Merge branch 'main' into schouhy/diversify-private-pdas-by-identifier

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: ./.github/actions/install-risc0
 
       - name: Install just
-        run: cargo install just
+        run: cargo install --locked just
 
       - name: Build artifacts
         run: just build-artifacts

Cargo.toml

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ members = [
   "examples/program_deployment",
   "examples/program_deployment/methods",
   "examples/program_deployment/methods/guest",
-  "bedrock_client",
   "testnet_initial_state",
   "indexer_ffi",
 ]
@@ -67,7 +66,6 @@ amm_program = { path = "programs/amm" }
 ata_core = { path = "programs/associated_token_account/core" }
 ata_program = { path = "programs/associated_token_account" }
 test_program_methods = { path = "test_program_methods" }
-bedrock_client = { path = "bedrock_client" }
 testnet_initial_state = { path = "testnet_initial_state" }
 
 tokio = { version = "1.50", features = [
@@ -122,11 +120,12 @@ tokio-retry = "0.3.0"
 schemars = "1.2"
 async-stream = "0.3.6"
 
-logos-blockchain-common-http-client = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "1da154c74b911318fb853d37261f8a05ffe513b4" }
+logos-blockchain-common-http-client = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
-logos-blockchain-key-management-system-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "1da154c74b911318fb853d37261f8a05ffe513b4" }
+logos-blockchain-key-management-system-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
-logos-blockchain-core = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "1da154c74b911318fb853d37261f8a05ffe513b4" }
+logos-blockchain-core = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
-logos-blockchain-chain-broadcast-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "1da154c74b911318fb853d37261f8a05ffe513b4" }
+logos-blockchain-chain-broadcast-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
-logos-blockchain-chain-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "1da154c74b911318fb853d37261f8a05ffe513b4" }
+logos-blockchain-chain-service = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
+logos-blockchain-zone-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain.git", rev = "ee281a447d95a951752461ee0a6e88eb4a0f17cf" }
 
 rocksdb = { version = "0.24.0", default-features = false, features = [
   "snappy",

bedrock/deployment-settings.yaml

@@ -39,42 +39,42 @@ cryptarchia:
       threshold: 1
       timestamp: 0
   gossipsub_protocol: /integration/logos-blockchain/cryptarchia/proto/1.0.0
-  genesis_state:
+  genesis_block:
-    mantle_tx:
+    header:
-      ops:
+      version: Bedrock
+      parent_block: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+      slot: 0
+      block_root: b5f8787ac23674822414c70eea15d842da38f2e806ede1a73cf7b5cf0277da07
+      proof_of_leadership:
+        proof: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+        entropy_contribution: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+        leader_key: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+        voucher_cm: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+    signature: '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+    transactions:
+    - mantle_tx:
+        ops:
         - opcode: 0
           payload:
-            inputs: [ ]
+            inputs: []
             outputs:
-              - value: 1
+            - value: 1
-                pk: d204000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+              pk: d204000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
-              - value: 100
+            - value: 100
-                pk: 2e03b2eff5a45478e7e79668d2a146cf2c5c7925bce927f2b1c67f2ab4fc0d26
+              pk: '2e03b2eff5a45478e7e79668d2a146cf2c5c7925bce927f2b1c67f2ab4fc0d26'
+            - value: 1
+              pk: ed266e6e887b9b97059dc1aa1b7b2e19b934291753c6336a163fe4ebaa28e717
         - opcode: 17
           payload:
-            channel_id: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+            channel_id: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-            inscription: [ 103, 101, 110, 101, 115, 105, 115 ]  # "genesis" in bytes
+            inscription: '67656e65736973'
-            parent: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+            parent: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-            signer: "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+            signer: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-      execution_gas_price: 0
+        execution_gas_price: 0
-      storage_gas_price: 0
+        storage_gas_price: 0
-    ops_proofs:
+      ops_proofs:
-      - !ZkSig
+      - !Ed25519Sig '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-        pi_a: [
+      - !Ed25519Sig '00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
-        ]
-        pi_b: [
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
-        ]
-        pi_c: [
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
-        ]
-      - NoProof
 time:
   slot_duration: '1.0'
   chain_start_time: PLACEHOLDER_CHAIN_START_TIME

bedrock/docker-compose.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 services:
 
   logos-blockchain-node-0:
-    image: ghcr.io/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain@sha256:c5243681b353278cabb562a176f0a5cfbefc2056f18cebc47fe0e3720c29fb12
+    image: ghcr.io/logos-blockchain/logos-blockchain@sha256:9f1829dea335c56f6ff68ae37ea872ed5313b96b69e8ffe143c02b7217de85fc
     ports:
       - "${PORT:-8080}:18080/tcp"
     volumes:

bedrock_client/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "bedrock_client"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2024"
-license = { workspace = true }
-
-[lints]
-workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-common.workspace = true
-
-reqwest.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-tokio-retry.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-log.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-humantime-serde.workspace = true
-logos-blockchain-common-http-client.workspace = true
-logos-blockchain-core.workspace = true
-logos-blockchain-chain-broadcast-service.workspace = true
-logos-blockchain-chain-service.workspace = true

