diff --git a/src/bin/bench_recursion.rs b/src/bin/bench_recursion.rs
index 8867415d..8e798f72 100644
--- a/src/bin/bench_recursion.rs
+++ b/src/bin/bench_recursion.rs
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ fn bench_prove<F: Field + Extendable<D>, const D: usize>() -> Result<()> {
 
     let circuit = builder.build();
     let inputs = PartialWitness::new();
-    let proof = circuit.prove(inputs)?;
-    let proof_bytes = serde_cbor::to_vec(&proof).unwrap();
+    let proof_with_pis = circuit.prove(inputs)?;
+    let proof_bytes = serde_cbor::to_vec(&proof_with_pis).unwrap();
     info!("Proof length: {} bytes", proof_bytes.len());
-    circuit.verify(proof)
+    circuit.verify(proof_with_pis)
 }
diff --git a/src/circuit_builder.rs b/src/circuit_builder.rs
index 2cfeb720..2e12ce0f 100644
--- a/src/circuit_builder.rs
+++ b/src/circuit_builder.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::gates::constant::ConstantGate;
 use crate::gates::gate::{GateInstance, GateRef, PrefixedGate};
 use crate::gates::gate_tree::Tree;
 use crate::gates::noop::NoopGate;
+use crate::gates::public_input::PublicInputGate;
 use crate::generator::{CopyGenerator, RandomValueGenerator, WitnessGenerator};
 use crate::hash::hash_n_to_hash;
 use crate::permutation_argument::TargetPartition;
@@ -39,8 +40,8 @@ pub struct CircuitBuilder<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
     /// The concrete placement of each gate.
     gate_instances: Vec<GateInstance<F, D>>,
 
-    /// The next available index for a public input.
-    public_input_index: usize,
+    /// Targets to be made public.
+    public_inputs: Vec<Target>,
 
     /// The next available index for a `VirtualTarget`.
     virtual_target_index: usize,
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
             config,
             gates: HashSet::new(),
             gate_instances: Vec::new(),
-            public_input_index: 0,
+            public_inputs: Vec::new(),
             virtual_target_index: 0,
             copy_constraints: Vec::new(),
             context_log: ContextTree::new(),
@@ -81,14 +82,14 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
         self.gate_instances.len()
     }
 
-    pub fn add_public_input(&mut self) -> Target {
-        let index = self.public_input_index;
-        self.public_input_index += 1;
-        Target::PublicInput { index }
+    /// Registers the given target as a public input.
+    pub fn register_public_input(&mut self, target: Target) {
+        self.public_inputs.push(target);
     }
 
-    pub fn add_public_inputs(&mut self, n: usize) -> Vec<Target> {
-        (0..n).map(|_i| self.add_public_input()).collect()
+    /// Registers the given targets as public inputs.
+    pub fn register_public_inputs(&mut self, targets: &[Target]) {
+        targets.iter().for_each(|&t| self.register_public_input(t));
     }
 
     /// Adds a new "virtual" target. This is not an actual wire in the witness, but just a target
@@ -462,10 +463,7 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
         let degree_log = log2_strict(degree);
         let mut target_partition = TargetPartition::new(|t| match t {
             Target::Wire(Wire { gate, input }) => gate * self.config.num_routed_wires + input,
-            Target::PublicInput { index } => degree * self.config.num_routed_wires + index,
-            Target::VirtualTarget { index } => {
-                degree * self.config.num_routed_wires + self.public_input_index + index
-            }
+            Target::VirtualTarget { index } => degree * self.config.num_routed_wires + index,
         });
 
         for gate in 0..degree {
@@ -474,10 +472,6 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
             }
         }
 
