From 9ffea48c64fc4cd799299c3e28a1113888117020 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Spanbroek <mark@spanbroek.net>
Date: Wed, 14 Aug 2024 15:09:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Evaluation of existing side chains

Fixed errors in network cost calculation
---
 analysis/sidechain.md      | 127 -------------------------
 evaluations/rollups.md     |  10 +-
 evaluations/rollups.ods    | Bin 31154 -> 31156 bytes
 evaluations/sidechains.md  | 185 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 evaluations/sidechains.ods | Bin 0 -> 20325 bytes
 5 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 analysis/sidechain.md
 create mode 100644 evaluations/sidechains.md
 create mode 100644 evaluations/sidechains.ods

diff --git a/analysis/sidechain.md b/analysis/sidechain.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8118c3e..0000000
--- a/analysis/sidechain.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-Codex side chain
-================
-
-This document looks at the economic viability of running an Ethereum side chain
-that is specifically tailored for the Codex marketplace. Existing Ethereum
-[rollups][1] and side chains seem to be too expensive by about a factor of 100
-for our current storage proof scheme (without proof aggregation). We'd like to
-find out if running our own side chain could sufficiently lower the transactions
-costs.
-
-[1]: ../evaluations/rollups.md
-
-EVM opcode pricing
-------------------
-
-Ethereum transactions consist of EVM operations. Each operation is priced in
-amount of gas. Some operations [are more expensive than others][2], mainly
-because they require more resources (cpu, storage) than others. Gas costs are
-also specifically engineered to withstand DoS attacks on validators.
-
-Tweaking the gas prices of EVM opcodes does not seem to be the most viable path
-to lowering transaction costs, because it only determines how expensive
-operations are relative to one another, they don't determine the actual price.
-It is also difficult to oversee the security risks.
-
-[2]: https://notes.ethereum.org/@poemm/evm384-update5#Background-on-EVM-Gas-Costs
-
-Gas pricing
------------
-
-The biggest factor that determines the actual costs of transactions is the gas
-price. The transaction costs is [determined according to the following
-formula][3] as specified by [EIP-1559][4]:
-
-`fee = units of gas used * (base fee + priority fee)`
-
-The base fee is calculated based on how full the latest blocks are. If they are
-above the target block size of 15 million gas, then the base fee increases. If
-they are below the target block size, then the base fee decreases.
-The base fee is burned when the transaction is included.
-
-The priority fee is set by the transaction sender, and goes to the validators.
-It is a mechanism for validators to prioritize transactions. It also acts as an
-incentive for validators to not produce empty blocks.
-
-Both priority base fee and transaction fee go up when there is more demand
-(submitted transactions) than there is supply (maximum transactions per second).
-This is the main reason why transactions are as expensive as they are:
-
-"No transaction fee mechanism, EIP-1559 or otherwise, is likely to substantially
-decrease average transaction fees; persistently high transaction fees is a
-scalability problem, not a mechanism design problem" -- [Tim Roughgarden][5]
-
-[3]: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/#how-are-gas-fees-calculated
-[4]: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559
-[5]: http://timroughgarden.org/papers/eip1559.pdf
-
-
-The scalability problem
------------------------
-
-Ultimately high transaction costs is a scalability issue. And unfortunately
-there are [no easy solutions][6] for increasing the amount of transactions that
-the chain can handle. For instance, just increasing the block size introduces
-several issues. Increasing block size increases the amount of resources that
-validators need (cpu, memory, storage, bandwidth). This means that it becomes
-more expensive to run a validator, which leads to a decrease in the number of
-validators, and an increase in centralization. It also increases block time,
-because there is more time needed to dissemminate the block. And this actually
-decreases the capacity of the network in terms of transactions per second, which
-counters the positive effect that you get from increasing the block size.
-
-[6]: https://cryptonews.com/news/contrary-to-musk-s-idea-you-can-t-just-increase-block-size-s-10426.htm
-
-Validator costs
----------------
-
-To get an idea of the actual costs for running a chain, we estimate the hardware
-costs associated with executing one gas. This should give us an idea of the
-lowest price at which it is still economically viable to run validators.
