nim-ffi/ffi/codegen/cpp.nim

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## C++ binding generator for the nim-ffi framework.
## Generates a header-only C++ binding and CMakeLists.txt. Requests/responses
## travel as CBOR (encoded with vendored TinyCBOR on the C++ side, matching
## the Nim-side cbor_serial codec on the wire — both ends speak RFC 8949).
import std/[os, strutils]
import ./meta, ./string_helpers
## Wire-format C++ type used for any Nim `ptr T` / `pointer`. Fixed 64-bit so
## the CBOR payload size is stable regardless of host architecture.
const CppPtrType* = "uint64_t"
## Static template blocks live as real C++ / CMake files under templates/cpp/
## and are slurped into the binary at compile time. Edits to those files are
## reflected in the generated bindings without touching this codegen.
const
HeaderPreludeTpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/header_prelude.hpp.tpl")
ResultTpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/result.hpp.tpl")
CborHelpersTpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/cbor_helpers.hpp.tpl")
SyncCallHelperTpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/sync_call_helper.hpp.tpl")
ContextRuleOf5Tpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/context_rule_of_5.hpp.tpl")
CMakeListsTpl = staticRead("templates/cpp/CMakeLists.txt.tpl")
proc genericInnerType(typeName, prefix: string): string =
if typeName.startsWith(prefix) and typeName.endsWith("]"):
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return typeName[prefix.len .. typeName.len - 2]
""
proc nimTypeToCpp*(typeName: string): string =
let trimmed = typeName.strip()
if trimmed.startsWith("ptr "):
return CppPtrType
else:
let seqInner = genericInnerType(trimmed, "seq[")
if seqInner.len > 0:
return "std::vector<" & nimTypeToCpp(seqInner) & ">"
let optionInner = genericInnerType(trimmed, "Option[")
if optionInner.len > 0:
return "std::optional<" & nimTypeToCpp(optionInner) & ">"
let maybeInner = genericInnerType(trimmed, "Maybe[")
if maybeInner.len > 0:
return "std::optional<" & nimTypeToCpp(maybeInner) & ">"
case trimmed
of "string", "cstring": "std::string"
of "int", "int64": "int64_t"
of "int32": "int32_t"
of "bool": "bool"
of "float": "float"
of "float64": "double"
of "pointer": CppPtrType
else: trimmed
proc stripLibPrefixCpp(procName, libName: string): string =
let prefix = libName & "_"
if procName.startsWith(prefix):
return procName[prefix.len .. ^1]
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procName
proc reqStructName(p: FFIProcMeta): string =
let camel = snakeToPascalCase(p.procName)
if p.kind == FFIKind.CTOR:
camel & "CtorReq"
else:
camel & "Req"
proc emitStructCborCodec(
lines: var seq[string], structName: string, fields: seq[(string, string)]