-        for index in 0..self.public_input_index {
-            target_partition.add(Target::PublicInput { index });
-        }
-
         for index in 0..self.virtual_target_index {
             target_partition.add(Target::VirtualTarget { index });
         }
@@ -500,6 +494,19 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
     pub fn build(mut self) -> CircuitData<F, D> {
         let quotient_degree_factor = 7; // TODO: add this as a parameter.
         let start = Instant::now();
+
+        // Hash the public inputs, and route them to a `PublicInputGate` which will enforce that
+        // those hash wires match the claimed public inputs.
+        let public_inputs_hash = self.hash_n_to_hash(self.public_inputs.clone(), true);
+        let pi_gate = self.add_gate_no_constants(PublicInputGate::get());
+        for (&hash_part, wire) in public_inputs_hash
+            .elements
+            .iter()
+            .zip(PublicInputGate::wires_public_inputs_hash())
+        {
+            self.route(hash_part, Target::wire(pi_gate, wire))
+        }
+
         info!(
             "Degree before blinding & padding: {}",
             self.gate_instances.len()
@@ -552,6 +559,7 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
             subgroup,
             copy_constraints: self.copy_constraints,
             gate_instances: self.gate_instances,
+            public_inputs: self.public_inputs,
             marked_targets: self.marked_targets,
         };
 
diff --git a/src/circuit_data.rs b/src/circuit_data.rs
index 9c68ca46..912f05cc 100644
--- a/src/circuit_data.rs
+++ b/src/circuit_data.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ use crate::fri::FriConfig;
 use crate::gates::gate::{GateInstance, PrefixedGate};
 use crate::generator::WitnessGenerator;
 use crate::polynomial::commitment::ListPolynomialCommitment;
-use crate::proof::{Hash, HashTarget, Proof};
+use crate::proof::{Hash, HashTarget, ProofWithPublicInputs};
 use crate::prover::prove;
+use crate::target::Target;
 use crate::util::marking::MarkedTargets;
 use crate::verifier::verify;
 use crate::witness::PartialWitness;
@@ -78,12 +79,12 @@ pub struct CircuitData<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
 }
 
 impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitData<F, D> {
-    pub fn prove(&self, inputs: PartialWitness<F>) -> Result<Proof<F, D>> {
+    pub fn prove(&self, inputs: PartialWitness<F>) -> Result<ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>> {
         prove(&self.prover_only, &self.common, inputs)
     }
 
-    pub fn verify(&self, proof: Proof<F, D>) -> Result<()> {
-        verify(proof, &self.verifier_only, &self.common)
+    pub fn verify(&self, proof_with_pis: ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>) -> Result<()> {
+        verify(proof_with_pis, &self.verifier_only, &self.common)
     }
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ pub struct ProverCircuitData<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
 }
 
 impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> ProverCircuitData<F, D> {
-    pub fn prove(&self, inputs: PartialWitness<F>) -> Result<Proof<F, D>> {
+    pub fn prove(&self, inputs: PartialWitness<F>) -> Result<ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>> {
         prove(&self.prover_only, &self.common, inputs)
     }
 }
@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ pub struct VerifierCircuitData<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
 }
 
 impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> VerifierCircuitData<F, D> {
-    pub fn verify(&self, proof: Proof<F, D>) -> Result<()> {
-        verify(proof, &self.verifier_only, &self.common)
+    pub fn verify(&self, proof_with_pis: ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>) -> Result<()> {
+        verify(proof_with_pis, &self.verifier_only, &self.common)
     }
 }
 
@@ -130,6 +131,8 @@ pub(crate) struct ProverOnlyCircuitData<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
     pub copy_constraints: Vec<CopyConstraint>,
     /// The concrete placement of each gate in the circuit.
     pub gate_instances: Vec<GateInstance<F, D>>,
+    /// Targets to be made public.
+    pub public_inputs: Vec<Target>,
     /// A vector of marked targets. The values assigned to these targets will be displayed by the prover.
     pub marked_targets: Vec<MarkedTargets<D>>,
 }
diff --git a/src/gates/gate.rs b/src/gates/gate.rs
index 9b45817e..17059332 100644
--- a/src/gates/gate.rs
+++ b/src/gates/gate.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,11 @@ pub trait Gate<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>: 'static + Send + Sync {
             .iter()
             .map(|w| F::Extension::from_basefield(*w))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let public_inputs_hash = &vars_base.public_inputs_hash;
         let vars = EvaluationVars {
             local_constants,
             local_wires,
+            public_inputs_hash,
         };
         let values = self.eval_unfiltered(vars);
 
