diff --git a/bin/chat-cli/src/app.rs b/bin/chat-cli/src/app.rs
index 30b9e24..7499181 100644
--- a/bin/chat-cli/src/app.rs
+++ b/bin/chat-cli/src/app.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,21 @@ pub struct DisplayMessage {
     pub from_self: bool,
     pub content: String,
     pub timestamp: u64,
+    pub message_id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub delivered_to: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl DisplayMessage {
+    fn new(from_self: bool, content: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            from_self,
+            content,
+            timestamp: now(),
+            message_id: None,
+            delivered_to: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -189,11 +204,58 @@ where
                 let Some(session) = self.state.chats.get_mut(&chat_id) else {
                     return;
                 };
-                session.messages.push(DisplayMessage {
-                    from_self: false,
-                    content: String::from_utf8_lossy(&content).into_owned(),
-                    timestamp: now(),
-                });
+                session.messages.push(DisplayMessage::new(
+                    false,
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&content).into_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            Event::MessageAcked {
+                convo_id,
+                message_id,
+                acked_by,
+            } => {
+                let Some(session) = self.state.chats.get_mut(convo_id.as_ref()) else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                let Some(message) = session
+                    .messages
+                    .iter_mut()
+                    .find(|m| m.message_id.as_deref() == Some(message_id.as_str()))
+                else {
+                    return; // sent before this session, or not ours
+                };
+                let peer = acked_by.map_or_else(
+                    || "a member".to_string(),
+                    |s| {
+                        let id = s.account.unwrap_or(s.local_identity);
+                        format!("{}…", &id.as_str()[..8.min(id.as_str().len())])
+                    },
+                );
+                if !message.delivered_to.contains(&peer) {
+                    message.delivered_to.push(peer);
+                }
+            }
+            Event::MessageMissing {
+                convo_id,
+                sender_hint,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let Some(session) = self.state.chats.get(convo_id.as_ref()) else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                // The hint is not authenticated (see `Event::MessageMissing`),
+                // so name the author loosely rather than as an established fact.
+                let author = sender_hint.map_or_else(
+                    || "a member".to_string(),
+                    |s| {
+                        let id = s.account.unwrap_or(s.local_identity);
+                        format!("{}…", &id.as_str()[..8.min(id.as_str().len())])
+                    },
+                );
+                self.status = format!(
+                    "A message from {author} never arrived in '{}'.",
+                    session.display_name()
+                );
             }
             Event::InboundError { message } => {
                 self.status = format!("Could not process incoming message: {message}");
@@ -209,16 +271,16 @@ where
             .clone()
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("No active chat. Use /connect or /switch first."))?;
 
-        self.client
+        let message_id = self
+            .client
             .send_message(&chat_id, content.as_bytes())
             .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{e:?}"))?;
 
         if let Some(session) = self.state.chats.get_mut(&chat_id) {
-            session.messages.push(DisplayMessage {
-                from_self: true,
-                content: content.to_string(),
-                timestamp: now(),
-            });
+            let mut message = DisplayMessage::new(true, content.to_string());
+            // Kept so `MessageAcked` can find this message again.
+            message.message_id = Some(message_id);
+            session.messages.push(message);
         }
         self.save_state()?;
 
@@ -226,11 +288,8 @@ where
     }
 
     fn add_system_message(&mut self, content: &str) {
-        self.command_output.push(DisplayMessage {
-            from_self: true,
-            content: content.to_string(),
-            timestamp: now(),
-        });
+        self.command_output
+            .push(DisplayMessage::new(true, content.to_string()));
     }
 
     pub fn handle_command(&mut self, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<String>> {
@@ -273,7 +332,8 @@ where
                     .client
                     .create_direct_conversation(args)
                     .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{e:?}"))?;
-                self.client
+                let message_id = self
+                    .client
                     .send_message(&chat_id, initial.as_bytes())
                     .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{e:?}"))?;
 
@@ -283,11 +343,9 @@ where
                     nickname: None,
                     messages: Vec::new(),
                 };
-                session.messages.push(DisplayMessage {
-                    from_self: true,
-                    content: initial,
-                    timestamp: now(),
-                });
+                let mut message = DisplayMessage::new(true, initial);
+                message.message_id = Some(message_id);
+                session.messages.push(message);
                 self.state.chats.insert(chat_id.clone(), session);
                 self.set_active_chat(Some(chat_id));
                 self.save_state()?;
diff --git a/bin/chat-cli/src/ui.rs b/bin/chat-cli/src/ui.rs
index 595c48e..4914dc6 100644
--- a/bin/chat-cli/src/ui.rs
+++ b/bin/chat-cli/src/ui.rs
@@ -156,6 +156,18 @@ where
                 remaining = tail;
             }
 
+            // Delivery receipts for our own sends: the peers whose later
+            // messages showed they hold this one.
+            if !msg.delivered_to.is_empty() {
+                items.push(ListItem::new(Line::from(vec![
+                    Span::raw(indent.clone()),
+                    Span::styled(
+                        format!("↳ delivered to {}", msg.delivered_to.join(", ")),
+                        Style::default().fg(Color::DarkGray),
+                    ),
+                ])));
+            }
+
             items
         })
         .collect();
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/causal_history.rs b/core/conversations/src/causal_history.rs
index 7afc7b1..ebdf1e2 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/causal_history.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/causal_history.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,19 @@
 //!  - assign a deterministic message ID + Lamport timestamp to outbound msgs
 //!  - attach a bounded causal-history frontier to each outbound message
 //!  - on receive, detect referenced-but-unseen message IDs (gaps)
+//!  - on receive, detect references to *our own* messages (acknowledgements)
 //!
 //! Out of scope here: bloom-filter acknowledgements,
 //! resend / outgoing buffer, incoming reorder buffer, Store-based recovery.
 //! This is detection only — an out-of-order message is still delivered to
 //! the application, but the gap it implies is reported.
 //!
+//! The same references also show who received our messages: a peer that names
+//! one of ours must have had it. Nothing is sent back — the acknowledgement
+//! rides on whatever the peer says next — so a silent peer never acknowledges,
+//! and neither does one that speaks after our message has dropped out of its
+//! [`CAUSAL_HISTORY_LEN`]-entry frontier.
+//!
 //! State is in-memory and session-scoped, matching the crate's current
 //! in-memory MLS state.
 
