diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index b327aaae..26d826b5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           RISC0_DEV_MODE: "1"
           RUST_LOG: "info"
-        run: cargo nextest run --workspace --exclude integration_tests
+        run: cargo nextest run --workspace --exclude integration_tests --all-features
 
   integration-tests:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/indexer/core/src/block_store.rs b/indexer/core/src/block_store.rs
index a76d1b26..611dec8d 100644
--- a/indexer/core/src/block_store.rs
+++ b/indexer/core/src/block_store.rs
@@ -198,7 +198,11 @@ mod tests {
         let storage = IndexerStore::open_db_with_genesis(
             home.as_ref(),
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -216,7 +220,11 @@ mod tests {
         let storage = IndexerStore::open_db_with_genesis(
             home.as_ref(),
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/indexer/core/src/lib.rs b/indexer/core/src/lib.rs
index e68e97c0..53d0654e 100644
--- a/indexer/core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/indexer/core/src/lib.rs
@@ -57,11 +57,9 @@ impl IndexerCore {
         let channel_genesis_msg_id = [0; 32];
         let genesis_block = hashable_data.into_pending_block(&signing_key, channel_genesis_msg_id);
 
-        let initial_commitments: Option<Vec<nssa_core::Commitment>> = config
-            .initial_private_accounts
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|initial_commitments| {
-                initial_commitments
+        let initial_private_accounts: Option<Vec<(nssa_core::Commitment, nssa_core::Nullifier)>> =
+            config.initial_private_accounts.as_ref().map(|accounts| {
+                accounts
                     .iter()
                     .map(|init_comm_data| {
                         let npk = &init_comm_data.npk;
@@ -71,7 +69,10 @@ impl IndexerCore {
                         acc.program_owner =
                             nssa::program::Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id();
 
-                        nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc)
+                        (
+                            nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc),
+                            nssa_core::Nullifier::for_account_initialization(npk),
+                        )
                     })
                     .collect()
             });
@@ -88,10 +89,10 @@ impl IndexerCore {
 
         // If initial commitments or accounts are present in config, need to construct state from
         // them
-        let state = if initial_commitments.is_some() || init_accs.is_some() {
+        let state = if initial_private_accounts.is_some() || init_accs.is_some() {
             let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
                 &init_accs.unwrap_or_default(),
-                &initial_commitments.unwrap_or_default(),
+                initial_private_accounts.unwrap_or_default(),
                 genesis_block.header.timestamp,
             );
 
diff --git a/nssa/src/public_transaction/transaction.rs b/nssa/src/public_transaction/transaction.rs
index 5ab87fa1..8ab79535 100644
--- a/nssa/src/public_transaction/transaction.rs
+++ b/nssa/src/public_transaction/transaction.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn state_for_tests() -> V03State {
         let (_, _, addr1, addr2) = keys_for_tests();
         let initial_data = [(addr1, 10000), (addr2, 20000)];
-        V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
     }
 
     fn transaction_for_tests() -> PublicTransaction {
diff --git a/nssa/src/state.rs b/nssa/src/state.rs
index 7753e1a3..679c4fb5 100644
--- a/nssa/src/state.rs
+++ b/nssa/src/state.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl V03State {
     #[must_use]
     pub fn new_with_genesis_accounts(
         initial_data: &[(AccountId, u128)],
-        initial_commitments: &[nssa_core::Commitment],
+        initial_private_accounts: Vec<(Commitment, Nullifier)>,
         genesis_timestamp: nssa_core::Timestamp,
     ) -> Self {
         let authenticated_transfer_program = Program::authenticated_transfer_program();
@@ -143,13 +143,18 @@ impl V03State {
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let mut private_state = CommitmentSet::with_capacity(32);
-        private_state.extend(&[DUMMY_COMMITMENT]);
-        private_state.extend(initial_commitments);
+        let mut commitment_set = CommitmentSet::with_capacity(32);
+        commitment_set.extend(&[DUMMY_COMMITMENT]);
+        let (commitments, nullifiers): (Vec<Commitment>, Vec<Nullifier>) =
+            initial_private_accounts.into_iter().unzip();
+        commitment_set.extend(&commitments);
+        let mut nullifier_set = NullifierSet::new();
+        nullifier_set.extend(&nullifiers);
+        let private_state = (commitment_set, nullifier_set);
 
         let mut this = Self {
             public_state,
-            private_state: (private_state, NullifierSet::new()),
+            private_state,
             programs: HashMap::new(),
         };
 