diff --git a/src/gates/gate_testing.rs b/src/gates/gate_testing.rs
index cb25acb8..2f7a3020 100644
--- a/src/gates/gate_testing.rs
+++ b/src/gates/gate_testing.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
 use crate::field::field::Field;
 use crate::gates::gate::GateRef;
 use crate::polynomial::polynomial::{PolynomialCoeffs, PolynomialValues};
+use crate::proof::Hash;
 use crate::util::{log2_ceil, transpose};
 use crate::vars::EvaluationVars;
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) fn test_low_degree<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(gate: GateRef<F,
     let wire_ldes = random_low_degree_matrix::<F::Extension>(gate.num_wires(), rate_bits);
     let constant_ldes = random_low_degree_matrix::<F::Extension>(gate.num_constants(), rate_bits);
     assert_eq!(wire_ldes.len(), constant_ldes.len());
+    let public_inputs_hash = &Hash::rand();
 
     let constraint_evals = wire_ldes
         .iter()
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) fn test_low_degree<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(gate: GateRef<F,
         .map(|(local_wires, local_constants)| EvaluationVars {
             local_constants,
             local_wires,
+            public_inputs_hash,
         })
         .map(|vars| gate.eval_unfiltered(vars))
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/src/gates/gmimc.rs b/src/gates/gmimc.rs
index 768a5693..e61ed8d9 100644
--- a/src/gates/gmimc.rs
+++ b/src/gates/gmimc.rs
@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::gates::gmimc::{GMiMCGate, W};
     use crate::generator::generate_partial_witness;
     use crate::gmimc::gmimc_permute_naive;
+    use crate::proof::Hash;
     use crate::vars::{EvaluationTargets, EvaluationVars};
     use crate::verifier::verify;
     use crate::wire::Wire;
@@ -416,9 +417,11 @@ mod tests {
         let gate = Gate::with_constants(constants);
 
         let wires = FF::rand_vec(Gate::end());
+        let public_inputs_hash = &Hash::rand();
         let vars = EvaluationVars {
             local_constants: &[],
             local_wires: &wires,
+            public_inputs_hash,
         };
 
         let ev = gate.0.eval_unfiltered(vars);
@@ -427,9 +430,14 @@ mod tests {
         for i in 0..Gate::end() {
             pw.set_extension_target(wires_t[i], wires[i]);
         }
+
+        let public_inputs_hash_t = builder.add_virtual_hash();
+        pw.set_hash_target(public_inputs_hash_t, *public_inputs_hash);
+
         let vars_t = EvaluationTargets {
             local_constants: &[],
             local_wires: &wires_t,
+            public_inputs_hash: &public_inputs_hash_t,
         };
 
         let ev_t = gate.0.eval_unfiltered_recursively(&mut builder, vars_t);
diff --git a/src/gates/insertion.rs b/src/gates/insertion.rs
index 64301347..2fbeda15 100644
--- a/src/gates/insertion.rs
+++ b/src/gates/insertion.rs
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::gates::gate::Gate;
     use crate::gates::gate_testing::test_low_degree;
     use crate::gates::insertion::InsertionGate;
+    use crate::proof::Hash;
     use crate::vars::EvaluationVars;
 
     #[test]
@@ -366,6 +367,7 @@ mod tests {
         let vars = EvaluationVars {
             local_constants: &[],
             local_wires: &get_wires(orig_vec, insertion_index, element_to_insert),
+            public_inputs_hash: &Hash::rand(),
         };
 
         assert!(
diff --git a/src/gates/interpolation.rs b/src/gates/interpolation.rs
index ccf8d57d..2d6745b4 100644
--- a/src/gates/interpolation.rs
+++ b/src/gates/interpolation.rs
@@ -271,6 +271,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::gates::gate_testing::test_low_degree;
     use crate::gates::interpolation::InterpolationGate;
     use crate::polynomial::polynomial::PolynomialCoeffs;
+    use crate::proof::Hash;
     use crate::vars::EvaluationVars;
 