-
-Back of envelope calculations
-
-Pylogon PoS:
-- has about 100 validators
-- requires [amazon m5d.4xlarge][8]
-- which costs [$285][9] per month
-- gas limit is `30 000 0000`
-- in a month there are approximately `1 100 000 000` blocks
-- which means costs per gas are `100 * $285 / (30 000 0000 * 1 100 000 000) = $ 0.0000000000008`
-- while average gas price is `$0.00000002` (a factor of 25000 higher than the cost)
-
-Ethereum:
-- has about 1 000 000 validators
-- validator costs: [$20 / month][7]
-- gas limit is 15 000 0000 on average
-- in a month there are approximately 215 000 blocks
-- which means costs per gas are 1 000 000 * $20 / (15 000 000 * 215 000) = $ 0.000006
-- while current gas price is $0.000035 (a factor of 6 higher than the cost)
-
-TODO: check calculations
-
-It seems that Ethereum gas price is about 1 order of magnitude higher than the
-the actual costs for the resources required.
-
-The Polygon PoS gas price is about 4 orders of magnitude higher than the actual
-costs for the resources needed.
-
-[7]: https://www.launchnodes.com/ln_products/ethereum-validator-node-prysmatic-client/
-[8]: https://docs.polygon.technology/pos/how-to/validator/validator-system-requirements/#recommended-system-requirements
-[9]: https://instances.vantage.sh/aws/ec2/m5d.4xlarge
-
-Conclusion
-----------
-
-The main reason why transactions are too expensive on existing chains and
-rollups is because they are utilized to their capacity. This creates a higher
-demand than there is supply, increasing prices. The actual costs of running a
-chain seem to be ok for running the Codex marketplace, but we need to either
-increase capacity or limit the amount of transactions to ensure that transaction
-prices do not become too high.
-
-So it seem to be viable to start with a side chain for Codex, while there is no
-high demand yet. This gives us time to work on reducing the number of
-transactions (by aggregating proofs for instance), and increasing the
-transactions per second (by sharding for instance) as the Codex network becomes
-more popular.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/evaluations/rollups.md b/evaluations/rollups.md
index 3c28b35..d9f5006 100644
--- a/evaluations/rollups.md
+++ b/evaluations/rollups.md
@@ -55,15 +55,15 @@ And there's Taiko, which uses a combination of zero-knowledge proofs and fraud
 proofs to keep the network honest:
 - Taiko
 
-Gas costs
----------
+Gas prices
+----------
 
-A rough approximation of average gas costs for submitting a Codex storage proof
+A rough approximation of average gas prices for submitting a Codex storage proof
 for each rollup:
 
-| Rollup              | Average proof costs | Potential profit |
+| Rollup              | Average proof price | Potential profit |
 | ------------------- |  ------------------ | ---------------- |
-| Mantle              | $0.0000062723	    |      $2.58       |
+| Mantle              | $0.0000062723       |      $2.58       |
 | Boba network        | $0.0016726250       |     -$2.54       |
 | Immutable zkEVM     | $0.0073595500       |    -$20.01       |
 | Arbitrum            | $0.0083631250       |    -$23.09       |
diff --git a/evaluations/rollups.ods b/evaluations/rollups.ods
index fca9bbae0873a05012a0d9066c3b087c25d82e2a..153c1649806d3eccc54e4ff3c4bda9502c1802ee 100644
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diff --git a/evaluations/sidechains.md b/evaluations/sidechains.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba87d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/evaluations/sidechains.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+Side chains
+===========
+
+This document looks at the economics of running the Codex marketplace contracts
+on an Ethereum side chain. Both existing side chains and running a dedicated
+sidechain for Codex are considered. Existing Ethereum [rollups][1] seem to be
+too expensive by about a factor of 100 for our current storage proof scheme
+(without proof aggregation). We'd like to find out if using a side chain could
+sufficiently lower the transactions costs.