) =
## Appends per-struct TinyCBOR encode_cbor + decode_cbor free functions for
## `structName`. `fields` is a sequence of (field-name, ignored C++ type)
## pairs — the type is unused at the codec layer because the generic
## encode_cbor / decode_cbor overloads in cbor_helpers.hpp.tpl dispatch on
## the struct member's type. We emit a CBOR map with text-string keys to
## match the wire format produced by Nim's cbor_serialization.
let n = fields.len
# ── encode ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
if n == 0:
lines.add(
"inline CborError encode_cbor(CborEncoder& e, const $1&) {" % [structName]
)
else:
lines.add(
"inline CborError encode_cbor(CborEncoder& e, const $1& v) {" % [structName]
)
lines.add(" CborEncoder m;")
lines.add(" CborError err = cbor_encoder_create_map(&e, &m, $1);" % [$n])
lines.add(" if (err) return err;")
for (name, _) in fields:
lines.add(
" err = cbor_encode_text_stringz(&m, \"$1\"); if (err) return err;" % [name]
)
lines.add(
" err = encode_cbor(m, v.$1); if (err) return err;" % [name]
)
lines.add(" return cbor_encoder_close_container(&e, &m);")
lines.add("}")
# ── decode ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
if n == 0:
lines.add("inline CborError decode_cbor(CborValue& it, $1&) {" % [structName])
lines.add(" if (!cbor_value_is_map(&it)) return CborErrorImproperValue;")
lines.add(" return cbor_value_advance(&it);")
lines.add("}")
return
lines.add("inline CborError decode_cbor(CborValue& it, $1& v) {" % [structName])
lines.add(" if (!cbor_value_is_map(&it)) return CborErrorImproperValue;")
lines.add(" CborValue field;")
lines.add(" CborError err;")
for (name, _) in fields:
lines.add(
" err = cbor_value_map_find_value(&it, \"$1\", &field); if (err) return err;" %
[name]
)
lines.add(" if (!cbor_value_is_valid(&field)) return CborErrorImproperValue;")
lines.add(" err = decode_cbor(field, v.$1); if (err) return err;" % [name])
lines.add(" return cbor_value_advance(&it);")
lines.add("}")
proc cppBracedInit(structName: string, fieldNames: seq[string]): string =
## Produces a C++ braced-init expression for a per-proc Req struct.
## Used to construct the request value before CBOR-encoding it for the wire,
## as in `const auto req = TimerEchoReq{message, count};` in the generated
## header. The field order must match the struct's declaration order, which
## in turn mirrors the user's Nim FFI signature.
##
## Examples:
## cppBracedInit("TimerEchoReq", @["message", "count"])
## → "TimerEchoReq{message, count}"
## cppBracedInit("TimerVersionReq", @[])
## → "TimerVersionReq{}"
## cppBracedInit("TimerCreateCtorReq", @["config"])
## → "TimerCreateCtorReq{config}"
##
## Empty `fieldNames` collapses cleanly because `join` on an empty seq
## returns "", so the result is the well-formed empty-init `Name{}`.
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structName & "{" & fieldNames.join(", ") & "}"
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proc emitEventDispatcher(
lines: var seq[string], ctxTypeName, libName: string, events: seq[FFIEventMeta]
) =
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## Public listener-registration API in the generated context class:
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##
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## - `addOn<X>Listener(std::function<void(const T&)>) -> ListenerHandle`
## per declared `{.ffiEvent.}`. Internally registers under the wire
## event name; the per-listener trampoline decodes the CBOR
## envelope's `payload` field as `T` and invokes the user handler.
## Callers subscribe to each event separately.
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## - `removeEventListener(ListenerHandle) -> bool` drops a listener by
## handle. After it returns true, no further callbacks for that id
## are in flight on the FFI side (the Nim-side registry lock plus
## snapshot copy guarantees this).
##
## Ownership: each listener's callable is held by a
## `std::unique_ptr<ListenerBase>` in `listeners_`, keyed by id; the
## raw pointer is handed to the dylib as `user_data`. The map entry
## (and therefore the callable) survives at a stable heap address
## until `removeEventListener` removes it.
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if events.len == 0:
return
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lines.add(" // ── Event listener API ──────────────────────────────────")
lines.add(" struct ListenerHandle { std::uint64_t id = 0; };")
lines.add("")
# Per-event typed registration helpers.
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for ev in events:
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let methodName =
"addOn" & capitalizeFirstLetter(ev.nimProcName).substr(2) & "Listener"
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lines.add(
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" ListenerHandle $1(std::function<void(const $2&)> handler) {" %
[methodName, ev.payloadTypeName]
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)
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lines.add(
" auto owned = std::make_unique<TypedListener<$1>>(std::move(handler));" %
[ev.payloadTypeName]
)
lines.add(" auto* raw = owned.get();")
lines.add(
" const auto id = $1_add_event_listener(" % [libName]
)
lines.add(
" ptr_, \"$1\", &$2::typedTrampoline<$3>, raw);" %
[ev.wireName, ctxTypeName, ev.payloadTypeName]
)
lines.add(" if (id == 0) return ListenerHandle{0};")
lines.add(" listeners_.emplace(id, std::move(owned));")
lines.add(" return ListenerHandle{id};")
