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docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation/index.html
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<title data-rh="true">Incentivisation | Waku Documentation</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="waku, web3"><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="https://docs.waku.org/_og/e8dc43d175dbb46dde7724d6bfa818e925eb2073.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Incentivisation | Waku Documentation"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Waku is a family of decentralised communication protocols. The Waku Network (TWN) consists of independent nodes running Waku protocols. TWN needs incentivisation (shortened to i13n) to ensure proper node behaviour."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Waku is a family of decentralised communication protocols. The Waku Network (TWN) consists of independent nodes running Waku protocols. TWN needs incentivisation (shortened to i13n) to ensure proper node behaviour."><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/theme/image/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation" hreflang="en-GB"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation" hreflang="x-default"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="/theme/image/favicon.png">
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class="chevron_How5 lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M3.5 8.33875L4.3225 9.16125L7 6.48959L9.6775 9.16125L10.5 8.33875L7 4.83875L3.5 8.33875Z" fill="black"></path></svg><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 lsd-typography--primary">Research and Studies</span></a></div><ul class="menu__list"><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/capped-bandwidth">Capped Bandwidth in Waku</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/incentivisation">Incentivisation</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/maximum-bandwidth">Maximum Bandwidth for Global Adoption</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation">Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/research/research-and-studies/rln-key-benchmarks">RLN Key Benchmarks</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_TBSr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row docItemGrid_SzoZ"><div class="docItemCol_F52z"><div class="docItemContainer_hrrU"><article><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><p>Waku is a family of decentralised communication protocols. The Waku Network (TWN) consists of independent nodes running Waku protocols. TWN needs incentivisation (shortened to i13n) to ensure proper node behaviour.</p>
<p>The goal of this document is to outline and contextualize our approach to TWN i13n. After providing an overview of Waku and relevant prior work, we focus on Waku Store - a client-server protocol for querying historical messages. We introduce a minimal viable addition to Store to enable i13n, and list research directions for future work.</p>
<header><h1>Incentivisation in decentralised networks</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div></header>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="incentivisation-tools">Incentivisation tools<a href="#incentivisation-tools" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Incentivisation tools" title="Direct link to Incentivisation tools">​</a></h2>
<p>We can think of incentivisation tools as a two-by-two matrix:</p>
<ul>
<li>rewards vs punishment;</li>
<li>monetary vs reputation.</li>
</ul>
<p>In other words, there are four quadrants:</p>
<ul>
<li>monetary reward: the node gets rewarded;</li>
<li>monetary punishment: the nodes deposits funds that are taken away (slashed) if it misbehaves;</li>
<li>reputation reward: the node&#x27;s reputation increases if it behaves well;</li>
<li>reputation punishment: the node&#x27;s reputation decreases if it behaves badly.</li>
</ul>
<p>Reputation only works if high reputation brings tangible benefits. For example, if nodes chose neighbors based on reputation, low-reputation nodes miss out on potential revenue. Reputation scores may be local (a node assigns scores to its neighbors) or global (each node gets a uniform score). Global reputation in its simplest form involves a trusted third party, although decentralised approaches are also possible.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="prior-work">Prior work<a href="#prior-work" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Prior work" title="Direct link to Prior work">​</a></h2>
<p>We may split incentivized decentralised networks into early file-sharing, blockchains, and decentralised storage.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="early-p2p-file-sharing">Early P2P file-sharing<a href="#early-p2p-file-sharing" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Early P2P file-sharing" title="Direct link to Early P2P file-sharing">​</a></h3>
<p>Early P2P file-sharing networks employ reputation-based approaches and sticky defaults. For instance, the BitTorrent protocol rewards uploading peers with faster downloads. The download bandwidth available to a peer depends on how much it has uploaded. Moreover, peers share pieces of a file before having received it in whole. This non-monetary i13n policy has been proved to work in practice.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="blockchains">Blockchains<a href="#blockchains" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Blockchains" title="Direct link to Blockchains">​</a></h3>
