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diff --git a/nssa/src/state.rs b/nssa/src/state.rs
index a75f61f0..fb6b90a7 100644
--- a/nssa/src/state.rs
+++ b/nssa/src/state.rs
@@ -2319,7 +2319,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// so the circuit must reject. Here `simple_balance_transfer` emits no claim for the
     /// second account, leaving position 1 unbound.
     #[test]
-    fn mask_3_without_binding_panics() {
+    fn private_pda_without_binding_fails() {
         let program = Program::simple_balance_transfer();
         let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let npk = keys.npk();
@@ -2333,12 +2333,12 @@ pub mod tests {
             true,
             AccountId::new([0; 32]),
         );
-        let mask3_account =
+        let private_pda_account =
             AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, AccountId::new([1; 32]));
 
         let visibility_mask = [0, 3];
         let result = execute_and_prove(
-            vec![public_account_1, mask3_account],
+            vec![public_account_1, private_pda_account],
             Program::serialize_instruction(10_u128).unwrap(),
             visibility_mask.to_vec(),
             vec![(npk, shared_secret)],
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// asserts it equals the `pre_state`'s `account_id`. The equality both validates the claim
     /// and binds the supplied npk to the `account_id`.
     #[test]
-    fn mask_3_private_pda_claim_succeeds() {
+    fn private_pda_claim_succeeds() {
         let program = Program::pda_claimer();
         let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let npk = keys.npk();
@@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// An npk is supplied that does not match the `pre_state`'s `account_id` under
     /// `private_pda_account_id(program, claim_seed, npk)`. The claim equality check rejects.
     #[test]
-    fn mask_3_wallet_npk_mismatch_panics() {
+    fn private_pda_npk_mismatch_fails() {
         // `keys_a` produces the `pre_state`'s `account_id` (the registered pair), `keys_b` is
         // the mismatched pair supplied in `private_account_keys` for that pre_state.
         let program = Program::pda_claimer();
@@ -2423,7 +2423,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// is established via the private derivation
     /// `private_pda_account_id(delegator, seed, npk) == pre.account_id`.
     #[test]
-    fn caller_pda_seeds_authorize_mask_3_private_pda_for_callee() {
+    fn caller_pda_seeds_authorize_private_pda_for_callee() {
         let delegator = Program::private_pda_delegator();
         let noop = Program::noop();
         let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
@@ -2458,7 +2458,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// was set to `true` by the delegator but no proven source supports it, so the consistency
     /// assertion rejects.
     #[test]
-    fn caller_pda_seeds_with_wrong_seed_rejects_mask_3_for_callee() {
+    fn caller_pda_seeds_with_wrong_seed_rejects_private_pda_for_callee() {
         let delegator = Program::private_pda_delegator();
         let noop = Program::noop();
         let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
@@ -2495,7 +2495,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// here: after the first claim records `(program, seed) → PDA_alice`, the second claim
     /// tries to record `(program, seed) → PDA_bob` and panics.
     #[test]
-    fn two_mask_3_claims_under_same_seed_are_rejected() {
+    fn two_private_pda_claims_under_same_seed_are_rejected() {
         let program = Program::two_pda_claimer();
         let keys_a = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let keys_b = test_private_account_keys_2();
@@ -2529,13 +2529,12 @@ pub mod tests {
     /// post-loop `private_pda_bound_positions` assertion in
     /// `privacy_preserving_circuit.rs`: `noop` emits no `Claim::Pda` and there is no caller
     /// `ChainedCall.pda_seeds`, so position 0 is never bound and the assertion fires.
-    //
     // TODO: a follow-up PR in the Private PDAs series needs to let the wallet supply a
     // `(seed, original_owner_program_id)` side input per mask-3 `pre_state` so the circuit
     // can re-verify `private_pda_account_id(owner, seed, npk) == pre.account_id` without a
     // claim.