@@ -72,6 +79,21 @@ pub struct MissingMessage {
     pub frontier: Frontier,
 }
 
+/// A peer acknowledging one of our messages: it named that message in the
+/// causal history of a message it sent, so it held ours at the time.
+///
+/// Evidence of *delivery to a peer's client*, not of a human reading it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DeliveryAck {
+    pub conversation_id: String,
+    /// The message of ours the peer acknowledged.
+    pub message_id: String,
+    /// The acknowledging peer's `sender_id`, verbatim off the wire —
+    /// self-asserted like [`Frontier::sender_id`], not bound to the MLS
+    /// identity that sent the payload.
+    pub acked_by: String,
+}
+
 /// Per-conversation causal state.
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct ConvoState {
@@ -84,6 +106,11 @@ struct ConvoState {
     frontiers: VecDeque<Frontier>,
     /// Missing IDs already reported, so a gap is surfaced exactly once.
     reported_missing: HashSet<Frontier>,
+    /// IDs of messages we authored: a reference to one is an acknowledgement.
+    own: HashSet<String>,
+    /// Which peers have acknowledged each of our messages, so each is
+    /// surfaced exactly once.
+    acked_by: HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
 }
 
 impl ConvoState {
@@ -102,6 +129,9 @@ struct Inner {
     convos: HashMap<String, ConvoState>,
     /// Detected gaps, drained by the client (future #97 event bus).
     missing: Vec<MissingMessage>,
+    /// Detected acknowledgements of our own messages, drained alongside
+    /// `missing`.
+    acks: Vec<DeliveryAck>,
 }
 
 /// Session-scoped causal-history store shared by every `GroupV1Convo`
@@ -143,7 +173,9 @@ impl CausalHistoryStore {
             .collect();
 
         // Our own message joins the seen-set so it appears in our future
-        // causal history (and, later, so we can ack peers' references to it).
+        // causal history, and the own-set so a peer referencing it back is
+        // recognised as acknowledging this send.
+        state.own.insert(message_id.clone());
         state.record_seen(frontier);
 
         ReliablePayload {
@@ -166,7 +198,11 @@ impl CausalHistoryStore {
         payload: &ReliablePayload,
     ) -> Vec<MissingMessage> {
         let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
-        let Inner { convos, missing } = &mut *inner;
+        let Inner {
+            convos,
+            missing,
+            acks,
+        } = &mut *inner;
         let state = convos.entry(conversation_id.to_owned()).or_default();
 
         // Lamport merge: the next local send will be strictly greater than
@@ -175,6 +211,23 @@ impl CausalHistoryStore {
 
         let mut detected = Vec::new();
         for entry in &payload.causal_history {
+            // The sender named one of ours, so it has it. Reported once per
+            // peer per message, and never for the message's own author.
+            if state.own.contains(&entry.message_id)
+                && payload.sender_id != entry.sender_id
+                && state
+                    .acked_by
+                    .entry(entry.message_id.clone())
+                    .or_default()
+                    .insert(payload.sender_id.clone())
+            {
+                acks.push(DeliveryAck {
+                    conversation_id: conversation_id.to_owned(),
+                    message_id: entry.message_id.clone(),
+                    acked_by: payload.sender_id.clone(),
+                });
+            }
+
             let frontier = Frontier::new(entry.sender_id.clone(), entry.message_id.clone());
             if !state.seen.contains(&frontier) && state.reported_missing.insert(frontier.clone()) {
                 let m = MissingMessage {
@@ -201,6 +254,11 @@ impl CausalHistoryStore {
     pub fn take_missing(&self) -> Vec<MissingMessage> {
         std::mem::take(&mut self.inner.borrow_mut().missing)
     }
+
+    /// Drain all acknowledgements of our own messages detected so far.
+    pub fn take_acks(&self) -> Vec<DeliveryAck> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.inner.borrow_mut().acks)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Deterministic, collision-resistant message ID.
@@ -293,6 +351,87 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(missing[0].frontier.sender_id(), "alice");
     }
 