<p>Bitcoin has introduced proof-of-work (PoW) for native monetary rewards in a P2P network. PoW miners are automatically assigned newly mined coins for generating blocks. Miners must expend physical resources to generate a block. If the block is invalid, these expenses are not compensated (implicit monetary punishment). Proof-of-stake (PoS), used in Ethereum and many other cryptocurrencies, introduces explicit monetary punishments. PoS validators lock up (stake) native tokens and get rewarded for validating blocks or slashed for misbehaviour.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="decentralised-storage">Decentralised storage<a href="#decentralised-storage" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Decentralised storage" title="Direct link to Decentralised storage">​</a></h3>
<p>Post-Bitcoin decentralised storage networks include Codex, Storj, Sia, Filecoin, IPFS. Their i13n methods combine techniques from early P2P file-sharing with blockchain-inspired reward mechanisms.</p>
<h1>Waku background</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div>
<p>Waku is a <a href="https://waku.org/about/architect" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">family of protocols</a> for a modular privacy-preserving censorship-resistant decentralised communication network. The backbone of Waku is the Relay protocol (and its spam-protected version <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RLN-Relay</a>). Additionally, there are light protocols: Store, Filter, and Lightpush. Light protocols are also referred to as client-server protocols and request-response protocols.</p>
<p>A server is a node running Relay and a server-side of at least one light protocol. A client is a node running a client-side of any of the light protocols. A server may sometimes be referred to as a full node, and a client as a light node. There is no strict definition of a full node vs a light node in Waku (see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/28" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">discussion</a>).</p>
<p>In light protocols, a client sends a request to a server, and a server performs some actions and returns a response:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/13/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Store</a>: the server responds with messages relayed that match a set of criteria;</li>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/12/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Filter</a>: the server will relay (only) messages that pass a filter to the client;</li>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lightpush</a>: the server publishes the client&#x27;s message to the Relay network.</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="waku-i13n-challenges">Waku i13n challenges<a href="#waku-i13n-challenges" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Waku i13n challenges" title="Direct link to Waku i13n challenges">​</a></h2>
<p>Waku has no consensus and no native token, which brings it closer to reputation-incentivised file-sharing networks. As of late 2023, Waku only operates under reputation-based rewards and punishments. While <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RLN-Relay</a> adds monetary punishments for spammers, slashing is yet to be activated.</p>
<p>Monetary rewards and punishments should ideally be atomically linked with the node&#x27;s behaviour. A benefit of blockchains in this respect is that the desired behaviour of miners or validators can be verified automatically. Enforcing atomicity in a communication network is more challenging: it is non-trivial to prove that a given piece of data has been relayed.</p>
<p>Our goal is to combine monetary and reputation-based incentives for Waku. Monetary incentives have demonstrated their robustness in blockchains. We think they are necessary to scale the network beyond the initial phase when it&#x27;s maintained altruistically.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="waku-store">Waku Store<a href="#waku-store" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Waku Store" title="Direct link to Waku Store">​</a></h2>
<p>Waku Store is a light protocol for querying historic messages that works as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>the client sends a <code>HistoryQuery</code> to the server;</li>
<li>the server sends a <code>HistoryResponse</code> to the client.</li>
</ol>
<p>The response may be split into multiple parts, as specified by pagination parameters in <code>PagingInfo</code>.</p>
<p>We define a <em>relevant</em> message as a message that matches client-defined criteria (e.g., relayed within a given time frame). Upon receiving a request, a server should quickly send back a response containing all and only relevant messages.</p>
<h1>Waku Store incentivisation</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div>
<p>An incentivised Store protocol has the following extra steps:</p>
<ol>
<li>pricing:
<ol>
<li>cost calculation</li>
<li>price advertisement</li>
<li>price negotiation</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>payment:
<ol>
<li>payment itself</li>
<li>proof of payment</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>reputation</li>
<li>results cross-checking</li>
</ol>
<p>In this document, we focus on the simplest proof-of-concept (PoC) i13n for Store. Compared to the fully-fledged protocol, the PoC version is simplified in the following ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>cost calculation is based on a common-knowledge price;</li>
<li>there is no price advertisement and no price negotiation;</li>
<li>each query is paid for in a separate transaction, <code>txid</code> acts a proof of payment;</li>
<li>the reputation system is simplified (see below);</li>
<li>the results are not cross-checked.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the PoC protocol:</p>
<ol>
