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<title data-rh="true">Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN | Waku Documentation</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="waku, web3"><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="theme/image/preview-image.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN | Waku Documentation"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="TLDR: We present the results of 1000 nwaku nodes running rln using different message sizes, in a real network with bandwidth limitations and network delays. The goal is to study the message propagation delay distribution, and how it&#x27;s affected by i) rln and ii) message size in a real environment. We observe that for messages of 10kB the average end-to-end propagation delay is 508 ms. We can also observe that the message propagation delays are severely affected when increasing the message size, which indicates that it is not a good idea to use waku for messages of eg. 500kB. See simulation parameters."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="TLDR: We present the results of 1000 nwaku nodes running rln using different message sizes, in a real network with bandwidth limitations and network delays. The goal is to study the message propagation delay distribution, and how it&#x27;s affected by i) rln and ii) message size in a real environment. We observe that for messages of 10kB the average end-to-end propagation delay is 508 ms. We can also observe that the message propagation delays are severely affected when increasing the message size, which indicates that it is not a good idea to use waku for messages of eg. 500kB. See simulation parameters."><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/theme/image/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation" hreflang="en-GB"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation" hreflang="x-default"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="/theme/image/favicon.png">
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4.83875L3.5 8.33875Z" fill="black"></path></svg></a></div><ul style="display:block;overflow:visible;height:auto" class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/capped-bandwidth">Capped Bandwidth in Waku</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation">Incentivisation</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/maximum-bandwidth">Maximum Bandwidth for Global Adoption</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation">Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/rln-key-benchmarks">RLN Key Benchmarks</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_gTbr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row docItemGrid_SzoZ"><div class="docItemCol_F52z"><div class="docItemContainer_hrrU"><article><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><p><strong>TLDR</strong>: We present the results of 1000 <code>nwaku</code> nodes running <code>rln</code> using different message sizes, in a real network with bandwidth limitations and network delays. The goal is to study the message propagation delay distribution, and how it&#x27;s affected by i) rln and ii) message size in a real environment. We observe that for messages of <code>10kB</code> the average end-to-end propagation delay is <code>508 ms</code>. We can also observe that the message propagation delays are severely affected when increasing the message size, which indicates that it is not a good idea to use waku for messages of eg. <code>500kB</code>. See simulation parameters.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="introduction">Introduction<a href="#introduction" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Introduction" title="Direct link to Introduction">​</a></h2><p>Waku uses <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">relay</a> as a routing protocol, which is an adaptation of <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.02754.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">gossipsub</a>. It routes messages following a publisher/subscriber architecture, where nodes can publish messages or subscribe to topics. If message <code>m</code> is published to topic <code>t</code>, all <code>i</code> nodes <code>n_1...n_i</code> subscribed to <code>t</code> will get <code>m</code>. The <code>relay</code> protocol ensures that every node gets the messages of the topics it is subscribed to.</p><p>However, since <code>relay</code> works in a decentralized manner, all nodes contribute to the gossiping of a message, until it has successfully reached all the interested nodes (subscribed to it). This means that a message can travel multiple hops until it reaches all nodes. The amount of hops determines the <strong>message propagation time</strong>, which is measured as the <strong>time difference of when the node published the message and when another node received</strong>.</p><p><strong>This issue aims to go from theory to practice, by i) understanding message propagation times in theory and ii) presenting nwaku simulation results in an end-to-end setup with rln, with real message propagation times</strong>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="theory">Theory<a href="#theory" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Theory" title="Direct link to Theory">​</a></h2><p>Let&#x27;s start with <strong>message propagation times in theory</strong>. On a high level, it depends on:</p><ul><li>The gossipsub <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.0.md#parameters" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">configuration</a>, being <code>D</code> one of the most important parameters. This sets the hops that a message will travel to reach all nodes. Higher <code>D</code>, less hops, less delay. Note that a higher <code>D</code> implies more bandwidth consumption.</li><li>The node. Different nodes will see different propagation times, because a message can travel different paths. A node connected directly to the publisher (1 hop) will see lower propagation times than other nodes further away.</li><li>Individual propagation times. Since a message can travel multiple hops to reach its destination, each hop adds a contribution to the overall message propagation time. This individual propagation time depends on the characteristics on the nodes involved in the connections.</li></ul><p>In a D-regular graph, like the one formed by waku nodes around a topic, the maximum amount of hops that a message can travel to reach all nodes can be calculated as <code>ceil(log(total_nodes)/log(D))</code>. For example, with log(1000)/log(6) = 3.85 = 4. So in a network with 1000 nodes and <code>D=6</code>, no matter which node publishes the message, in 4 hops it will reach all the nodes.</p><p>Notice the <strong>&quot;worst case&quot;</strong> since some nodes might be directly connected to the publisher, so they will get the message in just 1 hop.</p><p>But how long does it take to jump each hop? It depends on:</p><ul><li>The latency between nodes. Can be measured as the time to respond to a ping.</li><li>The size of the messages. The bigger the message, the more time it takes to transmit.</li><li>Nodes bandwidth. Sender upload bandwidth and receiver download bandwidth. More important when using big message sizes.</li><li>Message validation time. When each node receives a message, it applies some validation to decide if the message is further gossiped or not. In the case of waku, this is RLN (<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.00116.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">paper</a>, <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/32/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rfc</a>)</li></ul><p>Assuming a message <code>m</code> that travels 4 hops from node <code>n1</code> (publisher) to <code>n5</code> (subscriber) we can calculate the message propagation time <code>mpt=ipt_1+ipt_2+ipt_3+ipt_4</code> where <code>ipt</code> is the individual propagation time between each node in the chain.