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
# Remove by handle.
lines.add(" bool removeEventListener(ListenerHandle handle) {")
lines.add(" if (handle.id == 0) return false;")
lines.add(
" const auto rc = $1_remove_event_listener(ptr_, handle.id);" % [libName]
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)
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lines.add(" listeners_.erase(handle.id);")
lines.add(" return rc == 0;")
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lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
proc emitEventTrampoline(
lines: var seq[string], events: seq[FFIEventMeta]
) =
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## Private listener machinery for the public API emitted by
## `emitEventDispatcher`:
##
## - `ListenerBase` is a polymorphic base so the context's
## `listeners_` map can own typed listeners under a single value type.
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## - `TypedListener<T>` holds the user's `std::function<void(const T&)>`
## and is the target of `typedTrampoline<T>`, which CBOR-decodes the
## envelope's `payload` field as `T` and invokes the handler.
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if events.len == 0:
return
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lines.add(" struct ListenerBase {")
lines.add(" virtual ~ListenerBase() = default;")
lines.add(" };")
lines.add("")
lines.add(" template <class T>")
lines.add(" struct TypedListener : ListenerBase {")
lines.add(" std::function<void(const T&)> fn;")
lines.add(" explicit TypedListener(std::function<void(const T&)> f) : fn(std::move(f)) {}")
lines.add(" };")
lines.add("")
# Typed trampoline — one instantiation per payload type, all sharing a body.
lines.add(" template <class T>")
lines.add(" static void typedTrampoline(int ret, const char* msg, std::size_t len, void* ud) {")
lines.add(" if (!ud || ret != 0 || !msg || len == 0) return;")
lines.add(" auto* listener = static_cast<TypedListener<T>*>(ud);")
lines.add(" if (!listener->fn) return;")
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lines.add(" CborParser parser; CborValue it;")
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lines.add(
" if (cbor_parser_init(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(msg), len, 0, &parser, &it) != CborNoError) return;"
)
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lines.add(" if (!cbor_value_is_map(&it)) return;")
lines.add(" CborValue payloadField;")
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lines.add(
" if (cbor_value_map_find_value(&it, \"payload\", &payloadField) != CborNoError) return;"
)
lines.add(" T payload{};")
lines.add(
" if (decode_cbor(payloadField, payload) != CborNoError) return;"
)
lines.add(" listener->fn(payload);")
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
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proc generateCppHeader*(
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procs: seq[FFIProcMeta],
types: seq[FFITypeMeta],
libName: string,
events: seq[FFIEventMeta] = @[],
): string =
var lines: seq[string] = @[]
lines.add(HeaderPreludeTpl)
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if events.len > 0:
# Only pulled in when the library declares `{.ffiEvent.}` procs —
# `<unordered_map>` backs the `listeners_` map.
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lines.add("#include <unordered_map>")
# Result<T> is the exception-free return channel used by every generated
# entry point. It must precede the CBOR helpers and sync-call helper below,
# which now hand their failures back as Result rather than throwing.
lines.add(ResultTpl)