bedrock_client/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-use common::config::BasicAuth;
-use futures::{Stream, TryFutureExt as _};
-#[expect(clippy::single_component_path_imports, reason = "Satisfy machete")]
-use humantime_serde;
-use log::{info, warn};
-pub use logos_blockchain_chain_broadcast_service::BlockInfo;
-use logos_blockchain_chain_service::CryptarchiaInfo;
-pub use logos_blockchain_common_http_client::{CommonHttpClient, Error};
-pub use logos_blockchain_core::{block::Block, header::HeaderId, mantle::SignedMantleTx};
-use reqwest::{Client, Url};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tokio_retry::Retry;
-
-/// Fibonacci backoff retry strategy configuration.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct BackoffConfig {
-    #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
-    pub start_delay: Duration,
-    pub max_retries: usize,
-}
-
-impl Default for BackoffConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            start_delay: Duration::from_millis(100),
-            max_retries: 5,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Simple wrapper
-/// maybe extend in the future for our purposes
-/// `Clone` is cheap because `CommonHttpClient` is internally reference counted (`Arc`).
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct BedrockClient {
-    http_client: CommonHttpClient,
-    node_url: Url,
-    backoff: BackoffConfig,
-}
-
-impl BedrockClient {
-    pub fn new(backoff: BackoffConfig, node_url: Url, auth: Option<BasicAuth>) -> Result<Self> {
-        info!("Creating Bedrock client with node URL {node_url}");
-        let client = Client::builder()
-                //Add more fields if needed
-                .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_mins(1))
-                .build()
-                .context("Failed to build HTTP client")?;
-
-        let auth = auth.map(|a| {
-            logos_blockchain_common_http_client::BasicAuthCredentials::new(a.username, a.password)
-        });
-
-        let http_client = CommonHttpClient::new_with_client(client, auth);
-        Ok(Self {
-            http_client,
-            node_url,
-            backoff,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub async fn post_transaction(&self, tx: SignedMantleTx) -> Result<Result<(), Error>, Error> {
-        Retry::spawn(self.backoff_strategy(), || async {
-            match self
-                .http_client
-                .post_transaction(self.node_url.clone(), tx.clone())
-                .await
-            {
-                Ok(()) => Ok(Ok(())),
-                Err(err) => match err {
-                    // Retry arm.
-                    // Retrying only reqwest errors: mainly connected to http.
-                    Error::Request(_) => Err(err),
-                    // Returning non-retryable error
-                    Error::Server(_) | Error::Client(_) | Error::Url(_) => Ok(Err(err)),
-                },
-            }
-        })
-        .await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn get_lib_stream(&self) -> Result<impl Stream<Item = BlockInfo>, Error> {
-        self.http_client.get_lib_stream(self.node_url.clone()).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn get_block_by_id(
-        &self,
-        header_id: HeaderId,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Block<SignedMantleTx>>, Error> {
-        Retry::spawn(self.backoff_strategy(), || {
-            self.http_client
-                .get_block_by_id(self.node_url.clone(), header_id)
-                .inspect_err(|err| warn!("Block fetching failed with error: {err:#}"))
-        })
-        .await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn get_consensus_info(&self) -> Result<CryptarchiaInfo, Error> {
-        Retry::spawn(self.backoff_strategy(), || {
-            self.http_client
-                .consensus_info(self.node_url.clone())
-                .inspect_err(|err| warn!("Block fetching failed with error: {err:#}"))
-        })
-        .await
-    }
-
-    fn backoff_strategy(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Duration> {
-        let start_delay_millis = self
-            .backoff
-            .start_delay
-            .as_millis()
-            .try_into()
-            .expect("Start delay must be less than u64::MAX milliseconds");
-
-        tokio_retry::strategy::FibonacciBackoff::from_millis(start_delay_millis)
-            .take(self.backoff.max_retries)
-    }
-}

configs/docker-all-in-one/indexer_config.json

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 {
     "home": "./indexer/service",
     "consensus_info_polling_interval": "1s",
-    "bedrock_client_config": {
+    "bedrock_config": {
-        "addr": "http://logos-blockchain-node-0:18080",
+        "addr": "http://logos-blockchain-node-0:18080"
-        "backoff": {
-            "start_delay": "100ms",
-            "max_retries": 5
-        }
     },
     "channel_id": "0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101",
     "initial_accounts": [

indexer/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 common.workspace = true
-bedrock_client.workspace = true
+logos-blockchain-zone-sdk.workspace = true
 nssa.workspace = true
 nssa_core.workspace = true
 storage.workspace = true
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ anyhow.workspace = true
 log.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 humantime-serde.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
 borsh.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
 logos-blockchain-core.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 async-stream.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile.workspace = true

indexer/core/src/block_store.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use std::{path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
-use anyhow::Result;
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-use bedrock_client::HeaderId;
 use common::{
     block::{BedrockStatus, Block},
     transaction::{NSSATransaction, clock_invocation},
 };
+use logos_blockchain_core::{header::HeaderId, mantle::ops::channel::MsgId};
+use logos_blockchain_zone_sdk::Slot;
 use nssa::{Account, AccountId, V03State};
 use nssa_core::BlockId;
 use storage::indexer::RocksDBIO;
@@ -103,6 +104,22 @@ impl IndexerStore {
         Ok(self.dbio.calculate_state_for_id(block_id)?)
     }
 