     #[test]
@@ -352,6 +353,7 @@ mod tests {
         let vars = EvaluationVars {
             local_constants: &[],
             local_wires: &get_wires(2, coeffs, points, eval_point),
+            public_inputs_hash: &Hash::rand(),
         };
 
         assert!(
diff --git a/src/gates/mod.rs b/src/gates/mod.rs
index 6b3f05fa..441383ec 100644
--- a/src/gates/mod.rs
+++ b/src/gates/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ pub mod gmimc;
 pub mod insertion;
 pub mod interpolation;
 pub(crate) mod noop;
+pub(crate) mod public_input;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod gate_testing;
diff --git a/src/gates/public_input.rs b/src/gates/public_input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a86b78d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gates/public_input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use crate::circuit_builder::CircuitBuilder;
+use crate::field::extension_field::target::ExtensionTarget;
+use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
+use crate::gates::gate::{Gate, GateRef};
+use crate::generator::WitnessGenerator;
+use crate::vars::{EvaluationTargets, EvaluationVars};
+
+/// A gate whose first four wires will be equal to a hash of public inputs.
+pub struct PublicInputGate;
+
+impl PublicInputGate {
+    pub fn get<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>() -> GateRef<F, D> {
+        GateRef::new(PublicInputGate)
+    }
+
+    pub fn wires_public_inputs_hash() -> Range<usize> {
+        0..4
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> Gate<F, D> for PublicInputGate {
+    fn id(&self) -> String {
+        "PublicInputGate".into()
+    }
+
+    fn eval_unfiltered(&self, vars: EvaluationVars<F, D>) -> Vec<F::Extension> {
+        Self::wires_public_inputs_hash()
+            .zip(vars.public_inputs_hash.elements)
+            .map(|(wire, hash_part)| vars.local_wires[wire] - hash_part.into())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn eval_unfiltered_recursively(
+        &self,
+        builder: &mut CircuitBuilder<F, D>,
+        vars: EvaluationTargets<D>,
+    ) -> Vec<ExtensionTarget<D>> {
+        Self::wires_public_inputs_hash()
+            .zip(vars.public_inputs_hash.elements)
+            .map(|(wire, hash_part)| {
+                let hash_part_ext = builder.convert_to_ext(hash_part);
+                builder.sub_extension(vars.local_wires[wire], hash_part_ext)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn generators(
+        &self,
+        _gate_index: usize,
+        _local_constants: &[F],
+    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn WitnessGenerator<F>>> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
+    fn num_wires(&self) -> usize {
+        4
+    }
+
+    fn num_constants(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    fn degree(&self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+
+    fn num_constraints(&self) -> usize {
+        4
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::field::crandall_field::CrandallField;
+    use crate::gates::gate_testing::test_low_degree;
+    use crate::gates::public_input::PublicInputGate;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn low_degree() {
+        test_low_degree(PublicInputGate::get::<CrandallField, 4>())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/proof.rs b/src/proof.rs
index 71edba03..47be8569 100644
--- a/src/proof.rs
+++ b/src/proof.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ impl<F: Field> Hash<F> {
             elements: [elements[0], elements[1], elements[2], elements[3]],
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) fn rand() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            elements: [F::rand(), F::rand(), F::rand(), F::rand()],
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Represents a ~256 bit hash output.
@@ -79,6 +85,13 @@ pub struct Proof<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
     pub opening_proof: OpeningProof<F, D>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
+#[serde(bound = "")]
+pub struct ProofWithPublicInputs<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
+    pub proof: Proof<F, D>,
+    pub public_inputs: Vec<F>,
+}
+
 pub struct ProofTarget<const D: usize> {
     pub wires_root: HashTarget,
     pub plonk_zs_partial_products_root: HashTarget,
@@ -87,6 +100,11 @@ pub struct ProofTarget<const D: usize> {
     pub opening_proof: OpeningProofTarget<D>,
 }
 