+    /// Bob replies after receiving Alice's message, so his causal history
+    /// names it — that reference is the acknowledgement.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_peer_referencing_our_message_acknowledges_it() {
+        let alice = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let bob = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+
+        let a1 = payload(&alice, "c", "alice", b"hello");
+        bob.on_receive("c", &a1);
+        let b1 = payload(&bob, "c", "bob", b"hi back");
+        alice.on_receive("c", &b1);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            alice.take_acks(),
+            vec![DeliveryAck {
+                conversation_id: "c".to_owned(),
+                message_id: a1.message_id.clone(),
+                acked_by: "bob".to_owned(),
+            }]
+        );
+        // Draining clears the report.
+        assert!(alice.take_acks().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// Every member that replies acknowledges separately, which is what lets an
+    /// application list the peers that hold a message.
+    #[test]
+    fn each_peer_acknowledges_separately() {
+        let alice = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let bob = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let carol = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+
+        let a1 = payload(&alice, "c", "alice", b"hello all");
+        bob.on_receive("c", &a1);
+        carol.on_receive("c", &a1);
+        alice.on_receive("c", &payload(&bob, "c", "bob", b"bob here"));
+        alice.on_receive("c", &payload(&carol, "c", "carol", b"carol here"));
+
+        let holders: Vec<String> = alice
+            .take_acks()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|a| a.message_id == a1.message_id)
+            .map(|a| a.acked_by)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(holders, vec!["bob".to_owned(), "carol".to_owned()]);
+    }
+
+    /// Bob keeps naming the message in later sends; the application is told
+    /// once.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_peer_acknowledges_a_message_only_once() {
+        let alice = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let bob = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+
+        let a1 = payload(&alice, "c", "alice", b"hello");
+        bob.on_receive("c", &a1);
+        alice.on_receive("c", &payload(&bob, "c", "bob", b"first reply"));
+        alice.take_acks();
+        alice.on_receive("c", &payload(&bob, "c", "bob", b"second reply"));
+
+        assert!(
+            alice.take_acks().is_empty(),
+            "a peer's acknowledgement of one message is reported once"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Carol's reply names Bob's message, not ours — nothing for us to report.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_reference_to_someone_elses_message_is_not_our_acknowledgement() {
+        let alice = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let bob = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+        let carol = CausalHistoryStore::new();
+
+        let b1 = payload(&bob, "c", "bob", b"bob speaks");
+        carol.on_receive("c", &b1);
+        // Alice observes Carol's reply, which references Bob's message only.
+        alice.on_receive("c", &payload(&carol, "c", "carol", b"carol replies"));
+
+        assert!(alice.take_acks().is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_gap_is_reported_only_once() {
         let sender = CausalHistoryStore::new();
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/conversation.rs b/core/conversations/src/conversation.rs
index 2d016f3..7a9f1a1 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/conversation.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/conversation.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,19 @@ use shared_traits::IdentIdRef;
 pub type ConversationId = String;
 pub type ConversationIdRef<'a> = &'a str;
 
+/// Identifies one message within a conversation, as carried by the
+/// causal-history envelope. Handed back by a send so a caller can match later
+/// observations — acknowledgements, gaps — to the message that produced them.
+pub type MessageId = String;
+
 /// Behaviour shared by every conversation kind.
 pub(crate) trait Convo<S: ExternalServices>: Identified + Send {
-    fn send_content(&mut self, cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>, content: &[u8])
-    -> Result<(), ChatError>;
+    /// Encrypt and publish `content`, returning the id assigned to it.
+    fn send_content(
+        &mut self,
+        cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>,
+        content: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError>;
 
     /// Decrypts and processes an incoming encrypted frame.
     ///
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/conversation/direct_v1.rs b/core/conversations/src/conversation/direct_v1.rs
index b1cf04a..d9d191c 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/conversation/direct_v1.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/conversation/direct_v1.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use chat_proto::logoschat::encryption::EncryptedPayload;
 use shared_traits::IdentIdRef;
 
 use crate::{
-    ChatError, ExternalServices,
+    ChatError, ExternalServices, MessageId,
     conversation::{ConversationIdRef, Convo, GroupConvo, GroupV1Convo, Identified},
     service_context::ServiceContext,
 };
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>,
         content: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), super::ChatError> {
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
         self.inner_group.send_content(cx, content)
     }
 
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v1.rs b/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v1.rs
index 665a9f4..6c8fd22 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v1.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v1.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use shared_traits::IdentIdRef;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use tracing::debug;
 
-use crate::conversation::ConversationIdRef;
+use crate::conversation::{ConversationIdRef, MessageId};
 use crate::inbox_v2::MlsProvider;
 use crate::service_context::{ExternalServices, ServiceContext};
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl GroupV1Convo {
         &mut self,
         content: &[u8],
         cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>,
-    ) -> Result<(), ChatError> {
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
         let sender_id = cx.mls_identity.id().as_str();
         let reliable = cx.causal.on_send(&self.convo_id, sender_id, content);
         let wire = reliable.encode_to_vec();
@@ -188,7 +188,8 @@ impl GroupV1Convo {
             .unwrap();
 
         let msg_bytes = mls_message_out.to_bytes().unwrap();
-        self.send_payload(cx, msg_bytes)
+        self.send_payload(cx, msg_bytes)?;
+        Ok(reliable.message_id)
     }
 
     // Publish outboubound payloads to the DeliveryService
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ impl<S: ExternalServices> Convo<S> for GroupV1Convo {
         &mut self,
         cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>,
         content: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), ChatError> {
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
         self.send_message(content, cx)
     }
 
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v2.rs b/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v2.rs
index 5a4172e..d37b2be 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v2.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/conversation/group_v2.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::{Content, WakeupService};
 use alloy::signers::local::PrivateKeySigner;
 use blake2::{Blake2b, Digest, digest::consts::U6};
 use chat_proto::logoschat::encryption::{EncryptedPayload, Plaintext, encrypted_payload};
+use chat_proto::logoschat::reliability::ReliablePayload;
 use de_mls::protos::de_mls::messages::v1::{
     AppMessage as AppMessageProto, MemberWelcome, app_message,
 };
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use tracing::{info, instrument};
 
 use crate::IdentityProvider;
-use crate::conversation::{ConversationIdRef, ExternalServices, ServiceContext};
+use crate::conversation::{ConversationIdRef, ExternalServices, MessageId, ServiceContext};
 use crate::{
     ConvoOutcome, DeliveryService, RegistrationService,
     conversation::{ChatError, Convo, GroupConvo, Identified},
@@ -304,14 +305,20 @@ where
         &mut self,
         service_ctx: &mut super::ServiceContext<S>,
         content: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), ChatError> {
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
+        let reliable = service_ctx.causal.on_send(
+            &self.convo_id,
+            service_ctx.mls_identity.id().as_str(),
+            content,
+        );
+
         self.conversation.send_message(
             &service_ctx.mls_provider,
             &service_ctx.mls_identity,
-            content.to_vec(),
+            reliable.encode_to_vec(),
         )?;
         self.after_op(service_ctx)?;
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(reliable.message_id)
     }
 
