] == Common Object Types Some types of {apiname} objects are used in many different structures and command parameters, and are described here. These types include _offsets_, _extents_, and _rectangles_. === Offsets Offsets are used to describe a pixel location within an image or framebuffer, as an (x,y) location for two-dimensional images, or an (x,y,z) location for three-dimensional images. Two- and three-dimensional offsets are respectively defined by the structures include::../structs/VkOffset2D.txt[] include::../validity/structs/VkOffset2D.txt[] include::../structs/VkOffset3D.txt[] include::../validity/structs/VkOffset3D.txt[] === Extents Extents are used to describe the size of a block of pixels within an image or framebuffer, as (width,height) for two-dimensional images, or as (width,height,depth) for three-dimensional images. Two- and three-dimensional extents are respectively defined by the structures include::../structs/VkExtent2D.txt[] include::../validity/structs/VkExtent2D.txt[] include::../structs/VkExtent3D.txt[] include::../validity/structs/VkExtent3D.txt[] === Rectangles Rectangles are used to describe a specified rectangular block of pixels within an image or framebuffer. Rectangles include both an offset and an extent of the same dimensionality, as described above. Two-dimensional rectangles are defined by the structure // Comment out until SubresourceRectangle-style structure proposed // Two- and three-dimensional rectangles are respectively defined by the // structures include::../structs/VkRect2D.txt[] include::../validity/structs/VkRect2D.txt[] // include::../structs/VkRect3D.txt[] // include::../validity/structs/VkRect3D.txt[]