@@ -592,15 +597,45 @@ pub mod tests {
             this
         };
 
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
 
         assert_eq!(state.public_state, expected_public_state);
         assert_eq!(state.programs, expected_builtin_programs);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn new_with_genesis_includes_nullifiers_for_private_accounts() {
+        let keys1 = test_private_account_keys_1();
+        let keys2 = test_private_account_keys_2();
+
+        let account = Account {
+            balance: 100,
+            program_owner: Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id(),
+            ..Account::default()
+        };
+
+        let npk1 = keys1.npk();
+        let npk2 = keys2.npk();
+
+        let init_commitment1 = Commitment::new(&npk1, &account);
+        let init_commitment2 = Commitment::new(&npk2, &account);
+        let init_nullifier1 = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&npk1);
+        let init_nullifier2 = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&npk2);
+
+        let initial_private_accounts = vec![
+            (init_commitment1, init_nullifier1),
+            (init_commitment2, init_nullifier2),
+        ];
+
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], initial_private_accounts, 0);
+
+        assert!(state.private_state.1.contains(&init_nullifier1));
+        assert!(state.private_state.1.contains(&init_nullifier2));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn insert_program() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         let program_to_insert = Program::simple_balance_transfer();
         let program_id = program_to_insert.id();
         assert!(!state.programs.contains_key(&program_id));
@@ -615,7 +650,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let key = PrivateKey::try_new([1; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key));
         let initial_data = [(account_id, 100_u128)];
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
         let expected_account = &state.public_state[&account_id];
 
         let account = state.get_account_by_id(account_id);
@@ -626,7 +661,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn get_account_by_account_id_default_account() {
         let addr2 = AccountId::new([0; 32]);
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         let expected_account = Account::default();
 
         let account = state.get_account_by_id(addr2);
@@ -636,7 +671,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn builtin_programs_getter() {
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         let builtin_programs = state.programs();
 
@@ -648,7 +683,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let key = PrivateKey::try_new([1; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key));
         let initial_data = [(account_id, 100)];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
         let from = account_id;
         let to_key = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
         let to = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&to_key));
@@ -669,7 +704,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let key = PrivateKey::try_new([1; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key));
         let initial_data = [(account_id, 100)];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
         let from = account_id;
         let from_key = key;
         let to_key = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
@@ -694,7 +729,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let account_id1 = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key1));
         let account_id2 = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key2));
         let initial_data = [(account_id1, 100), (account_id2, 200)];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
         let from = account_id2;
         let from_key = key2;
         let to = account_id1;
@@ -718,7 +753,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let key2 = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id2 = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key2));
         let initial_data = [(account_id1, 100)];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
         let key3 = PrivateKey::try_new([3; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id3 = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key3));
         let balance_to_move = 5;
@@ -776,7 +811,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn clock_genesis_state_has_zero_block_id_and_genesis_timestamp() {
         let genesis_timestamp = 1_000_000_u64;
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], genesis_timestamp);
+        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], genesis_timestamp);
 
         let (block_id, timestamp) = clock_account_data(&state, CLOCK_01_PROGRAM_ACCOUNT_ID);
 
@@ -786,7 +821,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clock_invocation_increments_block_id() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         let tx = clock_transaction(1234);
         state.transition_from_public_transaction(&tx, 0, 0).unwrap();
@@ -797,7 +832,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clock_invocation_stores_timestamp_from_instruction() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         let block_timestamp = 1_700_000_000_000_u64;
 
         let tx = clock_transaction(block_timestamp);
@@ -809,7 +844,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clock_invocation_sequence_correctly_increments_block_id() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         for expected_block_id in 1_u64..=5 {
             let tx = clock_transaction(expected_block_id * 1000);
@@ -824,7 +859,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn clock_10_account_not_updated_when_block_id_not_multiple_of_10() {
         let genesis_timestamp = 0_u64;
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], genesis_timestamp);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], genesis_timestamp);
 