<li>the client calculates the price based on the known rate per hour of history;</li>
<li>the client pays the appropriate amount to the server&#x27;s address;</li>
<li>the client sends a <code>HistoryQuery</code> to the server alongside the proof of payment (<code>txid</code>);</li>
<li>the server checks that the <code>txid</code> corresponds to a confirmed transaction with at least the required amount;</li>
<li>the server sends a <code>HistoryResponse</code> to the client.</li>
</ol>
<p>In further subsections, we list the potential direction for future work towards a fully-fledged i13n mechanism.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="pricing">Pricing<a href="#pricing" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Pricing" title="Direct link to Pricing">​</a></h2>
<p>For PoC, we assume a constant price per hour of history. This price and the blockchain address of the server are assumed to be common knowledge. This simplifies the client-server interaction, avoiding the price negotiation step.</p>
<p>In the future versions of the protocol, the price will be negotiated and will depend on multiple parameters, such as the total size of the relevant messages in the response.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="future-work">Future work<a href="#future-work" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Future work" title="Direct link to Future work">​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>DoS protection - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/66" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/66</a></li>
<li>Cost calculation - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/35" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/35</a></li>
<li>Price advertisement - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/51" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/51</a></li>
<li>Price negotiation - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/52</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="payment">Payment<a href="#payment" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Payment" title="Direct link to Payment">​</a></h2>
<p>For the PoC, each request is paid for with a separate transaction. The transaction hash (<code>txid</code>) acts as a proof of payment. The server verifies the payment by ensuring that:</p>
<ol>
<li>the transaction has been confirmed;</li>
<li>the transaction is paying the proper amount to the server&#x27;s account;</li>
<li>the <code>txid</code> does not correspond to any prior response.</li>
</ol>
<p>The client gives proof of payment before it receives the response. Other options could be:</p>
<ol>
<li>the client pays after the fact;</li>
<li>the client pays partly upfront and partly after the fact;</li>
<li>a centralised third party (either trusted or semi-trusted, like a smart contract) ensures atomicity;</li>
<li>cryptographically ensured atomicity (similar to atomic swaps, Lightning, or Hopr).</li>
</ol>
<p>Our design considerations are:</p>
<ul>
<li>the PoC protocol should be simple;</li>
<li>servers are more &quot;permanent&quot; entities and are more likely to have long-lived identities;</li>
<li>it is more important to protect the clients&#x27;s privacy than the server&#x27;s privacy.</li>
</ul>
<p>In light of these criteria, we suggest that the client pays first. This is simpler than splitting the payment, or involving an extra atomicity-enforcing mechanism. Moreover, pre-payment is arguably more privacy-preserving than post-payment, which encourages servers to deanonymise clients to prevent fraud.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="future-work-1">Future work<a href="#future-work-1" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Future work" title="Direct link to Future work">​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>Add more payment methods - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/58" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/58</a></li>
<li>Design a subscription model with service credentials - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/59" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/59</a></li>
<li>Add privacy to service credentials - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/60" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/60</a></li>
<li>Consider the impact of network disruptions - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/65" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/65</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="reputation">Reputation<a href="#reputation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Reputation" title="Direct link to Reputation">​</a></h2>
<p>We use reputation to discourage the server from taking the payment and not responding. The client keeps track of the server&#x27;s reputation:</p>
<ul>
<li>all servers start with zero reputation points;</li>
<li>if the server honours the request, it gets <code>+n</code> points;</li>
<li>if the server does not respond before a timeout, it gets <code>-m</code> points.</li>
<li>if the server&#x27;s reputation drops below <code>k</code> points, the client will never query it again.</li>
</ul>
<p><code>n</code>, <code>m</code>, and <code>k</code> are subject to configuration.</p>
<p>Optionally, a client may treat a given server as trusted, assigning it a constant positive reputation.</p>
<p>Potential issues:</p>
<ul>
<li>An attacker can establish new server identities and continue running away with clients&#x27; money. Countermeasures:
<ul>
<li>a client only queries trusted servers (which however leads to centralisation);</li>
<li>when querying a new server, a client first sends a small (i.e. cheap) request as a test;</li>