# CBOR primitive / container helpers must precede the per-struct codecs
# below, because each emitted `encode_cbor`/`decode_cbor(T)` calls the
# generic overloads for the struct's fields (std::string, std::vector,
# std::optional, primitives). The struct codecs are non-template `inline`
# functions, so name lookup happens at parse time — the overloads must be
# in scope before the struct codecs are parsed.
lines.add(CborHelpersTpl)
# ── Types ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
if types.len > 0:
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("// User-declared FFI types")
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("")
for t in types:
lines.add("struct $1 {" % [t.name])
for f in t.fields:
lines.add(" $1 $2;" % [nimTypeToCpp(f.typeName), f.name])
lines.add("};")
var fields: seq[(string, string)] = @[]
for f in t.fields:
fields.add((f.name, nimTypeToCpp(f.typeName)))
emitStructCborCodec(lines, t.name, fields)
lines.add("")
# ── Per-proc Req structs (CBOR transport units) ───────────────────────────
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("// Per-proc request envelopes (CBOR encoded on the wire)")
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("")
for p in procs:
if p.kind == FFIKind.DTOR:
continue
let reqName = reqStructName(p)
lines.add("struct $1 {" % [reqName])
for ep in p.extraParams:
let cppType =
if ep.isPtr:
CppPtrType
else:
nimTypeToCpp(ep.typeName)
lines.add(" $1 $2;" % [cppType, ep.name])
lines.add("};")
var fields: seq[(string, string)] = @[]
for ep in p.extraParams:
let cppType =
if ep.isPtr:
CppPtrType
else:
nimTypeToCpp(ep.typeName)
fields.add((ep.name, cppType))
emitStructCborCodec(lines, reqName, fields)
lines.add("")
# ── C FFI declarations ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("// C FFI declarations")
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("")
lines.add("extern \"C\" {")
lines.add(
"typedef void (*FFICallback)(int ret, const char* msg, size_t len, void* user_data);"
)
lines.add("")
for p in procs:
case p.kind
of FFIKind.FFI:
lines.add(
"int $1(void* ctx, FFICallback callback, void* user_data, const uint8_t* req_cbor, size_t req_cbor_len);" %
[p.procName]
)
of FFIKind.CTOR:
lines.add(
"void* $1(const uint8_t* req_cbor, size_t req_cbor_len, FFICallback callback, void* user_data);" %
[p.procName]
)
of FFIKind.DTOR:
lines.add("int $1(void* ctx);" % [p.procName])
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# `declareLibrary` always exports the listener-registration ABI. Declare
# it here so the typed event-handler wiring below can call into it.
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lines.add(
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"uint64_t $1_add_event_listener(void* ctx, const char* event_name, FFICallback callback, void* user_data);" %
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[libName]
)
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lines.add(
"int $1_remove_event_listener(void* ctx, uint64_t listener_id);" % [libName]
)
lines.add("} // extern \"C\"")
lines.add("")
lines.add(SyncCallHelperTpl)
# ── High-level C++ context class ──────────────────────────────────────────
var ctors: seq[FFIProcMeta] = @[]
var methods: seq[FFIProcMeta] = @[]
for p in procs:
case p.kind
of FFIKind.CTOR:
ctors.add(p)
of FFIKind.FFI:
methods.add(p)
of FFIKind.DTOR:
discard
let libTypeName =
if ctors.len > 0:
ctors[0].libTypeName
else:
capitalizeFirstLetter(libName)
let ctxTypeName = libTypeName & "Ctx"
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("// High-level C++ context class")
lines.add("// ============================================================")
lines.add("")
lines.add("class $1 {" % [ctxTypeName])
lines.add("public:")
# ── Constructors ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
for ctor in ctors:
let reqName = reqStructName(ctor)
var ctorParams: seq[string] = @[]
var epNames: seq[string] = @[]
for ep in ctor.extraParams:
let cppType =
if ep.isPtr:
CppPtrType
else:
nimTypeToCpp(ep.typeName)
ctorParams.add("const $1& $2" % [cppType, ep.name])
epNames.add(ep.name)
let timeoutParam = "std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = std::chrono::seconds{30}"
let ctorParamsWithTimeout =
if ctorParams.len > 0:
ctorParams.join(", ") & ", " & timeoutParam
else:
timeoutParam
let reqInit = cppBracedInit(reqName, epNames)