+
+[1]: ../evaluations/rollups.md
+
+
+Existing side chains
+--------------------
+
+First we'll take a look at Polygon PoS and Gnosis chain to determine the average
+gas costs for submitting a storage proof on these chains. Then we'll estimate
+what the operational costs are of running these chains and compare that against
+their revenue in gas fees. This is done to see whether there is any room for
+reducing prices should we want to run a dedicated side chain for Codex.
+
+### Gas prices ###
+
+A rough approximation of average gas costs for submitting a Codex storage proof
+for these chains:
+
+| Side chain          | Average proof costs | Potential profit |
+| ------------------- |  ------------------ | ---------------- |
+| Polygon PoS         | $0.0070250250       |    -$18.98       |
+| Gnosis chain        | $0.0050178750       |    -$12.81       |
+
+This table was created by eyeballing the gas cost and token price graphs for
+each chain over the past 6 months, and [calculating the USD
+costs](sidechains.ods) for a proof from that.
+
+Potential profit (per month per TB) is calculated by assuming operational costs
+of $1.40 and revenue of $4.00 per TB per month, an average slot size of 10 GB,
+and an average of 1 proof per slot per day.
+
+### Throughput ###
+
+A rough approximation of the maximum number of transactions that a chain can
+handle, and the maximum size of the storage network that it might support:
+
+| Side chain            | Maximum TPS | Maximum storage |
+| --------------------- | ----------- | --------------- |
+| Polygon PoS           | 255         |  420 PB         |
+| Gnosis chain          | 156         |  257 PB         |
+
+Maximum size of the storage network is [calculated](sidechains.ods) assuming an
+average 1 proof per 24 hours per slot, average slot size 10 GB, and average
+erasure coding rate of 1/2.
+
+### Decentralization ###
+
+Polygon PoS has substantially less validators than Gnosis chain:
+
+| Side chain            | Number of validators |
+| --------------------- | -------------------- |
+| Polygon PoS           |                  100 |
+| Gnosis chain          |              200 000 |
+
+### Network costs ###
+
+To get an idea of the actual costs for running a chain, we estimate the hardware
+costs needed to keep the network running. We take the cost of running a single
+validator and multiply this by the number of validators. This should give us an
+idea how much of the gas price is used to cover operational costs, and how much
+is profit. These are [back of the envelope calculations](sidechains.ods) using
+data from the past 6 months to get an idea of the order of magnitude, not meant
+to be very accurate:
+
+| Side chain   |  hardware costs    | network fees     | cost / revenue ratio  |
+| ------------ | ------------------ | -----------------| --------------------- |
+| Polygon PoS  |    $28 000 / month | $840 000 / month |                    3% |
+| Gnosis chain | $4 000 000 / month |  $15 000 / month |                26667% |
+
+While Polygon PoS seem to have a healthy margin for profit, the validators of
+the Gnosis chain are spending about 250x more on hardware costs than is covered
+by the network fees. This is mostly due to the large amount of validators, and
+seems to be compensated for by reserving tokens and using them for paying out
+[validator rewards][2]. Also, Polygon PoS has a utilization of about 90%,
+whereas Gnosis chain has a utilization of about 25%.
+
+[2]: https://forum.gnosis.io/t/gno-utility-and-value-proposition/2344#current-gno-distribution-and-gno-burn-5
+
+
+A custom side chain for Codex
+-----------------------------
+
+Next, we'll look at ways in which we could reduce gas costs by deploying a
+dedicated side chain for Codex.
+
+### EVM opcode pricing ###
+
+Ethereum transactions consist of EVM operations. Each operation is priced in
+amount of gas. Some operations [are more expensive than others][3], mainly
+because they require more resources (cpu, storage) than others. Gas costs are
+also specifically engineered to withstand DoS attacks on validators.