+pub struct ProofWithPublicInputsTarget<const D: usize> {
+    pub proof: ProofTarget<D>,
+    pub public_inputs: Vec<Target>,
+}
+
 /// Evaluations and Merkle proof produced by the prover in a FRI query step.
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
 #[serde(bound = "")]
diff --git a/src/prover.rs b/src/prover.rs
index e7c85130..4c2e86bc 100644
--- a/src/prover.rs
+++ b/src/prover.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ use rayon::prelude::*;
 use crate::circuit_data::{CommonCircuitData, ProverOnlyCircuitData};
 use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
 use crate::generator::generate_partial_witness;
+use crate::hash::hash_n_to_hash;
 use crate::plonk_challenger::Challenger;
 use crate::plonk_common::{PlonkPolynomials, ZeroPolyOnCoset};
 use crate::polynomial::commitment::ListPolynomialCommitment;
 use crate::polynomial::polynomial::{PolynomialCoeffs, PolynomialValues};
-use crate::proof::Proof;
+use crate::proof::{Hash, Proof, ProofWithPublicInputs};
 use crate::timed;
 use crate::util::partial_products::partial_products;
 use crate::util::{log2_ceil, transpose};
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) fn prove<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
     prover_data: &ProverOnlyCircuitData<F, D>,
     common_data: &CommonCircuitData<F, D>,
     inputs: PartialWitness<F>,
-) -> Result<Proof<F, D>> {
+) -> Result<ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>> {
     let config = &common_data.config;
     let num_wires = config.num_wires;
     let num_challenges = config.num_challenges;
@@ -39,6 +40,9 @@ pub(crate) fn prove<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
         "to generate witness"
     );
 
+    let public_inputs = partial_witness.get_targets(&prover_data.public_inputs);
+    let public_inputs_hash = hash_n_to_hash(public_inputs.clone(), true);
+
     // Display the marked targets for debugging purposes.
     for m in &prover_data.marked_targets {
         m.display(&partial_witness);
@@ -119,6 +123,7 @@ pub(crate) fn prove<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
         compute_quotient_polys(
             common_data,
             prover_data,
+            &public_inputs_hash,
             &wires_commitment,
             &zs_partial_products_commitment,
             &betas,
@@ -178,12 +183,16 @@ pub(crate) fn prove<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
         start_proof_gen.elapsed().as_secs_f32()
     );
 
-    Ok(Proof {
+    let proof = Proof {
         wires_root: wires_commitment.merkle_tree.root,
         plonk_zs_partial_products_root: zs_partial_products_commitment.merkle_tree.root,
         quotient_polys_root: quotient_polys_commitment.merkle_tree.root,
         openings,
         opening_proof,
+    };
+    Ok(ProofWithPublicInputs {
+        proof,
+        public_inputs,
     })
 }
 
@@ -284,6 +293,7 @@ fn compute_z<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
 fn compute_quotient_polys<'a, F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
     common_data: &CommonCircuitData<F, D>,
     prover_data: &'a ProverOnlyCircuitData<F, D>,
+    public_inputs_hash: &Hash<F>,
     wires_commitment: &'a ListPolynomialCommitment<F>,
     zs_partial_products_commitment: &'a ListPolynomialCommitment<F>,
     betas: &[F],
@@ -337,6 +347,7 @@ fn compute_quotient_polys<'a, F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
             let vars = EvaluationVarsBase {
                 local_constants,
                 local_wires,
+                public_inputs_hash,
             };
             let mut quotient_values = eval_vanishing_poly_base(
                 common_data,
diff --git a/src/recursive_verifier.rs b/src/recursive_verifier.rs
index 3dd135af..66b63e7f 100644
--- a/src/recursive_verifier.rs
+++ b/src/recursive_verifier.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::circuit_data::{CircuitConfig, CommonCircuitData, VerifierCircuitTarge
 use crate::context;
 use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
 use crate::plonk_challenger::RecursiveChallenger;
-use crate::proof::{HashTarget, ProofTarget};
+use crate::proof::{HashTarget, ProofWithPublicInputsTarget};
 use crate::util::scaling::ReducingFactorTarget;
 use crate::vanishing_poly::eval_vanishing_poly_recursively;
 use crate::vars::EvaluationTargets;
@@ -15,15 +15,21 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
     /// Recursively verifies an inner proof.
     pub fn add_recursive_verifier(
         &mut self,
-        proof: ProofTarget<D>,
+        proof_with_pis: ProofWithPublicInputsTarget<D>,
         inner_config: &CircuitConfig,
         inner_verifier_data: &VerifierCircuitTarget,
         inner_common_data: &CommonCircuitData<F, D>,
     ) {
         assert!(self.config.num_wires >= MIN_WIRES);
         assert!(self.config.num_wires >= MIN_ROUTED_WIRES);
+        let ProofWithPublicInputsTarget {
+            proof,
+            public_inputs,
+        } = proof_with_pis;
         let one = self.one_extension();
 