     #[instrument(name = "groupv2.handle_frame", skip_all, fields(user_id = %service_ctx.mls_identity.display_name()))]
@@ -341,7 +348,7 @@ where
         self.conversation
             .poll(&service_ctx.mls_provider, &service_ctx.mls_identity);
         let events = self.after_op(service_ctx)?; // route + publish + re-arm, returns events
-        Ok(self.outcome_from_events(&events))
+        self.outcome_from_events(service_ctx, &events)
     }
 
     #[instrument(name = "groupv2.wakeup", skip_all, fields(user_id = %ctx.mls_identity.display_name()))]
@@ -355,7 +362,7 @@ where
             tracing::warn!(convo = %self.convo_id, "conversation requested teardown");
         }
         let events = self.after_op(ctx)?; // publish what poll produced + re-arm alarm
-        Ok(self.outcome_from_events(&events))
+        self.outcome_from_events(ctx, &events)
     }
 
     fn members(&self) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, ChatError> {
@@ -491,27 +498,47 @@ impl GroupV2Convo {
         Ok(events)
     }
 
-    fn outcome_from_events(&self, events: &[ConversationEvent]) -> ConvoOutcome {
-        let content = events.iter().find_map(|evt| match evt {
-            ConversationEvent::ConversationMessage(AppMessageProto {
-                payload: Some(app_message::Payload::ConversationMessage(cm)),
-            }) => Some(Content {
-                bytes: cm.message.clone(),
-                encoded_credential: cm.sender.clone(),
-            }),
-            _ => None,
-        });
+    /// Turn drained de-mls events into a [`ConvoOutcome`], unwrapping the
+    /// message from its causal-history envelope.
+    ///
+    /// An outcome holds one message and de-mls emits at most one per frame, so
+    /// the first wins. A second would be dropped without being recorded as
+    /// seen, leaving a later reference to report it missing.
+    fn outcome_from_events<S: ExternalServices>(
+        &self,
+        service_ctx: &ServiceContext<S>,
+        events: &[ConversationEvent],
+    ) -> Result<ConvoOutcome, ChatError> {
+        let content = events
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|evt| match evt {
+                ConversationEvent::ConversationMessage(AppMessageProto {
+                    payload: Some(app_message::Payload::ConversationMessage(cm)),
+                }) => Some(cm),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .map(|cm| -> Result<Content, ChatError> {
+                let reliable =
+                    ReliablePayload::decode(cm.message.as_slice()).map_err(ChatError::generic)?;
+                service_ctx.causal.on_receive(&self.convo_id, &reliable);
+                Ok(Content {
+                    bytes: reliable.content.to_vec(),
+                    encoded_credential: cm.sender.clone(),
+                })
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
         let members_changed = events.iter().any(|evt| {
             matches!(
                 evt,
                 ConversationEvent::CommitApplied(_) | ConversationEvent::WelcomeReady { .. }
             )
         });
-        ConvoOutcome {
+        Ok(ConvoOutcome {
             convo_id: self.convo_id.clone(),
             content,
             members_changed,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/core.rs b/core/conversations/src/core.rs
index b696594..f6003f1 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/core.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/core.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use crate::causal_history::{CausalHistoryStore, MissingMessage};
+use crate::causal_history::{CausalHistoryStore, DeliveryAck, MissingMessage};
 use crate::conversation::{
-    ConversationIdRef, DirectV1Convo, GroupV1Convo, GroupV2Convo, Identified,
+    ConversationIdRef, DirectV1Convo, GroupV1Convo, GroupV2Convo, Identified, MessageId,
 };
 use crate::service_context::{ExternalServices, ServiceContext};
 use crate::types::ConvoMetadata;
@@ -329,8 +329,16 @@ impl<'a, S: ExternalServices + 'static> Core<S> {
         self.services.causal.take_missing()
     }
 
-    /// Encrypt and publish `content` to an existing conversation.
-    pub fn send_content(&mut self, convo_id: &str, content: &[u8]) -> Result<(), ChatError> {
+    /// Drain the acknowledgements observed since the last call: peers that
+    /// referenced one of our messages, and so demonstrably hold it.
+    pub fn take_acks(&self) -> Vec<DeliveryAck> {
+        self.services.causal.take_acks()
+    }
+
+    /// Encrypt and publish `content` to an existing conversation, returning the
+    /// id assigned to the message so later acknowledgements can be matched to
+    /// it.
+    pub fn send_content(&mut self, convo_id: &str, content: &[u8]) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
         if self.cached_convos.contains_key(convo_id) {
             let convo = self
                 .cached_convos
@@ -508,7 +516,7 @@ impl<S: ExternalServices> Convo<S> for ConvoTypeOwned<S> {
         &mut self,
         cx: &mut ServiceContext<S>,
         content: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<(), ChatError> {
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ChatError> {
         match self {
             ConvoTypeOwned::Group(group_convo) => group_convo.send_content(cx, content),
             ConvoTypeOwned::Direct(convo) => convo.send_content(cx, content),
diff --git a/core/conversations/src/lib.rs b/core/conversations/src/lib.rs
index 4dadf8d..ca319fb 100644
--- a/core/conversations/src/lib.rs
+++ b/core/conversations/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ mod service_traits;
 mod types;
 mod utils;
 
-pub use causal_history::{Frontier, MissingMessage};
+pub use causal_history::{DeliveryAck, Frontier, MissingMessage};
 pub use chat_sqlite::ChatStorage;
 pub use chat_sqlite::StorageConfig;
-pub use conversation::GroupV2Clock;
+pub use conversation::{GroupV2Clock, MessageId};
 pub use core::{ConversationId, Core};
 /// Timing/policy for GroupV2 conversations (de-mls's per-conversation config).
 /// Defaults to the de-mls library defaults; inject via
diff --git a/core/integration_tests_core/src/test_client.rs b/core/integration_tests_core/src/test_client.rs
index bf95b15..2c5a0e1 100644
--- a/core/integration_tests_core/src/test_client.rs
+++ b/core/integration_tests_core/src/test_client.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,13 @@ impl TestClient {
         outcomes
     }
 