+    pub fn get_zone_cursor(&self) -> Result<Option<(MsgId, Slot)>> {
+        let Some(bytes) = self.dbio.get_zone_sdk_indexer_cursor_bytes()? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let cursor: (MsgId, Slot) = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)
+            .context("Failed to deserialize stored zone-sdk indexer cursor")?;
+        Ok(Some(cursor))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_zone_cursor(&self, cursor: &(MsgId, Slot)) -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes =
+            serde_json::to_vec(cursor).context("Failed to serialize zone-sdk indexer cursor")?;
+        self.dbio.put_zone_sdk_indexer_cursor_bytes(&bytes)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Recalculation of final state directly from DB.
     ///
     /// Used for indexer healthcheck.

indexer/core/src/config.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-pub use bedrock_client::BackoffConfig;
 use common::config::BasicAuth;
 use humantime_serde;
 pub use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::ops::channel::ChannelId;
@@ -16,8 +15,6 @@ use url::Url;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ClientConfig {
-    /// For individual RPC requests we use Fibonacci backoff retry strategy.
-    pub backoff: BackoffConfig,
     pub addr: Url,
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub auth: Option<BasicAuth>,
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct IndexerConfig {
     pub signing_key: [u8; 32],
     #[serde(with = "humantime_serde")]
     pub consensus_info_polling_interval: Duration,
-    pub bedrock_client_config: ClientConfig,
+    pub bedrock_config: ClientConfig,
     pub channel_id: ChannelId,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub initial_public_accounts: Option<Vec<PublicAccountPublicInitialData>>,

indexer/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use bedrock_client::{BedrockClient, HeaderId};
+use common::block::{Block, HashableBlockData};
-use common::{
+// ToDo: Remove after testnet
-    HashType, PINATA_BASE58,
+use common::{HashType, PINATA_BASE58};
-    block::{Block, HashableBlockData},
+use futures::StreamExt as _;
-};
+use log::{error, info, warn};
-use log::{debug, error, info};
+use logos_blockchain_core::header::HeaderId;
-use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::{
+use logos_blockchain_zone_sdk::{
-    Op, SignedMantleTx,
+    CommonHttpClient, ZoneMessage, adapter::NodeHttpClient, indexer::ZoneIndexer,
-    ops::channel::{ChannelId, inscribe::InscriptionOp},
 };
 use nssa::V03State;
 use testnet_initial_state::initial_state_testnet;
@@ -21,25 +20,11 @@ pub mod config;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct IndexerCore {
-    pub bedrock_client: BedrockClient,
+    pub zone_indexer: Arc<ZoneIndexer<NodeHttpClient>>,
     pub config: IndexerConfig,
     pub store: IndexerStore,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone)]
-/// This struct represents one L1 block data fetched from backfilling.
-pub struct BackfillBlockData {
-    l2_blocks: Vec<Block>,
-    l1_header: HeaderId,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-/// This struct represents data fetched fom backfilling in one iteration.
-pub struct BackfillData {
-    block_data: VecDeque<BackfillBlockData>,
-    curr_fin_l1_lib_header: HeaderId,
-}
-
 impl IndexerCore {
     pub fn new(config: IndexerConfig) -> Result<Self> {
         let hashable_data = HashableBlockData {
@@ -107,279 +92,88 @@ impl IndexerCore {
 
         let home = config.home.join("rocksdb");
 
+        let basic_auth = config.bedrock_config.auth.clone().map(Into::into);
+        let node = NodeHttpClient::new(
+            CommonHttpClient::new(basic_auth),
+            config.bedrock_config.addr.clone(),
+        );
+        let zone_indexer = ZoneIndexer::new(config.channel_id, node);
+
         Ok(Self {
-            bedrock_client: BedrockClient::new(
+            zone_indexer: Arc::new(zone_indexer),
-                config.bedrock_client_config.backoff,
-                config.bedrock_client_config.addr.clone(),
-                config.bedrock_client_config.auth.clone(),
-            )?,
             config,
             store: IndexerStore::open_db_with_genesis(&home, &genesis_block, &state)?,
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn subscribe_parse_block_stream(&self) -> impl futures::Stream<Item = Result<Block>> {
+    pub fn subscribe_parse_block_stream(&self) -> impl futures::Stream<Item = Result<Block>> + '_ {
+        let poll_interval = self.config.consensus_info_polling_interval;
+        let initial_cursor = self
+            .store
+            .get_zone_cursor()
+            .expect("Failed to load zone-sdk indexer cursor");
+
         async_stream::stream! {
-            info!("Searching for initial header");
+            let mut cursor = initial_cursor;
 