# Same `ffi_*_` underscore convention as instance methods so that a ctor
# parameter cannot collide with the local Req envelope name.
#
# The ctor's C symbol returns `void*` (the ctx pointer) synchronously, but
# `ffi_call_` expects an int-returning lambda — and we want the callback
# path anyway since it carries the CBOR-encoded ctx address. Discard the
# synchronous return and yield 0 from the lambda; the address comes back
# through the callback's CBOR text-string payload.
# `create` returns std::unique_ptr<Ctx> rather than a Ctx by value: the
# context owns library threads, so we forbid copy/move on the class
# itself (see ContextRuleOf5Tpl) and hand out ownership through a
# smart pointer that callers can move, store in containers, etc.
let createRet = "Result<std::unique_ptr<$1>>" % [ctxTypeName]
lines.add(
" static $1 create($2) {" % [createRet, ctorParamsWithTimeout]
)
lines.add(" const auto ffi_req_ = $1;" % [reqInit])
lines.add(" auto ffi_enc_ = encodeCborFFI(ffi_req_);")
lines.add(" if (ffi_enc_.isErr()) return $1::err(ffi_enc_.error());" % [createRet])
lines.add(" const auto& ffi_req_bytes_ = ffi_enc_.value();")
lines.add(" auto ffi_raw_ = ffi_call_([&](FFICallback cb, void* ud) {")
lines.add(
" (void)$1(ffi_req_bytes_.data(), ffi_req_bytes_.size(), cb, ud);" %
[ctor.procName]
)
lines.add(" return 0;")
lines.add(" }, timeout);")
lines.add(" if (ffi_raw_.isErr()) return $1::err(ffi_raw_.error());" % [createRet])
lines.add(" auto ffi_addr_ = decodeCborFFI<std::string>(ffi_raw_.value());")
lines.add(" if (ffi_addr_.isErr()) return $1::err(ffi_addr_.error());" % [createRet])
lines.add(" const auto& addr_str = ffi_addr_.value();")
# Parse the ctx address without exceptions: std::stoull would throw on a
# non-numeric payload, so use std::from_chars and surface the failure as
# an err() Result instead.
lines.add(" std::uint64_t addr = 0;")
lines.add(" const char* addr_begin = addr_str.data();")
lines.add(" const char* addr_end = addr_begin + addr_str.size();")
lines.add(" const auto fc_ = std::from_chars(addr_begin, addr_end, addr);")
lines.add(" if (fc_.ec != std::errc() || fc_.ptr != addr_end) {")
lines.add(
" return $1::err(\"FFI create returned non-numeric address: \" + addr_str);" %
[createRet]
)
lines.add(" }")
# Use `new` directly (not std::make_unique) so the ctor can stay private.
lines.add(
" return $1::ok(std::unique_ptr<$2>(new $2(reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(addr)), timeout)));" %
[createRet, ctxTypeName]
)
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
let captureList =
if epNames.len > 0:
epNames.join(", ") & ", timeout"
else:
"timeout"
let callList =
if epNames.len > 0:
epNames.join(", ") & ", timeout"
else:
"timeout"
lines.add(
" static std::future<Result<std::unique_ptr<$1>>> createAsync($2) {" %
[ctxTypeName, ctorParamsWithTimeout]
)
lines.add(
" return std::async(std::launch::async, [$1]() { return create($2); });" %
[captureList, callList]
)
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
# ── Rule of 5 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
lines.add(
ContextRuleOf5Tpl.multiReplace(("{{CTX}}", ctxTypeName), ("{{LIB}}", libName))
)
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# ── Typed event handlers (public section) ───────────────────────────────
emitEventDispatcher(lines, ctxTypeName, libName, events)
# ── Instance methods ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
for m in methods:
let methodName = stripLibPrefixCpp(m.procName, libName)
let retCppType =
if m.returnIsPtr:
CppPtrType
else:
nimTypeToCpp(m.returnTypeName)
let reqName = reqStructName(m)
var methParams: seq[string] = @[]
var methParamNames: seq[string] = @[]
for ep in m.extraParams:
let cppType =
if ep.isPtr:
CppPtrType
else:
nimTypeToCpp(ep.typeName)
methParams.add("const $1& $2" % [cppType, ep.name])
methParamNames.add(ep.name)
let methParamsStr = methParams.join(", ")
let methParamNamesStr = methParamNames.join(", ")
let reqInit = cppBracedInit(reqName, methParamNames)
let methRet = "Result<$1>" % [retCppType]