         // Run 9 clock ticks (block_ids 1..=9), none of which are multiples of 10.
         for tick in 1_u64..=9 {
@@ -840,7 +875,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clock_10_account_updated_when_block_id_is_multiple_of_10() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         // Run 10 clock ticks so block_id reaches 10.
         for tick in 1_u64..=10 {
@@ -857,7 +892,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn clock_50_account_only_updated_at_multiples_of_50() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         // After 49 ticks the 50-block account should be unchanged.
         for tick in 1_u64..=49 {
@@ -877,7 +912,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn all_three_clock_accounts_updated_at_multiple_of_50() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         // Advance to block 50 (a multiple of both 10 and 50).
         for tick in 1_u64..=50 {
@@ -900,7 +935,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_nonces() {
         let initial_data = [(AccountId::new([1; 32]), 100)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_ids = vec![AccountId::new([1; 32])];
         let program_id = Program::nonce_changer_program().id();
         let message =
@@ -917,7 +952,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_if_output_accounts_exceed_inputs() {
         let initial_data = [(AccountId::new([1; 32]), 100)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_ids = vec![AccountId::new([1; 32])];
         let program_id = Program::extra_output_program().id();
         let message =
@@ -934,7 +969,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_with_missing_output_accounts() {
         let initial_data = [(AccountId::new([1; 32]), 100)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_ids = vec![AccountId::new([1; 32]), AccountId::new([2; 32])];
         let program_id = Program::missing_output_program().id();
         let message =
@@ -951,7 +986,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_program_owner_with_only_non_default_program_owner() {
         let initial_data = [(AccountId::new([1; 32]), 0)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let account = state.get_account_by_id(account_id);
         // Assert the target account only differs from the default account in the program owner
@@ -974,7 +1009,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_program_owner_with_only_non_default_balance() {
         let initial_data = [];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
             .with_test_programs()
             .with_non_default_accounts_but_default_program_owners();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([255; 32]);
@@ -998,7 +1033,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_program_owner_with_only_non_default_nonce() {
         let initial_data = [];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
             .with_test_programs()
             .with_non_default_accounts_but_default_program_owners();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([254; 32]);
@@ -1022,7 +1057,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_program_owner_with_only_non_default_data() {
         let initial_data = [];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
             .with_test_programs()
             .with_non_default_accounts_but_default_program_owners();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([253; 32]);
@@ -1047,7 +1082,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_if_transfers_balance_from_non_owned_account() {
         let initial_data = [(AccountId::new([1; 32]), 100)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let sender_account_id = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let receiver_account_id = AccountId::new([2; 32]);
         let balance_to_move: u128 = 1;
@@ -1074,7 +1109,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn program_should_fail_if_modifies_data_of_non_owned_account() {
         let initial_data = [];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
             .with_test_programs()
             .with_non_default_accounts_but_default_program_owners();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([255; 32]);
@@ -1100,7 +1135,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn program_should_fail_if_does_not_preserve_total_balance_by_minting() {
         let initial_data = [];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let program_id = Program::minter().id();
 
@@ -1117,7 +1152,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn program_should_fail_if_does_not_preserve_total_balance_by_burning() {
         let initial_data = [];
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0)
             .with_test_programs()
             .with_account_owned_by_burner_program();
         let program_id = Program::burner().id();
@@ -1309,7 +1344,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let recipient_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
 
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(sender_keys.account_id(), 200)], &[], 0);
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(sender_keys.account_id(), 200)], vec![], 0);
 
         let balance_to_move = 37;
 
@@ -1357,7 +1392,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         };
         let recipient_keys = test_private_account_keys_2();
 
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0)
             .with_private_account(&sender_keys, &sender_private_account);
 
         let balance_to_move = 37;
@@ -1426,7 +1461,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let recipient_initial_balance = 400;
         let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
             &[(recipient_keys.account_id(), recipient_initial_balance)],
-            &[],
+            vec![],
             0,
         )
         .with_private_account(&sender_keys, &sender_private_account);
@@ -2379,7 +2414,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         };
         let recipient_keys = test_private_account_keys_2();
 