-            let last_stored_l1_lib_header = self.store.last_observed_l1_lib_header()?;
+            if cursor.is_some() {
-
+                info!("Resuming indexer from cursor {cursor:?}");
-            let mut prev_last_l1_lib_header = if let Some(last_l1_lib_header) = last_stored_l1_lib_header {
-                info!("Last l1 lib header found: {last_l1_lib_header}");
-                last_l1_lib_header
             } else {
-                info!("Last l1 lib header not found in DB");
+                info!("Starting indexer from beginning of channel");
-                info!("Searching for the start of a channel");
+            }
-
-                let BackfillData {
-                    block_data: start_buff,
-                    curr_fin_l1_lib_header: last_l1_lib_header,
-                } = self.search_for_channel_start().await?;
-
-                for BackfillBlockData {
-                    l2_blocks: l2_block_vec,
-                    l1_header,
-                } in start_buff {
-                    let mut l2_blocks_parsed_ids: Vec<_> = l2_block_vec.iter().map(|block| block.header.block_id).collect();
-                    l2_blocks_parsed_ids.sort_unstable();
-                    info!("Parsed {} L2 blocks with ids {:?}", l2_block_vec.len(), l2_blocks_parsed_ids);
-
-                    for l2_block in l2_block_vec {
-                        // TODO: proper fix is to make the sequencer's genesis include a
-                        // trailing `clock_invocation(0)` (and have the indexer's
-                        // `open_db_with_genesis` not pre-apply state transitions) so the
-                        // inscribed genesis can flow through `put_block` like any other
-                        // block. For now we skip re-applying it.
-                        //
-                        // The channel-start (block_id == 1) is the sequencer's genesis
-                        // inscription that we re-discover during initial search. The
-                        // indexer already has its own locally-constructed genesis in
-                        // the store from `open_db_with_genesis`, so re-applying the
-                        // inscribed copy is both redundant and would fail the strict
-                        // block validation in `put_block` (the inscribed genesis lacks
-                        // the trailing clock invocation).
-                        if l2_block.header.block_id != 1 {
-                            self
-                            .store
-                            .put_block(l2_block.clone(), l1_header)
-                            .await
-                            .inspect_err(|err| error!("Failed to put block with err {err:?}"))?;
-                        }
-
-                        yield Ok(l2_block);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                last_l1_lib_header
-            };
-
-            info!("Searching for initial header finished");
-
-            info!("Starting backfilling from {prev_last_l1_lib_header}");
 
             loop {
-                let BackfillData {
+                let stream = match self.zone_indexer.next_messages(cursor).await {
-                    block_data: buff,
+                    Ok(s) => s,
-                    curr_fin_l1_lib_header,
+                    Err(err) => {
-                } = self
+                        error!("Failed to start zone-sdk next_messages stream: {err}");
-                    .backfill_to_last_l1_lib_header_id(prev_last_l1_lib_header, &self.config.channel_id)
+                        tokio::time::sleep(poll_interval).await;
-                    .await
+                        continue;
-                    .inspect_err(|err| error!("Failed to backfill to last l1 lib header id with err {err:#?}"))?;
-
-                prev_last_l1_lib_header = curr_fin_l1_lib_header;
-
-                for BackfillBlockData {
-                    l2_blocks: l2_block_vec,
-                    l1_header: header,
-                } in buff {
-                    let mut l2_blocks_parsed_ids: Vec<_> = l2_block_vec.iter().map(|block| block.header.block_id).collect();
-                    l2_blocks_parsed_ids.sort_unstable();
-                    info!("Parsed {} L2 blocks with ids {:?}", l2_block_vec.len(), l2_blocks_parsed_ids);
-
-                    for l2_block in l2_block_vec {
-                        self.store.put_block(l2_block.clone(), header).await?;
-
-                        yield Ok(l2_block);
                     }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn get_lib(&self) -> Result<HeaderId> {
-        Ok(self.bedrock_client.get_consensus_info().await?.lib)
-    }
-
-    async fn get_next_lib(&self, prev_lib: HeaderId) -> Result<HeaderId> {
-        loop {
-            let next_lib = self.get_lib().await?;
-            if next_lib == prev_lib {
-                info!(
-                    "Wait {:?} to not spam the node",
-                    self.config.consensus_info_polling_interval
-                );
-                tokio::time::sleep(self.config.consensus_info_polling_interval).await;
-            } else {
-                break Ok(next_lib);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// WARNING: depending on channel state,
-    /// may take indefinite amount of time.
-    pub async fn search_for_channel_start(&self) -> Result<BackfillData> {
-        let mut curr_last_l1_lib_header = self.get_lib().await?;
-        let mut backfill_start = curr_last_l1_lib_header;
-        // ToDo: How to get root?
-        let mut backfill_limit = HeaderId::from([0; 32]);
-        // ToDo: Not scalable, initial buffer should be stored in DB to not run out of memory
-        // Don't want to complicate DB even more right now.
-        let mut block_buffer = VecDeque::new();
-
-        'outer: loop {
-            let mut cycle_header = curr_last_l1_lib_header;
-
-            loop {
-                let Some(cycle_block) = self.bedrock_client.get_block_by_id(cycle_header).await?
-                else {
-                    // First run can reach root easily
-                    // so here we are optimistic about L1
-                    // failing to get parent.
-                    break;
                 };
+                let mut stream = std::pin::pin!(stream);
 
-                // It would be better to have id, but block does not have it, so slot will do.
+                while let Some((msg, slot)) = stream.next().await {
-                info!(
+                    let zone_block = match msg {
-                    "INITIAL SEARCH: Observed L1 block at slot {}",
+                        ZoneMessage::Block(b) => b,
-                    cycle_block.header().slot().into_inner()
+                        // Non-block messages don't carry a cursor position; the
-                );
+                        // next ZoneBlock advances past them implicitly.
-                debug!(
+                        ZoneMessage::Deposit(_) | ZoneMessage::Withdraw(_) => continue,
-                    "INITIAL SEARCH: This block header is {}",
+                    };
-                    cycle_block.header().id()
-                );
-                debug!(
-                    "INITIAL SEARCH: This block parent is {}",
-                    cycle_block.header().parent()
-                );
 