+        let public_inputs_hash = &self.hash_n_to_hash(public_inputs, true);
+
         let num_challenges = inner_config.num_challenges;
 
         let mut challenger = RecursiveChallenger::new(self);
@@ -53,6 +59,7 @@ impl<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> CircuitBuilder<F, D> {
         let vars = EvaluationTargets {
             local_constants,
             local_wires,
+            public_inputs_hash,
         };
         let local_zs = &proof.openings.plonk_zs;
         let next_zs = &proof.openings.plonk_zs_right;
@@ -127,7 +134,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::polynomial::commitment::OpeningProofTarget;
     use crate::proof::{
         FriInitialTreeProofTarget, FriProofTarget, FriQueryRoundTarget, FriQueryStepTarget,
-        OpeningSetTarget, Proof,
+        OpeningSetTarget, Proof, ProofTarget, ProofWithPublicInputs,
     };
     use crate::verifier::verify;
     use crate::witness::PartialWitness;
@@ -167,9 +174,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     // Construct a `ProofTarget` with the same dimensions as `proof`.
     fn proof_to_proof_target<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
-        proof: &Proof<F, D>,
+        proof_with_pis: &ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>,
         builder: &mut CircuitBuilder<F, D>,
-    ) -> ProofTarget<D> {
+    ) -> ProofWithPublicInputsTarget<D> {
+        let ProofWithPublicInputs {
+            proof,
+            public_inputs,
+        } = proof_with_pis;
+
         let wires_root = builder.add_virtual_hash();
         let plonk_zs_root = builder.add_virtual_hash();
         let quotient_polys_root = builder.add_virtual_hash();
@@ -208,21 +220,41 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             };
 
-        ProofTarget {
+        let proof = ProofTarget {
             wires_root,
             plonk_zs_partial_products_root: plonk_zs_root,
             quotient_polys_root,
             openings,
             opening_proof,
+        };
+
+        let public_inputs = builder.add_virtual_targets(public_inputs.len());
+        ProofWithPublicInputsTarget {
+            proof,
+            public_inputs,
         }
     }
 
     // Set the targets in a `ProofTarget` to their corresponding values in a `Proof`.
     fn set_proof_target<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
-        proof: &Proof<F, D>,
-        pt: &ProofTarget<D>,
+        proof: &ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>,
+        pt: &ProofWithPublicInputsTarget<D>,
         pw: &mut PartialWitness<F>,
     ) {
+        let ProofWithPublicInputs {
+            proof,
+            public_inputs,
+        } = proof;
+        let ProofWithPublicInputsTarget {
+            proof: pt,
+            public_inputs: pi_targets,
+        } = pt;
+
+        // Set public inputs.
+        for (&pi_t, &pi) in pi_targets.iter().zip(public_inputs) {
+            pw.set_target(pi_t, pi);
+        }
+
         pw.set_hash_target(pt.wires_root, proof.wires_root);
         pw.set_hash_target(
             pt.plonk_zs_partial_products_root,
@@ -343,7 +375,7 @@ mod tests {
                 num_query_rounds: 40,
             },
         };
-        let (proof, vd, cd) = {
+        let (proof_with_pis, vd, cd) = {
             let mut builder = CircuitBuilder::<F, D>::new(config.clone());
             let _two = builder.two();
             let _two = builder.hash_n_to_hash(vec![_two], true).elements[0];
@@ -357,12 +389,12 @@ mod tests {
                 data.common,
             )
         };
-        verify(proof.clone(), &vd, &cd)?;
+        verify(proof_with_pis.clone(), &vd, &cd)?;
 
         let mut builder = CircuitBuilder::<F, D>::new(config.clone());
         let mut pw = PartialWitness::new();
-        let pt = proof_to_proof_target(&proof, &mut builder);
-        set_proof_target(&proof, &pt, &mut pw);
+        let pt = proof_to_proof_target(&proof_with_pis, &mut builder);
+        set_proof_target(&proof_with_pis, &pt, &mut pw);
 