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0)
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0)
             .with_private_account(&sender_keys, &sender_private_account);
 
         let balance_to_move = 37;
@@ -2464,7 +2499,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let initial_balance = 100;
         let initial_data = [(from, initial_balance)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let to_key = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
         let to = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&to_key));
         let amount: u128 = 37;
@@ -2502,7 +2537,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let program = Program::authenticated_transfer_program();
         let account_key = PrivateKey::try_new([9; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&account_key));
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         assert_eq!(state.get_account_by_id(account_id), Account::default());
 
@@ -2523,7 +2558,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let program = Program::authenticated_transfer_program();
         let account_key = PrivateKey::try_new([10; 32]).unwrap();
         let account_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&account_key));
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         assert_eq!(state.get_account_by_id(account_id), Account::default());
 
@@ -2558,7 +2593,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let initial_balance = 1000;
         let initial_data = [(from, initial_balance), (to, 0)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let from_key = key;
         let amount: u128 = 37;
         let instruction: (u128, ProgramId, u32, Option<PdaSeed>) = (
@@ -2603,7 +2638,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let initial_balance = 100;
         let initial_data = [(from, initial_balance), (to, 0)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let from_key = key;
         let amount: u128 = 0;
         let instruction: (u128, ProgramId, u32, Option<PdaSeed>) = (
@@ -2641,7 +2676,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let initial_balance = 1000;
         let initial_data = [(from, initial_balance), (to, 0)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let amount: u128 = 58;
         let instruction: (u128, ProgramId, u32, Option<PdaSeed>) = (
             amount,
@@ -2687,7 +2722,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let initial_balance = 100;
         let initial_data = [(from, initial_balance)];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let to_key = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
         let to = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&to_key));
         let amount: u128 = 37;
@@ -2761,8 +2796,12 @@ pub mod tests {
             ..Account::default()
         };
         let sender_commitment = Commitment::new(&sender_keys.npk(), &sender_private_account);
-        let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], std::slice::from_ref(&sender_commitment), 0);
+        let sender_init_nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&sender_keys.npk());
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+            &[],
+            vec![(sender_commitment.clone(), sender_init_nullifier)],
+            0,
+        );
         let sender_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(sender_private_account, true, &sender_keys.npk());
         let recipient_private_key = PrivateKey::try_new([2; 32]).unwrap();
         let recipient_account_id =
@@ -2842,9 +2881,14 @@ pub mod tests {
 
         let from_commitment = Commitment::new(&from_keys.npk(), &from_account.account);
         let to_commitment = Commitment::new(&to_keys.npk(), &to_account.account);
+        let from_init_nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&from_keys.npk());
+        let to_init_nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&to_keys.npk());
         let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
             &[],
-            &[from_commitment.clone(), to_commitment.clone()],
+            vec![
+                (from_commitment.clone(), from_init_nullifier),
+                (to_commitment.clone(), to_init_nullifier),
+            ],
             0,
         )
         .with_test_programs();
@@ -2952,7 +2996,7 @@ pub mod tests {
             ..Account::default()
         };
 
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         state.add_pinata_token_program(pinata_definition_id);
 
         // Set up the token accounts directly (bypassing public transactions which
@@ -3024,7 +3068,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn claiming_mechanism_cannot_claim_initialied_accounts() {
         let claimer = Program::claimer();
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([2; 32]);
 
         // Insert an account with non-default program owner
@@ -3064,7 +3108,7 @@ pub mod tests {
                 (sender_id, sender_init_balance),
                 (recipient_id, recipient_init_balance),
             ],
-            &[],
+            vec![],
             0,
         );
 
@@ -3115,7 +3159,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn private_authorized_uninitialized_account() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
 
         // Set up keys for the authorized private account
         let private_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
@@ -3167,7 +3211,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn private_unauthorized_uninitialized_account_can_still_be_claimed() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
 
         let private_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         // This is intentional: claim authorization was introduced to protect public accounts,
@@ -3214,7 +3258,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn private_account_claimed_then_used_without_init_flag_should_fail() {
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
 