-                let (l2_block_vec, l1_header) =
+                    let block: Block = match borsh::from_slice(&zone_block.data) {
-                    parse_block_owned(&cycle_block, &self.config.channel_id);
+                        Ok(b) => b,
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            error!("Failed to deserialize L2 block from zone-sdk: {e}");
+                            // Advance past the broken inscription so we don't
+                            // re-process it on restart.
+                            cursor = Some((zone_block.id, slot));
+                            if let Err(err) = self.store.set_zone_cursor(&(zone_block.id, slot)) {
+                                warn!("Failed to persist indexer cursor: {err:#}");
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    };
 
-                info!("Parsed {} L2 blocks", l2_block_vec.len());
+                    info!("Indexed L2 block {}", block.header.block_id);
 
-                if !l2_block_vec.is_empty() {
+                    // TODO: Remove l1_header placeholder once storage layer
-                    block_buffer.push_front(BackfillBlockData {
+                    // no longer requires it. Zone-sdk handles L1 tracking internally.
-                        l2_blocks: l2_block_vec.clone(),
+                    let placeholder_l1_header = HeaderId::from([0_u8; 32]);
-                        l1_header,
+                    if let Err(err) = self.store.put_block(block.clone(), placeholder_l1_header).await {
-                    });
+                        error!("Failed to store block {}: {err:#}", block.header.block_id);
-                }
-
-                if let Some(first_l2_block) = l2_block_vec.first()
-                    && first_l2_block.header.block_id == 1
-                {
-                    info!("INITIAL_SEARCH: Found channel start");
-                    break 'outer;
-                }
-
-                // Step back to parent
-                let parent = cycle_block.header().parent();
-
-                if parent == backfill_limit {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                cycle_header = parent;
-            }
-
-            info!("INITIAL_SEARCH: Reached backfill limit, refetching last l1 lib header");
-
-            block_buffer.clear();
-            backfill_limit = backfill_start;
-            curr_last_l1_lib_header = self.get_next_lib(curr_last_l1_lib_header).await?;
-            backfill_start = curr_last_l1_lib_header;
-        }
-
-        Ok(BackfillData {
-            block_data: block_buffer,
-            curr_fin_l1_lib_header: curr_last_l1_lib_header,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub async fn backfill_to_last_l1_lib_header_id(
-        &self,
-        last_fin_l1_lib_header: HeaderId,
-        channel_id: &ChannelId,
-    ) -> Result<BackfillData> {
-        let curr_fin_l1_lib_header = self.get_next_lib(last_fin_l1_lib_header).await?;
-        // ToDo: Not scalable, buffer should be stored in DB to not run out of memory
-        // Don't want to complicate DB even more right now.
-        let mut block_buffer = VecDeque::new();
-
-        let mut cycle_header = curr_fin_l1_lib_header;
-        loop {
-            let Some(cycle_block) = self.bedrock_client.get_block_by_id(cycle_header).await? else {
-                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Parent not found"));
-            };
-
-            if cycle_block.header().id() == last_fin_l1_lib_header {
-                break;
-            }
-            // Step back to parent
-            cycle_header = cycle_block.header().parent();
-
-            // It would be better to have id, but block does not have it, so slot will do.
-            info!(
-                "Observed L1 block at slot {}",
-                cycle_block.header().slot().into_inner()
-            );
-
-            let (l2_block_vec, l1_header) = parse_block_owned(&cycle_block, channel_id);
-
-            info!("Parsed {} L2 blocks", l2_block_vec.len());
-
-            if !l2_block_vec.is_empty() {
-                block_buffer.push_front(BackfillBlockData {
-                    l2_blocks: l2_block_vec,
-                    l1_header,
-                });
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(BackfillData {
-            block_data: block_buffer,
-            curr_fin_l1_lib_header,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-fn parse_block_owned(
-    l1_block: &bedrock_client::Block<SignedMantleTx>,
-    decoded_channel_id: &ChannelId,
-) -> (Vec<Block>, HeaderId) {
-    (
-        #[expect(
-            clippy::wildcard_enum_match_arm,
-            reason = "We are only interested in channel inscription ops, so it's fine to ignore the rest"
-        )]
-        l1_block
-            .transactions()
-            .flat_map(|tx| {
-                tx.mantle_tx.ops.iter().filter_map(|op| match op {
-                    Op::ChannelInscribe(InscriptionOp {
-                        channel_id,
-                        inscription,
-                        ..
-                    }) if channel_id == decoded_channel_id => {
-                        borsh::from_slice::<Block>(inscription)
-                            .inspect_err(|err| {
-                                error!("Failed to deserialize our inscription with err: {err:#?}");
-                            })
-                            .ok()
                     }
-                    _ => None,
+
-                })
+                    cursor = Some((zone_block.id, slot));
-            })
+                    if let Err(err) = self.store.set_zone_cursor(&(zone_block.id, slot)) {
-            .collect(),
+                        warn!("Failed to persist indexer cursor: {err:#}");
-        l1_block.header().id(),
+                    }
-    )
+                    yield Ok(block);
+                }
+
+                // Stream ended (caught up to LIB). Sleep then poll again.
+                tokio::time::sleep(poll_interval).await;
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

indexer/service/configs/indexer_config.json

@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 {
     "home": ".",
     "consensus_info_polling_interval": "1s",
-    "bedrock_client_config": {
+    "bedrock_config": {
-        "addr": "http://localhost:8080",
+        "addr": "http://localhost:8080"
-        "backoff": {
-            "start_delay": "100ms",
-            "max_retries": 5
-        }
     },
     "channel_id": "0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101",
     "initial_accounts": [