+    /// Poll and discard every payload waiting for this client — simulates
+    /// frames the transport never delivered.
+    pub fn drop_pending_payloads(&mut self) {
+        let ds = self.inner.ds();
+        while ds.poll().is_some() {}
+    }
+
     pub fn received_messages(&self) -> &[ReceivedMessage<Vec<u8>>] {
         &self.received_messages
     }
diff --git a/core/integration_tests_core/tests/test_group_v2.rs b/core/integration_tests_core/tests/test_group_v2.rs
index acfe88a..ef672d3 100644
--- a/core/integration_tests_core/tests/test_group_v2.rs
+++ b/core/integration_tests_core/tests/test_group_v2.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use integration_tests_core::TestHarness;
+use libchat::{DeliveryAck, MissingMessage};
 use tracing::info;
 
 #[test]
@@ -310,3 +311,145 @@ fn direct_v1_then_group_v2_reuses_key_package() {
         "raya did not join the group after a direct chat"
     );
 }
+
+/// End-to-end causal-history gap detection on GroupV2.
+///
+/// Saro and Raya share a GroupV2 conversation. Saro sends three messages; the
+/// second never reaches Raya. The third carries the second in its causal
+/// history, so Raya must detect and report the gap.
+#[test]
+fn missing_group_v2_message_is_detected() {
+    let mut harness = TestHarness::<2>::new(|_, _| {});
+
+    let participants = &[&harness.raya().addr()];
+    let convo_id = harness
+        .saro()
+        .create_group_convo_v2(participants, "", "")
+        .expect("saro create group");
+
+    // Carry the invite through (commit, WelcomeReady, inbox routing, welcome
+    // accept) until Raya has joined.
+    harness.process_until_label("raya joins", |h| h.raya().convo_count() == 1);
+
+    // M1 is delivered normally.
+    harness
+        .saro()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"first")
+        .expect("saro send m1");
+    harness.process_until_label("raya gets m1", |h| h.raya().check(&convo_id, b"first"));
+    assert!(
+        harness.raya().take_missing_messages().is_empty(),
+        "no gap expected while every message is delivered"
+    );
+
+    // M2 is published but never reaches Raya. The settle above drained Raya's
+    // queue, and `send_content` publishes synchronously, so discarding what is
+    // pending now drops that message and nothing of the group protocol.
+    harness
+        .saro()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"second")
+        .expect("saro send m2");
+    harness.raya().drop_pending_payloads();
+
+    // M3 is delivered; its causal history references the dropped M2.
+    harness
+        .saro()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"third")
+        .expect("saro send m3");
+    harness.process_until_label("raya gets m3", |h| h.raya().check(&convo_id, b"third"));
+
+    let missing: Vec<MissingMessage> = harness.raya().take_missing_messages();
+    assert_eq!(missing.len(), 1, "exactly one message should be missing");
+    assert_eq!(missing[0].conversation_id, convo_id);
+    assert!(
+        !missing[0].frontier.message_id().is_empty(),
+        "the missing message must be identified"
+    );
+    // The causal sender hint carries the MLS identity id ("saro") — the same
+    // value de-mls stamps as the message's authenticated member id — not the
+    // signer id the inbox and registry key on.
+    assert_eq!(
+        missing[0].frontier.sender_id(),
+        "saro",
+        "missing-message sender hint should attribute to Saro"
+    );
+
+    // Draining clears the report; a reported gap is not surfaced again.
+    assert!(harness.raya().take_missing_messages().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// End-to-end acknowledgement detection on GroupV2.
+///
+/// Saro sends a message; Raya and Pax reply. Each reply carries Saro's message
+/// in its causal history, so Saro learns both peers hold it — without either
+/// sending anything back on purpose.
+#[test]
+fn replies_acknowledge_the_message_they_were_sent_after() {
+    let mut harness = TestHarness::<3>::new(|_, _| {});
+
+    let participants = &[&harness.raya().addr(), &harness.pax().addr()];
+    let convo_id = harness
+        .saro()
+        .create_group_convo_v2(participants, "", "")
+        .expect("saro create group");
+
+    harness.process_until_label("peers join", |h| {
+        h.raya().convo_count() == 1 && h.pax().convo_count() == 1
+    });
+
+    let message_id = harness
+        .saro()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"anyone there?")
+        .expect("saro send");
+    harness.process_until_label("peers get the message", |h| {
+        h.raya().check(&convo_id, b"anyone there?") && h.pax().check(&convo_id, b"anyone there?")
+    });
+    assert!(
+        harness.saro().take_acks().is_empty(),
+        "holding a message is only observable once the peer sends"
+    );
+
+    // Each reply names Saro's message in its causal history.
+    harness
+        .raya()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"raya here")
+        .expect("raya reply");
+    harness
+        .pax()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"pax here")
+        .expect("pax reply");
+    harness.process_until_label("saro gets both replies", |h| {
+        h.saro().check(&convo_id, b"raya here") && h.saro().check(&convo_id, b"pax here")
+    });
+
+    let acks: Vec<DeliveryAck> = harness.saro().take_acks();
+    let mut holders: Vec<&str> = acks
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|a| a.conversation_id == convo_id && a.message_id == message_id)
+        .map(|a| a.acked_by.as_str())
+        .collect();
+    holders.sort_unstable();
+    assert_eq!(
+        holders,
+        vec!["pax", "raya"],
+        "both peers that replied should be reported as holding the message"
+    );
+
+    // Draining clears the reports, and neither peer acknowledges twice.
+    assert!(harness.saro().take_acks().is_empty());
+    harness
+        .raya()
+        .send_content(&convo_id, b"raya again")
+        .expect("raya second reply");
+    harness.process_until_label("saro gets the second reply", |h| {
+        h.saro().check(&convo_id, b"raya again")
+    });
+    assert!(
+        harness
+            .saro()
+            .take_acks()
+            .iter()
+            .all(|a| a.message_id != message_id),
+        "a peer acknowledges one message only once"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/generic-chat/src/client.rs b/crates/generic-chat/src/client.rs
index f4e0df4..27006ad 100644
--- a/crates/generic-chat/src/client.rs
+++ b/crates/generic-chat/src/client.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ use components::{ThreadedWakeupService, WakeupEvent};
 use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, select};
 use crypto::Ed25519VerifyingKey;
 use libchat::{
-    ConversationId, ConvoMetadata, ConvoOutcome, Core, DeliveryService, GroupV2Config, IdentId,
-    IdentIdRef, InboxOutcome, PayloadOutcome, RegistrationService,
+    ConversationId, ConvoMetadata, ConvoOutcome, Core, DeliveryAck, DeliveryService, GroupV2Config,
+    IdentId, IdentIdRef, InboxOutcome, MessageId, MissingMessage, PayloadOutcome,
+    RegistrationService,
 };
 use logos_account::{AccountDirectory, resolve_device_ids};
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
@@ -275,7 +276,14 @@ where
 