         // Set up keys for the private account
         let private_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
@@ -3295,7 +3339,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn public_changer_claimer_no_data_change_no_claim_succeeds() {
         let initial_data = [];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let program_id = Program::changer_claimer().id();
         // Don't change data (None) and don't claim (false)
@@ -3319,7 +3363,7 @@ pub mod tests {
     fn public_changer_claimer_data_change_no_claim_fails() {
         let initial_data = [];
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let account_id = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let program_id = Program::changer_claimer().id();
         // Change data but don't claim (false) - should fail
@@ -3413,9 +3457,10 @@ pub mod tests {
 
         let recipient_commitment =
             Commitment::new(&recipient_keys.npk(), &recipient_account.account);
+        let recipient_init_nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&recipient_keys.npk());
         let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
             &[(sender_account.account_id, sender_account.account.balance)],
-            std::slice::from_ref(&recipient_commitment),
+            vec![(recipient_commitment.clone(), recipient_init_nullifier)],
             0,
         )
         .with_test_programs();
@@ -3466,7 +3511,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let validity_window_program = Program::validity_window();
         let account_keys = test_public_account_keys_1();
         let pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, account_keys.account_id());
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let tx = {
             let account_ids = vec![pre.account_id];
             let nonces = vec![];
@@ -3518,7 +3563,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let validity_window_program = Program::validity_window();
         let account_keys = test_public_account_keys_1();
         let pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, account_keys.account_id());
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let tx = {
             let account_ids = vec![pre.account_id];
             let nonces = vec![];
@@ -3571,7 +3616,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let validity_window_program = Program::validity_window();
         let account_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, &account_keys.npk());
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let tx = {
             let esk = [3; 32];
             let shared_secret = SharedSecretKey::new(&esk, &account_keys.vpk());
@@ -3640,7 +3685,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let validity_window_program = Program::validity_window();
         let account_keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
         let pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, &account_keys.npk());
-        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let tx = {
             let esk = [3; 32];
             let shared_secret = SharedSecretKey::new(&esk, &account_keys.vpk());
@@ -3715,7 +3760,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let recipient_id = AccountId::new([42; 32]);
         let genesis_timestamp = 500_u64;
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(recipient_id, 0)], &[], genesis_timestamp)
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(recipient_id, 0)], vec![], genesis_timestamp)
                 .with_test_programs();
         let key1 = PrivateKey::try_new([1; 32]).unwrap();
         let sender_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key1));
@@ -3758,7 +3803,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         let recipient_id = AccountId::new([42; 32]);
         let genesis_timestamp = 500_u64;
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(recipient_id, 0)], &[], genesis_timestamp)
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(recipient_id, 0)], vec![], genesis_timestamp)
                 .with_test_programs();
         let key1 = PrivateKey::try_new([1; 32]).unwrap();
         let sender_id = AccountId::from(&PublicKey::new_from_private_key(&key1));
@@ -3830,7 +3875,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
         let genesis_timestamp = 1000_u64;
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(winner_id, 0)], &[], genesis_timestamp)
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(winner_id, 0)], vec![], genesis_timestamp)
                 .with_test_programs();
 
         let prize = 50_u128;
@@ -3875,7 +3920,7 @@ pub mod tests {
 
         let genesis_timestamp = 1000_u64;
         let mut state =
-            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(winner_id, 0)], &[], genesis_timestamp)
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(winner_id, 0)], vec![], genesis_timestamp)
                 .with_test_programs();
 
         let prize = 50_u128;
@@ -3915,7 +3960,8 @@ pub mod tests {
         let account_id_1 = AccountId::new([1; 32]);
         let account_id_2 = AccountId::new([2; 32]);
         let initial_data = [(account_id_1, 100_u128), (account_id_2, 151_u128)];
-        let state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0).with_test_programs();
+        let state =
+            V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0).with_test_programs();
         let bytes = borsh::to_vec(&state).unwrap();
         let state_from_bytes: V03State = borsh::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(state, state_from_bytes);
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/tests.rs b/programs/amm/src/tests.rs
index 43e20168..a10a985d 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/tests.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/tests.rs
@@ -3036,7 +3036,7 @@ fn new_definition_lp_symmetric_amounts() {
 