<li>more generally, the client selects a server on a case-by-case basis, weighing the payment amount against the server&#x27;s reputation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The ban mechanism can theoretically be abused. For instance, a competitor may attack the victim server and cause the clients who were awaiting the response to ban that server. Countermeasure: prevent DoS-attacks.</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="future-work-2">Future work<a href="#future-work-2" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Future work" title="Direct link to Future work">​</a></h3>
<p>Design a more comprehensive reputation system:</p>
<ul>
<li>local reputation - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/48" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/48</a></li>
<li>global reputation - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/49" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/49</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="results-cross-checking">Results cross-checking<a href="#results-cross-checking" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Results cross-checking" title="Direct link to Results cross-checking">​</a></h2>
<p>As there is no consensus over past messages, a client may want to query multiple servers and merge their responses. Cross-checking helps ensure that servers are a) not censoring real messages; b) not injecting fake messages into history. Cross-checking is absent in PoC but may be considered later.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="future-work-3">Future work<a href="#future-work-3" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Future work" title="Direct link to Future work">​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>Cross-checking the results against censorship - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/57" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/57</a></li>
<li>Use RLN to limit fake message insertion - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/38" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/38</a></li>
</ul>
<h1>Evaluation</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div>
<p>We should think about what the success metrics for an incentivised protocol are, and how to measure them both in simulated settings, as well as in a live network.</p>
<h1>Longer-term future work</h1><div class="tocMobile_imaF"><div class="tocCollapsible_ROek theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_dxRj"><div></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">On this page</span><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="lsd-icon lsd-icon--small lsd-icon--filled"><path d="M10.5 5.66125L9.6775 4.83875L7 7.51041L4.3225 4.83874L3.5 5.66125L7 9.16125L10.5 5.66125Z" fill="black"></path></svg></button></div></div>
<ul>
<li>Analyze privacy issues - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/61" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/61</a></li>
<li>Analyze decentralised storage protocols and their relevance e.g. as back-end storage for Store servers - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/34" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/34</a></li>
<li>Analyze the role of message senders, in particular, whether they should pay for sending non-ephemeral messages - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/32" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/32</a></li>
<li>Generalise incentivisation protocol to other Waku light protocols (Lightpush and Filter) - see <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/67" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/research/issues/67</a>.</li>
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thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#incentivisation-tools" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Incentivisation tools</a></li><li><a href="#prior-work" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Prior work</a><ul><li><a href="#early-p2p-file-sharing" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Early P2P file-sharing</a></li><li><a href="#blockchains" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Blockchains</a></li><li><a href="#decentralised-storage" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Decentralised storage</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#waku-i13n-challenges" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Waku i13n challenges</a></li><li><a href="#waku-store" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Waku Store</a></li><li><a href="#pricing" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Pricing</a><ul><li><a href="#future-work" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Future work</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#payment" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Payment</a><ul><li><a href="#future-work-1" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Future work</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#reputation" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Reputation</a><ul><li><a href="#future-work-2" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Future work</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#results-cross-checking" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Results cross-checking</a><ul><li><a href="#future-work-3" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Future work</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid firstRow_ar1q"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><a class="footerLogoLink_BH7S" href="/"><img src="/theme/image/logo.svg" alt="Waku" class="themedImage_kfRS themedImage--light_BL8e footer__logo" width="22"><img 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