# Use a single-underscore-suffixed local for the Req envelope so it can't
# shadow a method parameter whose name happens to be `req` (or similar).
lines.add(" $1 $2($3) const {" % [methRet, methodName, methParamsStr])
lines.add(" const auto ffi_req_ = $1;" % [reqInit])
lines.add(" auto ffi_enc_ = encodeCborFFI(ffi_req_);")
lines.add(" if (ffi_enc_.isErr()) return $1::err(ffi_enc_.error());" % [methRet])
lines.add(" const auto& ffi_req_bytes_ = ffi_enc_.value();")
lines.add(" auto ffi_raw_ = ffi_call_([&](FFICallback cb, void* ud) {")
lines.add(
" return $1(ptr_, cb, ud, ffi_req_bytes_.data(), ffi_req_bytes_.size());" %
[m.procName]
)
lines.add(" }, timeout_);")
lines.add(" if (ffi_raw_.isErr()) return $1::err(ffi_raw_.error());" % [methRet])
lines.add(" return decodeCborFFI<$1>(ffi_raw_.value());" % [retCppType])
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
# The async wrapper calls the sync method via `this->methodName(...)` so
# a method param that happens to share the method's name doesn't shadow
# the call target (e.g. `schedule(job, retry, schedule)` would otherwise
# parse as invoking the `schedule` parameter).
if methParamsStr.len > 0:
lines.add(
" std::future<$1> $2Async($3) const {" %
[methRet, methodName, methParamsStr]
)
lines.add(
" return std::async(std::launch::async, [this, $1]() { return this->$2($3); });" %
[methParamNamesStr, methodName, methParamNamesStr]
)
lines.add(" }")
else:
lines.add(" std::future<$1> $2Async() const {" % [methRet, methodName])
lines.add(
" return std::async(std::launch::async, [this]() { return this->$1(); });" %
[methodName]
)
lines.add(" }")
lines.add("")
lines.add("private:")
# Listener machinery (`ListenerBase`, `TypedListener<T>`, plus the
# static trampolines) must appear before the `listeners_` data member
# declaration — C++ requires the value type of a member to be complete
# at point of declaration. The public add*/remove methods above also
# reference these types, but member function bodies see the full class
# scope regardless of declaration order, so emitting here is sufficient
# for both.
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emitEventTrampoline(lines, events)
lines.add(" void* ptr_;")
lines.add(" std::chrono::milliseconds timeout_;")
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if events.len > 0:
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# One owning entry per live listener, keyed by id. Destroyed after
# the destructor body runs `<lib>_destroy(ptr_)`, by which point the
# FFI side has joined its threads so no callback is mid-flight.
lines.add(
" std::unordered_map<std::uint64_t, std::unique_ptr<ListenerBase>> listeners_;"
)
lines.add(
" explicit $1(void* p, std::chrono::milliseconds t) : ptr_(p), timeout_(t) {}" %
[ctxTypeName]
)
lines.add("};")
lines.add("")
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lines.join("\n")
proc generateCppCMakeLists*(libName: string, nimSrcRelPath: string): string =
let src = nimSrcRelPath.replace("\\", "/")
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CMakeListsTpl.multiReplace(("{{LIB}}", libName), ("{{SRC}}", src))
proc generateCppBindings*(
procs: seq[FFIProcMeta],
types: seq[FFITypeMeta],
libName: string,
outputDir: string,
nimSrcRelPath: string,
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events: seq[FFIEventMeta] = @[],
) =
createDir(outputDir)
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writeFile(
outputDir / (libName & ".hpp"),
generateCppHeader(procs, types, libName, events),
)
writeFile(outputDir / "CMakeLists.txt", generateCppCMakeLists(libName, nimSrcRelPath))