     #[test]
-    fn mask_3_reuse_across_txs_currently_unsupported() {
+    fn private_pda_top_level_reuse_rejected_by_binding_check() {
         let program = Program::noop();
         let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let npk = keys.npk();
diff --git a/program_methods/guest/src/bin/privacy_preserving_circuit.rs b/program_methods/guest/src/bin/privacy_preserving_circuit.rs
index 435a0221..d24f9b2b 100644
--- a/program_methods/guest/src/bin/privacy_preserving_circuit.rs
+++ b/program_methods/guest/src/bin/privacy_preserving_circuit.rs
@@ -25,16 +25,14 @@ struct ExecutionState {
     timestamp_validity_window: TimestampValidityWindow,
     /// Positions (in `pre_states`) of mask-3 accounts whose supplied npk has been bound to
     /// their `AccountId` via a proven `private_pda_account_id(program_id, seed, npk)` check.
-    /// Two proof paths populate this set:
-    ///   1. A `Claim::Pda(seed)` in a program's post_state on that `pre_state`.
-    ///   2. A caller's `ChainedCall.pda_seeds` entry matching that `pre_state` under the
-    ///      private derivation.
-    /// Binding is an idempotent property, not an event: the same position can legitimately be
-    /// bound through both paths in the same tx (e.g. a program claims a private PDA and then
-    /// delegates it to a callee), and the set uses `contains`, not `assert!(insert)`. After
-    /// the main loop, every mask-3 position must appear in this set; otherwise the npk is
-    /// unbound and the circuit rejects.
-    mask3_bound_positions: HashSet<usize>,
+    /// Two proof paths populate this set: a `Claim::Pda(seed)` in a program's `post_state` on
+    /// that `pre_state`, or a caller's `ChainedCall.pda_seeds` entry matching that `pre_state`
+    /// under the private derivation. Binding is an idempotent property, not an event: the same
+    /// position can legitimately be bound through both paths in the same tx (e.g. a program
+    /// claims a private PDA and then delegates it to a callee), and the set uses `contains`,
+    /// not `assert!(insert)`. After the main loop, every mask-3 position must appear in this
+    /// set; otherwise the npk is unbound and the circuit rejects.
+    private_pda_bound_positions: HashSet<usize>,
     /// Across the whole transaction, each `(program_id, seed)` pair may resolve to at most one
     /// `AccountId`. A seed under a program can derive a family of accounts, one public PDA and
     /// one private PDA per distinct npk. Without this check, a single `pda_seeds: [S]` entry in
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
     /// Validate program outputs and derive the overall execution state.
     pub fn derive_from_outputs(
         visibility_mask: &[u8],
-        mask3_npk_by_position: &HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey>,
+        private_pda_npk_by_position: &HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey>,
         program_id: ProgramId,
         program_outputs: Vec<ProgramOutput>,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
             post_states: HashMap::new(),
             block_validity_window,
             timestamp_validity_window,
-            mask3_bound_positions: HashSet::new(),
+            private_pda_bound_positions: HashSet::new(),
             pda_family_binding: HashMap::new(),
         };
 
@@ -167,7 +165,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
 
             execution_state.validate_and_sync_states(
                 visibility_mask,
-                mask3_npk_by_position,
+                private_pda_npk_by_position,
                 chained_call.program_id,
                 caller_program_id,
                 &chained_call.pda_seeds,
@@ -191,8 +189,8 @@ impl ExecutionState {
         for (pos, &mask) in visibility_mask.iter().enumerate() {
             if mask == 3 {
                 assert!(
-                    execution_state.mask3_bound_positions.contains(&pos),
-                    "mask-3 pre_state at position {pos} has no proven (seed, npk) binding via Claim::Pda or caller pda_seeds"
+                    execution_state.private_pda_bound_positions.contains(&pos),
+                    "private PDA pre_state at position {pos} has no proven (seed, npk) binding via Claim::Pda or caller pda_seeds"
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
     fn validate_and_sync_states(
         &mut self,
         visibility_mask: &[u8],
-        mask3_npk_by_position: &HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey>,
+        private_pda_npk_by_position: &HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey>,
         program_id: ProgramId,
         caller_program_id: Option<ProgramId>,
         caller_pda_seeds: &[PdaSeed],
@@ -274,27 +272,27 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                     // Find which caller seed (if any) authorizes this pre_state, under the
                     // public or the private derivation. We need the *specific* seed (not just a
                     // bool) so we can record the `(caller, seed) → account_id` family binding.
-                    // Only reachable when `caller_program_id.is_some()` — top-level flows have
-                    // no caller-emitted seeds, so binding at top level must come from the claim
-                    // path below.