</p><p>However, specific message propagation times are useless, we need average times under specific conditions. And <strong>for this, we need simulations</strong>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="simulations">Simulations<a href="#simulations" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Simulations" title="Direct link to Simulations">​</a></h2><p>Using <a href="https://shadow.github.io/docs/guide/shadow.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">shadow</a> simulator, we have developed a <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/tree/master/rln-delay-simulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">tool</a> that allows to simulate message propagation delays of <code>nwaku</code> (using a slightly modified <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/compare/master...simulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">branch</a>, mainly to instrument it with tools to measure the times + starting from an already connected mesh. Thanks <a href="https://github.com/menduist" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">@Menduist</a> for the help. Note that running this simulation requires a significant amount of resources, done with 256 GB of RAM.</p><p>The configuration of the simulation is (see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/blob/master/rln-delay-simulations/shadow.yaml" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">config</a>):</p><ul><li><code>latency=100ms</code>. Average latency in our current waku network. Thanks <a href="https://github.com/vpavlin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">@vpavlin</a> for the measurements. See <a href="https://grafana.infra.status.im/d/b819dbfe-acb6-4086-8736-578ca148d7cd/waku-networkmonitor-v2?orgId=1&amp;refresh=30s&amp;viewPanel=12" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this</a> for live data.</li><li><code>down_bandwidth=83Mbps</code>, <code>up_bandwidth=38Mbps</code>. As shown in <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/31" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Table 2</a> that&#x27;s the worldwide median speed.</li><li><code>D=6</code>, which is the current <code>nwaku</code> <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/blob/v0.21.0/waku/waku_relay/protocol.nim#L73-L78" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">configuration</a>.</li><li><code>nodes=1000</code>. Amount of nodes used in the simulation</li><li><code>nwaku</code> was used with a minor <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/compare/master...simulations" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">modification</a></li><li>A total of <code>10</code> messages were published, that led to <code>9990</code> received messages.</li><li>Since <code>shadow</code> <strong>doesn&#x27;t take into account CPU times</strong> (<a href="https://github.com/shadow/shadow/discussions/1675#discussioncomment-7342812" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">by now</a>), we simulate it with <code>sleepAsync</code> as per <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/23" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/23</a> findings. <code>0.012 seconds</code> for proof verification and <code>0.15 seconds</code> for proof generation.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="results">Results<a href="#results" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Results" title="Direct link to Results">​</a></h2><p>The following figure shows the <strong>message propagation time with real simulations</strong>, showing the distribution in a network with the above configuration with three different message sizes: <code>10kB</code>, <code>100kB</code>, <code>500kB</code>. Note that the whiskers indicate the best/worst values and the box contains P25 to P75 values. Average <code>mu</code> and P95 are also shown. Raw data <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/tree/master/rln-delay-simulations/raw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p><p></p><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img loading="lazy" alt="message-latency-distribution" src="/assets/images/message-latencies-distribution-3371680debde538ccb37052f55074c49.png" width="2400" height="1800" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917ZM2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917V8.75Zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167v2.333Zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></button></div><p></p><p><strong>Important note</strong>. The first messages sent in the simulations are omitted, since they show an abnormal propagation delay that doesn&#x27;t reflect reality. This is due to how flow control works in TCP, where right after connection, the sender node has no idea of the &quot;bandwidth&quot; of the receiver node, so it will start sending packages at a lower rate. This translates into high transmission times, and it&#x27;s more pronounced when dealing with big message sizes.</p><p>In other words, in a 100Mpbs link, 100Mbits won&#x27;t be sent in 1 second, or at least not a the beginning, when the node is slowly increasing the rate until based on ACK/NACK ratio. For more information about this, this is explained in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb_wjh_nAmo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong></p><ul><li>Using small messages <code>10kB</code> the <strong>average propagation delay is <code>508 ms</code></strong>, quite reasonable for applications using waku. The variance is acceptable, with 95% of the messages arriving in <code>&lt;627 ms</code>.</li><li>When using a size of <code>10kB</code> we can see that the best case propagation delay is <code>263 ms</code>. This corresponds to the nodes that are just 1 hop from the publisher. The proof generation time <code>0.15 seconds</code> affects the most, where the rest is the inter-node latency and the transmission of the message itself.</li><li>We can see that the <strong>message propagation delay increases with big messages</strong>, <code>100kB</code> and <code>500kB</code>. So its <strong>probably not a good idea to use waku for such big messages</strong>. Note that these simulations had 1000 nodes, so if we scale it to 10000 or beyond, propagation times would be worse.</li><li>Best case propagation time (lower part of the whisker) is quite similar in all cases. This is because it corresponds to the node that is just 1 hop away from the publisher.</li></ul><p><strong>Future work</strong>:</p><ul><li>Current waku <code>D</code> <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/blob/v0.21.0/waku/waku_relay/protocol.nim#L73-L78" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">values</a> (average of 6 ranging from 4 to 12) have a huge impact on the bandwidth that a node consumes. Are we willing to lower D in order to reduce bandwidth but increase message propagation times?</li><li>Since <code>shadow</code> doesn&#x27;t take CPU time into account, it&#x27;s currently simulated for rln, which should be the biggest bottleneck. Once <code>shadow</code> has <a href="https://github.com/shadow/shadow/discussions/1675#discussioncomment-7342812" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this feature</a> times would be more accurate.</li></ul></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/waku-org/docs.waku.org/tree/develop/docs/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="m12.707 2.393.9.9c.526.52.526 1.367 0 1.887L4.787 14H2v-2.787l6.933-6.94 1.887-1.88c.52-.52 1.367-.52 1.887 0ZM3.333 12.667l.94.04 6.547-6.554-.94-.94-6.547 6.547v.907Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">Edit this page</span></a></div><div class="col 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