integration_tests/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ indexer_service.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 token_core.workspace = true
 ata_core.workspace = true
-indexer_service_rpc.workspace = true
+indexer_service_rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
 sequencer_service_rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+jsonrpsee = { workspace = true, features = ["ws-client"] }
 wallet-ffi.workspace = true
 indexer_ffi.workspace = true
 testnet_initial_state.workspace = true
@@ -35,4 +36,4 @@ hex.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 bytesize.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
-testcontainers = { version = "0.27.0", features = ["docker-compose"] }
+testcontainers = { version = "0.27.3", features = ["docker-compose"] }

integration_tests/src/config.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::{net::SocketAddr, path::PathBuf, time::Duration};
 
 use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
 use bytesize::ByteSize;
-use indexer_service::{BackoffConfig, ChannelId, ClientConfig, IndexerConfig};
+use indexer_service::{ChannelId, ClientConfig, IndexerConfig};
 use key_protocol::key_management::KeyChain;
 use nssa::{Account, AccountId, PrivateKey, PublicKey};
 use nssa_core::{account::Data, program::DEFAULT_PROGRAM_ID};
@@ -164,35 +164,10 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for UrlProtocol {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn indexer_config(
-    bedrock_addr: SocketAddr,
-    home: PathBuf,
-    initial_data: &InitialData,
-) -> Result<IndexerConfig> {
-    Ok(IndexerConfig {
-        home,
-        consensus_info_polling_interval: Duration::from_secs(1),
-        bedrock_client_config: ClientConfig {
-            addr: addr_to_url(UrlProtocol::Http, bedrock_addr)
-                .context("Failed to convert bedrock addr to URL")?,
-            auth: None,
-            backoff: BackoffConfig {
-                start_delay: Duration::from_millis(100),
-                max_retries: 10,
-            },
-        },
-        initial_public_accounts: Some(initial_data.sequencer_initial_public_accounts()),
-        initial_private_accounts: Some(initial_data.sequencer_initial_private_accounts()),
-        signing_key: [37; 32],
-        channel_id: bedrock_channel_id(),
-    })
-}
-
 pub fn sequencer_config(
     partial: SequencerPartialConfig,
     home: PathBuf,
     bedrock_addr: SocketAddr,
-    indexer_addr: SocketAddr,
     initial_data: &InitialData,
 ) -> Result<SequencerConfig> {
     let SequencerPartialConfig {
@@ -215,17 +190,11 @@ pub fn sequencer_config(
         initial_private_accounts: Some(initial_data.sequencer_initial_private_accounts()),
         signing_key: [37; 32],
         bedrock_config: BedrockConfig {
-            backoff: BackoffConfig {
-                start_delay: Duration::from_millis(100),
-                max_retries: 5,
-            },
             channel_id: bedrock_channel_id(),
             node_url: addr_to_url(UrlProtocol::Http, bedrock_addr)
                 .context("Failed to convert bedrock addr to URL")?,
             auth: None,
         },
-        indexer_rpc_url: addr_to_url(UrlProtocol::Ws, indexer_addr)
-            .context("Failed to convert indexer addr to URL")?,
     })
 }
 
@@ -245,6 +214,26 @@ pub fn wallet_config(
     })
 }
 
+pub fn indexer_config(
+    bedrock_addr: SocketAddr,
+    home: PathBuf,
+    initial_data: &InitialData,
+) -> Result<IndexerConfig> {
+    Ok(IndexerConfig {
+        home,
+        consensus_info_polling_interval: Duration::from_secs(1),
+        bedrock_config: ClientConfig {
+            addr: addr_to_url(UrlProtocol::Http, bedrock_addr)
+                .context("Failed to convert bedrock addr to URL")?,
+            auth: None,
+        },
+        initial_public_accounts: Some(initial_data.sequencer_initial_public_accounts()),
+        initial_private_accounts: Some(initial_data.sequencer_initial_private_accounts()),
+        signing_key: [37; 32],
+        channel_id: bedrock_channel_id(),
+    })
+}
+
 pub fn addr_to_url(protocol: UrlProtocol, addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<Url> {
     // Convert 0.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.1 for client connections
     // When binding to port 0, the server binds to 0.0.0.0:<random_port>

integration_tests/src/indexer_client.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! Thin client wrapper for querying the indexer's JSON-RPC API in tests.
+//!
+//! The sequencer doesn't depend on the indexer at runtime — finalization comes
+//! from zone-sdk events. This wrapper exists purely for test ergonomics so
+//! integration tests can construct a single connection and call
+//! `indexer_service_rpc::RpcClient` methods directly via `Deref`.
+
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
+use jsonrpsee::ws_client::{WsClient, WsClientBuilder};
+use log::info;
+use url::Url;
+
+pub struct IndexerClient(WsClient);
+
+impl IndexerClient {
+    pub async fn new(indexer_url: &Url) -> Result<Self> {
+        info!("Connecting to Indexer at {indexer_url}");
+        let client = WsClientBuilder::default()
+            .build(indexer_url)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to create websocket client")?;
+        Ok(Self(client))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for IndexerClient {
+    type Target = WsClient;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}

integration_tests/src/lib.rs

@@ -9,16 +9,19 @@ use indexer_service::IndexerHandle;
 use log::{debug, error};
 use nssa::{AccountId, PrivacyPreservingTransaction};
 use nssa_core::Commitment;
-use sequencer_core::indexer_client::{IndexerClient, IndexerClientTrait as _};
 use sequencer_service::SequencerHandle;
 use sequencer_service_rpc::{RpcClient as _, SequencerClient, SequencerClientBuilder};
 use tempfile::TempDir;
 use testcontainers::compose::DockerCompose;
 use wallet::WalletCore;
 