-                    let matched_caller_seed: Option<(PdaSeed, bool)> =
-                        caller_program_id.and_then(|caller| {
+                    // The match arm also returns the caller so the consumer below does not have
+                    // to re-unwrap `caller_program_id`. Only reachable when
+                    // `caller_program_id.is_some()`, top-level flows have no caller-emitted
+                    // seeds, so binding at top level must come from the claim path below.
+                    let matched_caller_seed: Option<(PdaSeed, bool, ProgramId)> = caller_program_id
+                        .and_then(|caller| {
                             caller_pda_seeds.iter().find_map(|seed| {
                                 if AccountId::from((&caller, seed)) == pre_account_id {
-                                    return Some((*seed, false));
+                                    return Some((*seed, false, caller));
                                 }
-                                if let Some(npk) = mask3_npk_by_position.get(&pre_state_position)
+                                if let Some(npk) =
+                                    private_pda_npk_by_position.get(&pre_state_position)
                                     && private_pda_account_id(&caller, seed, npk) == pre_account_id
                                 {
-                                    return Some((*seed, true));
+                                    return Some((*seed, true, caller));
                                 }
                                 None
                             })
                         });
 
-                    if let Some((seed, is_private_form)) = matched_caller_seed {
-                        let caller = caller_program_id
-                            .expect("matched caller seed implies caller_program_id is set");
+                    if let Some((seed, is_private_form, caller)) = matched_caller_seed {
                         assert_family_binding(
                             &mut self.pda_family_binding,
                             caller,
@@ -302,7 +300,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                             pre_account_id,
                         );
                         if is_private_form {
-                            self.mask3_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position);
+                            self.private_pda_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position);
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -366,15 +364,15 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                             );
                         }
                         Claim::Pda(seed) => {
-                            let npk = mask3_npk_by_position
-                                .get(&pre_state_position)
-                                .expect("mask-3 pre_state must have an npk in the position map");
+                            let npk = private_pda_npk_by_position.get(&pre_state_position).expect(
+                                "private PDA pre_state must have an npk in the position map",
+                            );
                             let pda = private_pda_account_id(&program_id, &seed, npk);
                             assert_eq!(
                                 pre_account_id, pda,
                                 "Invalid private PDA claim for account {pre_account_id}"
                             );
-                            self.mask3_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position);
+                            self.private_pda_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position);
                             assert_family_binding(
                                 &mut self.pda_family_binding,
                                 program_id,
@@ -579,7 +577,7 @@ fn compute_circuit_output(
                 // `pre_state.account_id` upstream in `validate_and_sync_states`, either via a
                 // `Claim::Pda(seed)` match or via a caller `pda_seeds` match, both of which
                 // assert `private_pda_account_id(owner, seed, npk) == account_id`. The post-loop
-                // assertion in `derive_from_outputs` (see the `mask3_bound_positions` check)
+                // assertion in `derive_from_outputs` (see the `private_pda_bound_positions` check)
                 // guarantees that every mask-3 position has been through at least one such
                 // binding, so this branch can safely use the wallet npk without re-verifying.
                 let Some((npk, shared_secret)) = private_keys_iter.next() else {
@@ -715,7 +713,7 @@ fn main() {
     // pre_state order across all masks 1/2/3, so walk `visibility_mask` in lock-step. The
     // downstream `compute_circuit_output` also consumes the same iterator and its trailing
     // assertions catch an over-supply of keys; under-supply surfaces here.
-    let mut mask3_npk_by_position: HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut private_pda_npk_by_position: HashMap<usize, NullifierPublicKey> = HashMap::new();
     {
         let mut keys_iter = private_account_keys.iter();
         for (pos, &mask) in visibility_mask.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -726,7 +724,7 @@ fn main() {
                     )
                 });
                 if mask == 3 {
-                    mask3_npk_by_position.insert(pos, *npk);
+                    private_pda_npk_by_position.insert(pos, *npk);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -734,7 +732,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     let execution_state = ExecutionState::derive_from_outputs(
         &visibility_mask,
-        &mask3_npk_by_position,
+        &private_pda_npk_by_position,
         program_id,
         program_outputs,
     );