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<title data-rh="true">PostgreSQL | Waku Documentation</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://docs.waku.org/research/benchmarks/postgres-adoption"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en-GB"><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="waku, web3"><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="theme/image/preview-image.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="PostgreSQL | Waku Documentation"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Document that describes why Nim-Waku started to use Postgres and shows some benchmark and comparison results."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Document that describes why Nim-Waku started to use Postgres and shows some benchmark and comparison results."><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/theme/image/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/benchmarks/postgres-adoption"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/benchmarks/postgres-adoption" hreflang="en-GB"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.waku.org/research/benchmarks/postgres-adoption" hreflang="x-default"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="/theme/image/favicon.png">
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The following diagram shows the scenery used for such analysis.</p><p></p><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img loading="lazy" alt="digram_multiple_nodes_one_database" src="/assets/images/digram_multiple_nodes_one_database-f503210c733fbeb8a572f9f6ccd81adf.png" width="1581" height="867" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917ZM2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917V8.75Zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167v2.333Zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></button></div><p></p><p>There are three nim-waku nodes that are connected to the same database and all of them are trying to write messages to the same <em>PostgreSQL</em> instance. With that, it is very common to see errors like:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_EB2s codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#F8F8F2;--prism-background-color:rgba(var(--lsd-surface-secondary), 0.08)"><div class="codeBlockContent_ugSV"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_TWhw thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_LDrR"><span class="token-line" style="color:#F8F8F2"><span class="token plain">ERR 2023-11-27 13:18:07.575+00:00 failed to insert message topics=&quot;waku archive&quot; tid=2921 file=archive.nim:111 err=&quot;error in runStmt: error in dbConnQueryPrepared calling waitQueryToFinish: error in query: ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint \&quot;messageindex\&quot;\nDETAIL: Key (storedat, id, pubsubtopic)=(1701091087417938405, 479c95bbf74222417abf76c7f9c480a6790e454374dc4f59bbb15ca183ce1abd, /waku/2/default-waku/proto) already exists.\n</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_Qu4e"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_an20" aria-hidden="true"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi copyButtonIcon_ZL7v"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2.917 12.833c-.321 0-.596-.114-.825-.343a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.342-.823V3.5h1.167v8.167h6.416v1.166H2.917ZM5.25 10.5c-.32 0-.596-.114-.824-.343a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.343-.824v-7c0-.32.115-.595.343-.824.229-.229.504-.343.824-.342h5.25c.32 0 .596.114.824.343.229.228.343.503.343.823v7c0 .321-.115.596-.343.825a1.121 1.121 0 0 1-.824.342H5.25Zm0-1.167h5.25v-7H5.25v7Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></span></button></div></div></div><p>The <code>db-postgres-hammer</code> is aimed to stress the database from the <code>select</code> point of view. It performs <code>N</code> concurrent <code>select</code> queries with a certain rate.</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="results">Results<a href="#results" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Results" title="Direct link to Results">​</a></h4><p>The following results were obtained by using the sandbox machine (metal-01.he-eu-hel1.wakudev.misc) and running nim-waku nodes from <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/tree/b452ed865466a33b7f5b87fa937a8471b28e466e" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/nwaku/tree/b452ed865466a33b7f5b87fa937a8471b28e466e</a> and using the <code>test-waku-query</code> project from <a href="https://github.com/waku-org/test-waku-query/tree/fef29cea182cc744c7940abc6c96d38a68739356" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/waku-org/test-waku-query/tree/fef29cea182cc744c7940abc6c96d38a68739356</a></p><p>The following shows the results</p><ol><li>Two <code>nwaku-postgres-additional</code> inserting messages plus 50 <code>db-postgres-hammer</code> making 10 <code>selects</code> per second.</li></ol><p></p><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img loading="lazy" alt="
<div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img loading="lazy" alt="Insert time distribution Postgres" src="/assets/images/insert-time-dist-postgres-2-78f1bb4fc86aba4604ceda390a37dc96.png" width="913" height="307" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917ZM2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917V8.75Zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167v2.333Zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></button></div><div class="wrapper_SWrM active_qZD5"><img loading="lazy" alt="Query time distribution Postgres" src="/assets/images/query-time-dist-postgres-2-347ba236b22fccce5efa56b29dae2021.png" width="913" height="307" class="img_ev3q"><button class="fullscreenButton_Bocn lsd-icon-button lsd-icon-button--medium lsd-icon-button--outlined"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1.75 2.917V5.25h1.167V2.917H5.25V1.75H2.917A1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.75 2.917ZM2.917 8.75H1.75v2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167 1.167H5.25v-1.167H2.917V8.75Zm8.166 2.333H8.75v1.167h2.333a1.17 1.17 0 0 0 1.167-1.167V8.75h-1.167v2.333Zm0-9.333H8.75v1.167h2.333V5.25h1.167V2.917a1.17 1.17 0 0 0-1.167-1.167Z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></button></div></li></ol><p>In this case, the insert time gets more spread because the insert operations are shared amongst five more nodes. The <em>Store</em> query time remains the same on average.</p><ol start="3"><li>Five <code>nwaku-postgres-additional</code> inserting messages plus 100 <code>db-postgres-hammer</code> making 10 <code>selects</code> per second.
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This case is similar to 2. but stressing more the database.
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