     /// Encrypt and send `content` to an existing conversation. The core
     /// publishes the outbound envelope.
-    pub fn send_message(&mut self, convo_id: &str, content: &[u8]) -> Result<(), ClientError> {
+    ///
+    /// Returns the message's id, which later [`Event::MessageAcked`] events
+    /// carry — hold onto it to show which peers have the message.
+    pub fn send_message(
+        &mut self,
+        convo_id: &str,
+        content: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<MessageId, ClientError> {
         self.core
             .lock()
             .send_content(convo_id, content)
@@ -347,7 +355,7 @@ fn worker_loop<T, R, S: ChatStore + 'static>(
                 };
                 let events = {
                     let mut core = core.lock();
-                    match core.handle_payload(&bytes) {
+                    let mut events = match core.handle_payload(&bytes) {
                         Ok(outcome) => events_from_inbound(outcome, &directory),
                         Err(e) => {
                             tracing::warn!("inbound handle_payload failed: {e:?}");
@@ -355,7 +363,10 @@ fn worker_loop<T, R, S: ChatStore + 'static>(
                                 message: e.to_string(),
                             }]
                         }
-                    }
+                    };
+                    events.extend(delivery_ack_events(core.take_acks(), &directory));
+                    events.extend(missing_events(core.take_missing_messages(), &directory));
+                    events
                 };
                 for event in events {
                     if event_tx.send(event).is_err() {
@@ -368,12 +379,18 @@ fn worker_loop<T, R, S: ChatStore + 'static>(
                     return; // wakeup service's sender dropped
                 };
                 // A wakeup can drive the steward's own commit, so it yields events too.
-                let events = match core.lock().wakeup(&convo_id) {
-                    Ok(outcome) => events_from_inbound(outcome, &directory),
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        tracing::warn!("wakeup failed: {e:?}");
-                        Vec::new()
-                    }
+                let events = {
+                    let mut core = core.lock();
+                    let mut events = match core.wakeup(&convo_id) {
+                        Ok(outcome) => events_from_inbound(outcome, &directory),
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            tracing::warn!("wakeup failed: {e:?}");
+                            Vec::new()
+                        }
+                    };
+                    events.extend(delivery_ack_events(core.take_acks(), &directory));
+                    events.extend(missing_events(core.take_missing_messages(), &directory));
+                    events
                 };
                 for event in events {
                     if event_tx.send(event).is_err() {
@@ -398,6 +415,57 @@ fn events_from_inbound(result: PayloadOutcome, directory: &impl AccountDirectory
     }
 }
 
+/// Map the acknowledgements the core observed while processing one payload onto
+/// [`Event::MessageAcked`], one per peer per message.
+///
+/// Drained from the same place as [`missing_events`]: the causal history of the
+/// message just processed is what carried the acknowledgement.
+fn delivery_ack_events(acks: Vec<DeliveryAck>, directory: &impl AccountDirectory) -> Vec<Event> {
+    acks.into_iter()
+        .map(|a| Event::MessageAcked {
+            convo_id: Arc::from(a.conversation_id),
+            message_id: a.message_id,
+            acked_by: sender_hint(directory, &a.acked_by),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Map the causal-history gaps the core detected while processing one payload
+/// onto [`Event::MessageMissing`].
+///
+/// Drained right after each drive of the core, so a gap arrives with the batch
+/// of events for the message that revealed it — and after them, so a gap on a
+/// conversation this payload just started still follows its
+/// [`Event::ConversationStarted`].
+fn missing_events(missing: Vec<MissingMessage>, directory: &impl AccountDirectory) -> Vec<Event> {
+    missing
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|m| Event::MessageMissing {
+            convo_id: Arc::from(m.conversation_id),
+            message_id: m.frontier.message_id().to_owned(),
+            sender_hint: sender_hint(directory, m.frontier.sender_id()),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Resolve a participant a causal-history observation named — the author of a
+/// message we never saw, or the peer acknowledging one of ours.
+///
+/// Same credential decoding as a delivered message's sender, but the claim is
+/// self-asserted rather than authenticated, so an unconfirmable account yields
+/// the device alone rather than dropping the observation. `None` when the value
+/// is not a credential at all.
+fn sender_hint(directory: &impl AccountDirectory, encoded: &str) -> Option<MessageSender> {
+    let (device, claim) = parse_credential(directory, encoded.as_bytes()).ok()?;
+    Some(MessageSender {
+        account: match claim {
+            AccountClaim::Verified(account) => Some(account),
+            AccountClaim::None | AccountClaim::Unverified(_) => None,
+        },
+        local_identity: device,
+    })
+}
+
 /// Interpret a hex account address as an Ed25519 account verifying key.
 fn account_key_from_hex(addr: &str) -> Option<Ed25519VerifyingKey> {
     let bytes: [u8; 32] = hex::decode(addr).ok()?.try_into().ok()?;
@@ -601,10 +669,11 @@ mod sender_check_tests {
     use logos_account::{DeviceSet, SignedDeviceBundle};
 
     use super::{
-        GroupMember, MessageSender, SenderError, decode_sender, dedup_members, member_key,
-        roster_member,
+        Event, GroupMember, MessageSender, SenderError, decode_sender, dedup_members,
+        delivery_ack_events, member_key, missing_events, roster_member,
     };
     use crate::delegate::DelegateCredential;
+    use libchat::{DeliveryAck, Frontier, MissingMessage};
 