 fn state_for_amm_tests() -> V03State {
     let initial_data = [];
-    let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+    let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
     state.force_insert_account(
         IdForExeTests::pool_definition_id(),
         AccountsForExeTests::pool_definition_init(),
@@ -3079,7 +3079,7 @@ fn state_for_amm_tests() -> V03State {
 
 fn state_for_amm_tests_with_new_def() -> V03State {
     let initial_data = [];
-    let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, &[], 0);
+    let mut state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&initial_data, vec![], 0);
     state.force_insert_account(
         IdForExeTests::token_a_definition_id(),
         AccountsForExeTests::token_a_definition_account(),
diff --git a/sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs b/sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs
index 46f71797..7e47005d 100644
--- a/sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs
+++ b/sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ mod tests {
         let retrieved_tx = node_store.get_transaction_by_hash(tx.hash());
         assert_eq!(None, retrieved_tx);
         // Add the block with the transaction
-        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         node_store.update(&block, [1; 32], &dummy_state).unwrap();
         // Try again
         let retrieved_tx = node_store.get_transaction_by_hash(tx.hash());
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ mod tests {
         let block_hash = block.header.hash;
         let block_msg_id = [1; 32];
 
-        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         node_store
             .update(&block, block_msg_id, &dummy_state)
             .unwrap();
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ mod tests {
         let block = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_block(1, None, vec![tx]);
         let block_id = block.header.block_id;
 
-        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], &[], 0);
+        let dummy_state = V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[], vec![], 0);
         node_store.update(&block, [1; 32], &dummy_state).unwrap();
 
         // Verify initial status is Pending
diff --git a/sequencer/core/src/lib.rs b/sequencer/core/src/lib.rs
index 642d663a..cbf8e910 100644
--- a/sequencer/core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/sequencer/core/src/lib.rs
@@ -103,24 +103,26 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
                 "No database found when starting the sequencer. Creating a fresh new with the initial data"
             );
 
-            let initial_commitments: Option<Vec<nssa_core::Commitment>> = config
-                .initial_private_accounts
-                .clone()
-                .map(|initial_commitments| {
-                    initial_commitments
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|init_comm_data| {
-                            let npk = &init_comm_data.npk;
+            let initial_private_accounts: Option<
+                Vec<(nssa_core::Commitment, nssa_core::Nullifier)>,
+            > = config.initial_private_accounts.clone().map(|accounts| {
+                accounts
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|init_comm_data| {
+                        let npk = &init_comm_data.npk;
 
-                            let mut acc = init_comm_data.account.clone();
+                        let mut acc = init_comm_data.account.clone();
 
-                            acc.program_owner =
-                                nssa::program::Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id();
+                        acc.program_owner =
+                            nssa::program::Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id();
 
-                            nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc)
-                        })
-                        .collect()
-                });
+                        (
+                            nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc),
+                            nssa_core::Nullifier::for_account_initialization(npk),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            });
 
             let init_accs: Option<Vec<(nssa::AccountId, u128)>> = config
                 .initial_public_accounts
@@ -134,10 +136,10 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
 