         let inner_data = VerifierCircuitTarget {
             constants_sigmas_root: builder.add_virtual_hash(),
diff --git a/src/target.rs b/src/target.rs
index 52be8b5a..857a4378 100644
--- a/src/target.rs
+++ b/src/target.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@ use crate::wire::Wire;
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug)]
 pub enum Target {
     Wire(Wire),
-    PublicInput {
-        index: usize,
-    },
     /// A target that doesn't have any inherent location in the witness (but it can be copied to
     /// another target that does). This is useful for representing intermediate values in witness
     /// generation.
@@ -26,7 +23,6 @@ impl Target {
     pub fn is_routable(&self, config: &CircuitConfig) -> bool {
         match self {
             Target::Wire(wire) => wire.is_routable(config),
-            Target::PublicInput { .. } => true,
             Target::VirtualTarget { .. } => true,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/vars.rs b/src/vars.rs
index 17d51051..8e98d41f 100644
--- a/src/vars.rs
+++ b/src/vars.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,20 @@ use crate::field::extension_field::algebra::ExtensionAlgebra;
 use crate::field::extension_field::target::{ExtensionAlgebraTarget, ExtensionTarget};
 use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
 use crate::field::field::Field;
+use crate::proof::{Hash, HashTarget};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct EvaluationVars<'a, F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> {
     pub(crate) local_constants: &'a [F::Extension],
     pub(crate) local_wires: &'a [F::Extension],
+    pub(crate) public_inputs_hash: &'a Hash<F>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct EvaluationVarsBase<'a, F: Field> {
     pub(crate) local_constants: &'a [F],
     pub(crate) local_wires: &'a [F],
+    pub(crate) public_inputs_hash: &'a Hash<F>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize> EvaluationVars<'a, F, D> {
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ impl<'a, const D: usize> EvaluationTargets<'a, D> {
 pub struct EvaluationTargets<'a, const D: usize> {
     pub(crate) local_constants: &'a [ExtensionTarget<D>],
     pub(crate) local_wires: &'a [ExtensionTarget<D>],
+    pub(crate) public_inputs_hash: &'a HashTarget,
 }
 
 impl<'a, const D: usize> EvaluationTargets<'a, D> {
diff --git a/src/verifier.rs b/src/verifier.rs
index 6b4df627..878b630a 100644
--- a/src/verifier.rs
+++ b/src/verifier.rs
@@ -3,20 +3,27 @@ use anyhow::{ensure, Result};
 use crate::circuit_data::{CommonCircuitData, VerifierOnlyCircuitData};
 use crate::field::extension_field::Extendable;
 use crate::field::field::Field;
+use crate::hash::hash_n_to_hash;
 use crate::plonk_challenger::Challenger;
 use crate::plonk_common::reduce_with_powers;
-use crate::proof::Proof;
+use crate::proof::ProofWithPublicInputs;
 use crate::vanishing_poly::eval_vanishing_poly;
 use crate::vars::EvaluationVars;
 
 pub(crate) fn verify<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
-    proof: Proof<F, D>,
+    proof_with_pis: ProofWithPublicInputs<F, D>,
     verifier_data: &VerifierOnlyCircuitData<F>,
     common_data: &CommonCircuitData<F, D>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+    let ProofWithPublicInputs {
+        proof,
+        public_inputs,
+    } = proof_with_pis;
     let config = &common_data.config;
     let num_challenges = config.num_challenges;
 
+    let public_inputs_hash = &hash_n_to_hash(public_inputs, true);
+
     let mut challenger = Challenger::new();
     // Observe the instance.
     // TODO: Need to include public inputs as well.
@@ -37,6 +44,7 @@ pub(crate) fn verify<F: Extendable<D>, const D: usize>(
     let vars = EvaluationVars {
         local_constants,
         local_wires,
+        public_inputs_hash,
     };
     let local_zs = &proof.openings.plonk_zs;
     let next_zs = &proof.openings.plonk_zs_right;
diff --git a/src/witness.rs b/src/witness.rs
index 25885ba3..cdeafcce 100644
--- a/src/witness.rs
+++ b/src/witness.rs
@@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ impl<F: Field> PartialWitness<F> {
                         gate,
                         gate_instances[*gate].gate_type.0.id()
                     ),
-                    Target::PublicInput { index } => format!("{}-th public input", index),
                     Target::VirtualTarget { index } => format!("{}-th virtual target", index),
                 }
             };