     /// In-test account → device directory. Holds device id sets keyed by the hex
     /// account key, and can be made to fail to simulate a directory outage.
@@ -913,4 +982,112 @@ mod sender_check_tests {
             vec![committed]
         );
     }
+
+    /// A gap reported by the causal history, as the core hands it over: the
+    /// sender hint travels in the same encoding a message's credential does.
+    fn gap(sender_hint: &str) -> MissingMessage {
+        MissingMessage {
+            conversation_id: "convo".to_owned(),
+            frontier: Frontier::new(sender_hint.to_owned(), "msg-id".to_owned()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn hex_cred(cred: DelegateCredential) -> String {
+        hex::encode(cred.serialize())
+    }
+
+    /// Unwrap the single `MessageMissing` a one-gap batch produces.
+    fn only_missing(events: Vec<Event>) -> (String, Option<MessageSender>) {
+        match <[Event; 1]>::try_from(events)
+            .expect("one gap produces one event")
+            .into_iter()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+        {
+            Event::MessageMissing {
+                convo_id,
+                message_id,
+                sender_hint,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(&*convo_id, "convo");
+                (message_id, sender_hint)
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected MessageMissing, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An account claim the directory contradicts drops a *delivered* message,
+    /// but a gap is still worth reporting: the hint keeps the device and
+    /// forgoes the account, since nothing about an unseen message is verifiable
+    /// anyway.
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_message_hint_keeps_the_device_when_the_account_claim_fails() {
+        let account = key();
+        let endorsed = key();
+        let spoofer = key();
+        let dir = FakeDir::with_devices(&account, &[&endorsed]);
+        let cred = DelegateCredential::associated(&spoofer, &hex::encode(account.as_ref()));
+
+        let (_, sender) = only_missing(missing_events(vec![gap(&hex_cred(cred))], &dir));
+        assert_eq!(
+            sender,
+            Some(MessageSender {
+                account: None,
+                local_identity: local_id(&spoofer),
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A hint that is not a credential at all still reports the gap — the
+    /// message id is the part the application needs.
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_message_without_a_resolvable_hint_is_still_reported() {
+        let (message_id, sender) =
+            only_missing(missing_events(vec![gap("saro")], &FakeDir::default()));
+        assert_eq!(message_id, "msg-id");
+        assert_eq!(sender, None);
+    }
+
+    /// One acknowledgement per peer per message, each naming the peer an
+    /// application would list against the message.
+    #[test]
+    fn acks_name_the_peers_that_hold_the_message() {
+        let account = key();
+        let device = key();
+        let dir = FakeDir::with_devices(&account, &[&device]);
+        let peer = DelegateCredential::associated(&device, &hex::encode(account.as_ref()));
+
+        let events = delivery_ack_events(
+            vec![DeliveryAck {
+                conversation_id: "convo".to_owned(),
+                message_id: "msg-id".to_owned(),
+                acked_by: hex_cred(peer),
+            }],
+            &dir,
+        );
+
+        match <[Event; 1]>::try_from(events)
+            .expect("one ack produces one event")
+            .into_iter()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap()
+        {
+            Event::MessageAcked {
+                convo_id,
+                message_id,
+                acked_by,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(&*convo_id, "convo");
+                assert_eq!(message_id, "msg-id");
+                assert_eq!(
+                    acked_by,
+                    Some(MessageSender {
+                        account: Some(local_id(&account)),
+                        local_identity: local_id(&device),
+                    })
+                );
+            }
+            other => panic!("expected MessageAcked, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/generic-chat/src/event.rs b/crates/generic-chat/src/event.rs
index 4618e02..5e2e4a8 100644
--- a/crates/generic-chat/src/event.rs
+++ b/crates/generic-chat/src/event.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,36 @@ pub enum Event {
         content: Vec<u8>,
         sender: MessageSender,
     },
+    /// A peer acknowledged a message this client sent: it referenced that
+    /// message in the causal history of a message of its own, so it held ours
+    /// when it sent. `message_id` is the id the send returned.
+    ///
+    /// Evidence of delivery to the peer's client, not of a human reading it.
+    /// The acknowledgement is passive — nothing is sent back on purpose — so a
+    /// peer that never sends never acknowledges, and an application should
+    /// treat the absence of one as "not confirmed" rather than "not delivered".
+    ///
+    /// `acked_by` is resolved from the peer's self-asserted `sender_id` and is
+    /// **not authenticated**; see [`Self::MessageMissing`]'s `sender_hint`.
+    /// `None` when it could not be resolved to a device.
+    MessageAcked {
+        convo_id: Arc<str>,
+        message_id: String,
+        acked_by: Option<MessageSender>,
+    },
+    /// A message this client never received, revealed by the causal history of
+    /// one that did arrive. Detection only — nothing is fetched or replayed,
+    /// and the gap is reported once.
+    ///
+    /// `sender_hint` is the author the *referencing* peer named, resolved the
+    /// same way as [`Self::MessageReceived`]'s sender but **not authenticated**:
+    /// nothing about a message we never saw can be verified, so treat it as a
+    /// display hint. `None` when the hint could not be resolved to a device.
+    MessageMissing {
+        convo_id: Arc<str>,
+        message_id: String,
+        sender_hint: Option<MessageSender>,
+    },
     /// A commit changed a conversation's membership.
     ConversationMembersChanged {
         convo_id: Arc<str>,
diff --git a/crates/generic-chat/src/lib.rs b/crates/generic-chat/src/lib.rs
index 91d1318..7156ca7 100644
--- a/crates/generic-chat/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/generic-chat/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ pub use event::{Event, MessageSender};
 // Re-export types callers need to interact with ChatClient.
 pub use libchat::{
     AddressedEnvelope, ChatStore, ConversationClass, ConversationId, ConvoMetadata,
-    DeliveryService, GroupV2Config, IdentityProvider, RegistrationService, StorageConfig,
+    DeliveryService, GroupV2Config, IdentityProvider, MessageId, RegistrationService,
+    StorageConfig,
 };
 // The directory trait bounds ChatClient's registry parameter, so callers
 // writing code generic over ChatClient need it too.
diff --git a/crates/generic-chat/tests/group_v2.rs b/crates/generic-chat/tests/group_v2.rs
index 9ace11e..447f70a 100644
--- a/crates/generic-chat/tests/group_v2.rs
+++ b/crates/generic-chat/tests/group_v2.rs
@@ -479,3 +479,63 @@ fn group_metadata_defaults_to_empty() {
     assert_eq!(meta.name, "");
     assert_eq!(meta.desc, "");
 }
+
+/// The peers that hold a sent message surface as `MessageAcked` events keyed by
+/// the id the send returned — what an application needs to list the peers that
+/// hold a message. The acknowledgement is passive: Raya and Pax only send
+/// ordinary replies, never a receipt.
+#[test]
+fn a_sent_message_is_acknowledged_by_the_peers_that_reply() {
+    let bus = MessageBus::default();
+    let reg = EphemeralRegistry::new();
+
+    let (mut saro, saro_events, saro_addr) = create_test_client(bus.clone(), reg.clone());
+    let (mut raya, raya_events, raya_addr) = create_test_client(bus.clone(), reg.clone());
+    let (mut pax, pax_events, pax_addr) = create_test_client(bus.clone(), reg.clone());
+
+    let convo_id = saro
+        .create_group_conversation(&[&raya_addr, &pax_addr], unnamed_group())
+        .expect("saro create group");
+    wait_for_group_started(&raya_events, "raya ConversationStarted");
+    wait_for_group_started(&pax_events, "pax ConversationStarted");
+    wait_for_members(&mut saro, &convo_id, &[&saro_addr, &raya_addr, &pax_addr]);
+
+    let message_id = saro
+        .send_message(&convo_id, b"anyone there?")
+        .expect("saro send");
+    wait_for_message(&raya_events, b"anyone there?");
+    wait_for_message(&pax_events, b"anyone there?");
+
+    // Ordinary replies; their causal history carries the acknowledgement.
+    raya.send_message(&convo_id, b"raya here")
+        .expect("raya reply");
+    pax.send_message(&convo_id, b"pax here").expect("pax reply");
+
+    let mut holders = Vec::new();
+    while holders.len() < 2 {
+        let peer = wait_for_event(
+            &saro_events,
+            "saro MessageAcked",
+            Duration::from_secs(10),
+            |e| match e {
+                Event::MessageAcked {
+                    convo_id: id,
+                    message_id: acked,
+                    acked_by,
+                } if **id == *convo_id && *acked == message_id => Some(
+                    acked_by
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|a| a.account.as_ref())
+                        .map(|a| a.as_str().to_string()),
+                ),
+                _ => None,
+            },
+        );
+        holders.push(peer.expect("the acknowledging peer's account should be directory-verified"));
+    }
+    holders.sort();
+
+    let mut expected = vec![raya_addr.clone(), pax_addr.clone()];
+    expected.sort();
+    assert_eq!(holders, expected, "both replying peers should be listed");
+}
diff --git a/crates/generic-chat/tests/saro_and_raya.rs b/crates/generic-chat/tests/saro_and_raya.rs
index 4c7f0d5..09f3ae7 100644
--- a/crates/generic-chat/tests/saro_and_raya.rs
+++ b/crates/generic-chat/tests/saro_and_raya.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,25 @@ where
     f(event).unwrap_or_else(|other| panic!("expected {label}, got {other:?}"))
 }
 