             // If initial commitments or accounts are present in config, need to construct state
             // from them
-            if initial_commitments.is_some() || init_accs.is_some() {
+            if initial_private_accounts.is_some() || init_accs.is_some() {
                 V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
                     &init_accs.unwrap_or_default(),
-                    &initial_commitments.unwrap_or_default(),
+                    initial_private_accounts.unwrap_or_default(),
                     genesis_block.header.timestamp,
                 )
             } else {
@@ -1060,4 +1062,76 @@ mod tests {
             "Block production should abort when clock account data is corrupted"
         );
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn genesis_private_account_cannot_be_re_initialized() {
+        use common::transaction::NSSATransaction;
+        use nssa::{
+            Account,
+            privacy_preserving_transaction::{
+                PrivacyPreservingTransaction, circuit::execute_and_prove, message::Message,
+                witness_set::WitnessSet,
+            },
+            program::Program,
+        };
+        use nssa_core::{
+            SharedSecretKey,
+            account::AccountWithMetadata,
+            encryption::{EphemeralPublicKey, EphemeralSecretKey, ViewingPublicKey},
+        };
+        use testnet_initial_state::PrivateAccountPublicInitialData;
+
+        let nsk: nssa_core::NullifierSecretKey = [7; 32];
+        let npk = nssa_core::NullifierPublicKey::from(&nsk);
+        let vsk: EphemeralSecretKey = [8; 32];
+        let vpk = ViewingPublicKey::from_scalar(vsk);
+
+        let genesis_account = Account {
+            program_owner: Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id(),
+            ..Account::default()
+        };
+
+        // Start a sequencer from config with a preconfigured private genesis account
+        let mut config = setup_sequencer_config();
+        config.initial_private_accounts = Some(vec![PrivateAccountPublicInitialData {
+            npk: npk.clone(),
+            account: genesis_account,
+        }]);
+
+        let (mut sequencer, _mempool_handle) =
+            SequencerCoreWithMockClients::start_from_config(config).await;
+
+        // Attempt to re-initialize the same genesis account via a privacy-preserving transaction
+        let esk = [9; 32];
+        let shared_secret = SharedSecretKey::new(&esk, &vpk);
+        let epk = EphemeralPublicKey::from_scalar(esk);
+
+        let (output, proof) = execute_and_prove(
+            vec![AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), true, &npk)],
+            Program::serialize_instruction(0_u128).unwrap(),
+            vec![1],
+            vec![(npk.clone(), shared_secret)],
+            vec![nsk],
+            vec![None],
+            &Program::authenticated_transfer_program().into(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let message =
+            Message::try_from_circuit_output(vec![], vec![], vec![(npk, vpk, epk)], output)
+                .unwrap();
+
+        let witness_set = WitnessSet::for_message(&message, proof, &[]);
+        let tx = NSSATransaction::PrivacyPreserving(PrivacyPreservingTransaction::new(
+            message,
+            witness_set,
+        ));
+
+        let result = tx.execute_check_on_state(&mut sequencer.state, 2, 0);
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_err_and(|e| e.to_string().contains("Nullifier already seen")),
+            "re-initializing a genesis private account must be rejected by the sequencer"
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/storage/src/indexer/mod.rs b/storage/src/indexer/mod.rs
index 7ca89a56..85f2a278 100644
--- a/storage/src/indexer/mod.rs
+++ b/storage/src/indexer/mod.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -283,7 +287,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -336,7 +344,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -409,7 +421,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -492,7 +508,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -588,7 +608,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
             temdir_path,
             &genesis_block(),
-            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)], &[], 0),
+            &nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(
+                &[(acc1(), 10000), (acc2(), 20000)],
+                vec![],
+                0,
+            ),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
diff --git a/testnet_initial_state/src/lib.rs b/testnet_initial_state/src/lib.rs
index 1d75d6a1..91315eec 100644
--- a/testnet_initial_state/src/lib.rs
+++ b/testnet_initial_state/src/lib.rs
@@ -196,25 +196,29 @@ pub fn initial_accounts() -> Vec<PublicAccountPublicInitialData> {
 
 #[must_use]
 pub fn initial_state() -> V03State {
-    let initial_commitments: Vec<nssa_core::Commitment> = initial_commitments()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|init_comm_data| {
-            let npk = &init_comm_data.npk;
+    let initial_private_accounts: Vec<(nssa_core::Commitment, nssa_core::Nullifier)> =
+        initial_commitments()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|init_comm_data| {
+                let npk = &init_comm_data.npk;
 
-            let mut acc = init_comm_data.account.clone();
+                let mut acc = init_comm_data.account.clone();
 
-            acc.program_owner = nssa::program::Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id();
+                acc.program_owner = nssa::program::Program::authenticated_transfer_program().id();
 
-            nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc)
-        })
-        .collect();
+                (
+                    nssa_core::Commitment::new(npk, &acc),
+                    nssa_core::Nullifier::for_account_initialization(npk),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect();
 
     let init_accs: Vec<(nssa::AccountId, u128)> = initial_accounts()
         .iter()
         .map(|acc_data| (acc_data.account_id, acc_data.balance))
         .collect();
 
-    nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&init_accs, &initial_commitments, 0)
+    nssa::V03State::new_with_genesis_accounts(&init_accs, initial_private_accounts, 0)
 }
 
 #[must_use]