+
+Tweaking the gas prices of EVM opcodes does not seem to be the most viable path
+to lowering transaction costs, because it only determines how expensive
+operations are relative to one another, they don't determine the actual price.
+It is also difficult to oversee the security risks.
+
+[3]: https://notes.ethereum.org/@poemm/evm384-update5#Background-on-EVM-Gas-Costs
+
+### Gas pricing ###
+
+The biggest factor that determines the actual costs of transactions is the gas
+price. The transaction costs is [determined according to the following
+formula][4] as specified by [EIP-1559][5]:
+
+`fee = units of gas used * (base fee + priority fee)`
+
+The base fee is calculated based on how full the latest blocks are. If they are
+above the target block size of 15 million gas, then the base fee increases. If
+they are below the target block size, then the base fee decreases. The base fee
+is burned when the transaction is included. The priority fee is set by the
+transaction sender, and goes to the validators. It is a mechanism for validators
+to prioritize transactions. It also acts as an incentive for validators to not
+produce empty blocks.
+
+Both priority base fee and transaction fee go up when there is more demand
+(submitted transactions) than there is supply (maximum transactions per second).
+This is the main reason why transactions are as expensive as they are:
+
+"No transaction fee mechanism, EIP-1559 or otherwise, is likely to substantially
+decrease average transaction fees; persistently high transaction fees is a
+scalability problem, not a mechanism design problem" -- [Tim Roughgarden][6]
+
+[4]: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/#how-are-gas-fees-calculated
+[5]: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559
+[6]: http://timroughgarden.org/papers/eip1559.pdf
+
+
+### The scalability problem ###
+
+Ultimately high transaction costs is a scalability issue. And unfortunately
+there are [no easy solutions][7] for increasing the amount of transactions that
+the chain can handle. For instance, just increasing the block size introduces
+several issues. Increasing block size increases the amount of resources that
+validators need (cpu, memory, storage, bandwidth). This means that it becomes
+more expensive to run a validator, which leads to a decrease in the number of
+validators, and an increase in centralization. It also increases block time,
+because there is more time needed to dissemminate the block. And this actually
+decreases the capacity of the network in terms of transactions per second, which
+counters the positive effect that you get from increasing the block size.
+
+[7]: https://cryptonews.com/news/contrary-to-musk-s-idea-you-can-t-just-increase-block-size-s-10426.htm
+
+Conclusion
+----------
+
+The gas prices on existing side chains that we looked are not low enough for
+storage providers to turn a profit, as long as we haven't implemented proof
+aggregation yet.
+
+From the costs analysis of Polygon PoS it seems feasible to launch a
+not-for-profit dedicated side chain for Codex that reduces transaction costs by
+about a factor of 10. This should be enough for storage providers to start
+making a very modest profit if they charge $4/TB/month. Polygon PoS achieves
+this by keeping a relatively low amount of validators, which is something to
+keep in mind when deploying a side chain for Codex. Also, as soon there are more
+transactions than fit in the blocks, and the chain is running at capacity, then
+the gas price will go up.
+
+For the short term it seems viable to start with a dedicated side chain for
+Codex, while there is no high demand yet. This gives us time to work on reducing
+the number of transactions, for instance by aggregating storage proofs.
+
+For the medium term we can consider to have multiple side chains depending on
+demand. If demand is reaching capacity of the existing side chain(s) then
+another side chain is started. This ensures that none of the side chains runs at
+full capacity, keeping the prices low. Because each side chain can be bridged to
+main net, funds can be moved from one side chain to the other. The obvious
+downside of this is fragmentation of the marketplace. However, the reason to add
+a side chain is because demand is high, so each fragment should have a healthy
+marketplace. Also, the Codex peer-to-peer network would not be fragmented, only
+the marketplace. Meaning that there is still a single content-addressable data
+space.
+
+For the long term we should probably move to a blockchain that supports a higher
+number of transactions at a lower cost than is currently available.
diff --git a/evaluations/sidechains.ods b/evaluations/sidechains.ods
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