+/// [`expect_event`] for a back-and-forth exchange, skipping acknowledgements.
+///
+/// Each reply acknowledges the message it was sent after, so `MessageAcked`
+/// lands at points a test driving one direction at a time does not control.
+fn expect_event_ignoring_acks<F, T>(events: &Receiver<Event>, label: &str, mut f: F) -> T
+where
+    F: FnMut(Event) -> Result<T, Event>,
+{
+    loop {
+        let event = events
+            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("timed out waiting for {label}"));
+        if matches!(event, Event::MessageAcked { .. }) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        return f(event).unwrap_or_else(|other| panic!("expected {label}, got {other:?}"));
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn direct_v1_integration() {
     let bus = MessageBus::default();
@@ -255,7 +274,7 @@ fn saro_raya_message_exchange() {
     for i in 0u8..5 {
         let msg = format!("msg {i}");
         saro.send_message(&saro_convo_id, msg.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        expect_event(
+        expect_event_ignoring_acks(
             &raya_events,
             &format!("MessageReceived(msg {i})"),
             |e| match e {
@@ -269,7 +288,7 @@ fn saro_raya_message_exchange() {
 
         let reply = format!("reply {i}");
         raya.send_message(&raya_convo_id, reply.as_bytes()).unwrap();
-        expect_event(
+        expect_event_ignoring_acks(
             &saro_events,
             &format!("MessageReceived(reply {i})"),
             |e| match e {