-use crate::setup::{setup_bedrock_node, setup_indexer, setup_sequencer, setup_wallet};
+use crate::{
+    indexer_client::IndexerClient,
+    setup::{setup_bedrock_node, setup_indexer, setup_sequencer, setup_wallet},
+};
 
 pub mod config;
+pub mod indexer_client;
 pub mod setup;
 pub mod test_context_ffi;
 
@@ -78,14 +81,10 @@ impl TestContext {
             .await
             .context("Failed to setup Indexer")?;
 
-        let (sequencer_handle, temp_sequencer_dir) = setup_sequencer(
+        let (sequencer_handle, temp_sequencer_dir) =
-            sequencer_partial_config,
+            setup_sequencer(sequencer_partial_config, bedrock_addr, &initial_data)
-            bedrock_addr,
+                .await
-            indexer_handle.addr(),
+                .context("Failed to setup Sequencer")?;
-            &initial_data,
-        )
-        .await
-        .context("Failed to setup Sequencer")?;
 
         let (wallet, temp_wallet_dir, wallet_password) =
             setup_wallet(sequencer_handle.addr(), &initial_data)

integration_tests/src/setup.rs

@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn setup_indexer(
 pub(crate) async fn setup_sequencer(
     partial: config::SequencerPartialConfig,
     bedrock_addr: SocketAddr,
-    indexer_addr: SocketAddr,
     initial_data: &config::InitialData,
 ) -> Result<(SequencerHandle, TempDir)> {
     let temp_sequencer_dir =
@@ -134,7 +133,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn setup_sequencer(
         partial,
         temp_sequencer_dir.path().to_owned(),
         bedrock_addr,
-        indexer_addr,
         initial_data,
     )
     .context("Failed to create Sequencer config")?;

integration_tests/src/test_context_ffi.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use indexer_ffi::IndexerServiceFFI;
 use indexer_service_rpc::RpcClient as _;
 use log::{debug, error};
 use nssa::AccountId;
-use sequencer_core::indexer_client::{IndexerClient, IndexerClientTrait as _};
 use sequencer_service::SequencerHandle;
 use sequencer_service_rpc::{RpcClient as _, SequencerClient, SequencerClientBuilder};
 use tempfile::TempDir;
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ use wallet::WalletCore;
 
 use crate::{
     BEDROCK_SERVICE_WITH_OPEN_PORT, LOGGER, TestContextBuilder, config,
+    indexer_client::IndexerClient,
     setup::{setup_bedrock_node, setup_indexer_ffi, setup_sequencer, setup_wallet},
 };
 
@@ -85,8 +85,6 @@ impl TestContextFFI {
             .block_on(setup_sequencer(
                 sequencer_partial_config,
                 bedrock_addr,
-                // SAFETY: addr is valid if indexer_ffi is valid.
-                unsafe { indexer_ffi.addr() },
                 initial_data,
             ))
             .context("Failed to setup Sequencer")?;

integration_tests/tests/tps.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use nssa::{
     public_transaction as putx,
 };
 use nssa_core::{
-    MembershipProof, NullifierPublicKey,
+    InputAccountIdentity, MembershipProof, NullifierPublicKey,
     account::{AccountWithMetadata, Nonce, data::Data},
     encryption::ViewingPublicKey,
 };
@@ -251,10 +251,19 @@ fn build_privacy_transaction() -> PrivacyPreservingTransaction {
     let (output, proof) = circuit::execute_and_prove(
         vec![sender_pre, recipient_pre],
         Program::serialize_instruction(balance_to_move).unwrap(),
-        vec![1, 2],
+        vec![
-        vec![(sender_npk, 0, sender_ss), (recipient_npk, 0, recipient_ss)],
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedUpdate {
-        vec![sender_nsk],
+                ssk: sender_ss,
-        vec![Some(proof)],
+                nsk: sender_nsk,
+                membership_proof: proof,
+                identifier: 0,
+            },
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
+                npk: recipient_npk,
+                ssk: recipient_ss,
+                identifier: 0,
+            },
+        ],
         &program.into(),
     )
     .unwrap();

key_protocol/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,3 +26,4 @@ itertools.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 base58.workspace = true
+bincode.workspace = true

key_protocol/src/key_management/group_key_holder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+use aes_gcm::{Aes256Gcm, KeyInit as _, aead::Aead as _};
+use nssa_core::{
+    SharedSecretKey,
+    encryption::{Scalar, shared_key_derivation::Secp256k1Point},
+    program::PdaSeed,
+};
+use rand::{RngCore as _, rngs::OsRng};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, digest::FixedOutput as _};
+
+use super::secret_holders::{PrivateKeyHolder, SecretSpendingKey};
+
+/// Public key used to seal a `GroupKeyHolder` for distribution to a recipient.
+///
+/// Structurally identical to `ViewingPublicKey` (both are secp256k1 points), but given
+/// a distinct alias to clarify intent: viewing keys encrypt account state, sealing keys
+/// encrypt the GMS for off-chain distribution.
+pub type SealingPublicKey = Secp256k1Point;
+
+/// Secret key used to unseal a `GroupKeyHolder` received from another member.
+pub type SealingSecretKey = Scalar;
+
+/// Manages shared viewing keys for a group of controllers owning private PDAs.
+///
+/// The Group Master Secret (GMS) is a 32-byte random value shared among controllers.
+/// Each private PDA owned by the group gets a unique [`SecretSpendingKey`] derived from
+/// the GMS by mixing the PDA seed into the SHA-256 input (see `secret_spending_key_for_pda`).
+///
+/// # Distribution
+///
+/// The GMS is a long-term secret and must never cross a trust boundary in raw form.
+/// Controllers share it off-chain by sealing it under each recipient's [`SealingPublicKey`]
+/// (see `seal_for` / `unseal`). Wallets persisting a `GroupKeyHolder` must encrypt it at
+/// rest; the raw bytes are exposed only via [`GroupKeyHolder::dangerous_raw_gms`], which
+/// is intended for the sealing path exclusively.
+///
+/// # Logging safety
+///
+/// `Debug` is implemented manually to redact the GMS; formatting this value with `{:?}`
+/// will not leak the secret. Code that formats through `{:#?}` on containing types is
+/// safe for the same reason.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct GroupKeyHolder {
+    gms: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for GroupKeyHolder {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("GroupKeyHolder")
+            .field("gms", &"<redacted>")
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for GroupKeyHolder {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl GroupKeyHolder {
+    /// Create a new group with a fresh random GMS.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut gms = [0_u8; 32];
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut gms);
+        Self { gms }
+    }
+
+    /// Restore from an existing GMS (received via `unseal`).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn from_gms(gms: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self { gms }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the raw 32-byte GMS. The name reflects intent: only the sealed-distribution
+    /// path (`seal_for`) and sealed-at-rest persistence should ever need the raw bytes. Do
+    /// not log the result, do not pass it across an untrusted channel.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn dangerous_raw_gms(&self) -> &[u8; 32] {
+        &self.gms
+    }
+
+    /// Derive a per-PDA [`SecretSpendingKey`] by mixing the seed into the SHA-256 input.
+    ///
+    /// Each distinct `pda_seed` produces a distinct SSK in the full 256-bit space, so
+    /// adversarial seed-grinding cannot collide two PDAs' derived keys under the same
+    /// group. Uses the codebase's 32-byte protocol-versioned domain-separation convention.
+    fn secret_spending_key_for_pda(&self, pda_seed: &PdaSeed) -> SecretSpendingKey {
+        const PREFIX: &[u8; 32] = b"/LEE/v0.3/GroupKeyDerivation/SSK";
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(PREFIX);
+        hasher.update(self.gms);
+        hasher.update(pda_seed.as_ref());
+        SecretSpendingKey(hasher.finalize_fixed().into())
+    }
+
+    /// Derive keys for a specific PDA.
+    ///
+    /// All controllers holding the same GMS independently derive the same keys for the
+    /// same PDA because the derivation is deterministic in (GMS, seed).
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn derive_keys_for_pda(&self, pda_seed: &PdaSeed) -> PrivateKeyHolder {
+        self.secret_spending_key_for_pda(pda_seed)
+            .produce_private_key_holder(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Encrypts this holder's GMS under the recipient's [`SealingPublicKey`].
+    ///
+    /// Uses an ephemeral ECDH key exchange to derive a shared secret, then AES-256-GCM
+    /// to encrypt the payload. The returned bytes are
+    /// `ephemeral_pubkey (33) || nonce (12) || ciphertext+tag (48)` = 93 bytes.
+    ///
+    /// Each call generates a fresh ephemeral key, so two seals of the same holder produce
+    /// different ciphertexts.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn seal_for(&self, recipient_key: &SealingPublicKey) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut ephemeral_scalar: Scalar = [0_u8; 32];
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut ephemeral_scalar);
+        let ephemeral_pubkey = Secp256k1Point::from_scalar(ephemeral_scalar);
+        let shared = SharedSecretKey::new(&ephemeral_scalar, recipient_key);
+        let aes_key = Self::seal_kdf(&shared);
+        let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new(&aes_key.into());
+
+        let mut nonce_bytes = [0_u8; 12];
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut nonce_bytes);
+        let nonce = aes_gcm::Nonce::from(nonce_bytes);
+
+        let ciphertext = cipher
+            .encrypt(&nonce, self.gms.as_ref())
+            .expect("AES-GCM encryption should not fail with valid key/nonce");
+
+        let capacity = 33_usize
+            .checked_add(12)
+            .and_then(|n| n.checked_add(ciphertext.len()))
+            .expect("seal capacity overflow");
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&ephemeral_pubkey.0);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&nonce_bytes);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext);
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Decrypts a sealed `GroupKeyHolder` using the recipient's [`SealingSecretKey`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err` if the ciphertext is too short, the ECDH point is invalid, or the
+    /// AES-GCM authentication tag doesn't verify (wrong key or tampered data).
+    pub fn unseal(sealed: &[u8], own_key: &SealingSecretKey) -> Result<Self, SealError> {
+        const HEADER_LEN: usize = 33 + 12;
+        const MIN_LEN: usize = HEADER_LEN + 16;
+        if sealed.len() < MIN_LEN {
+            return Err(SealError::TooShort);
+        }
+        // MIN_LEN (61) > HEADER_LEN (45), so all slicing below is in bounds.
+        let ephemeral_pubkey = Secp256k1Point(sealed[..33].to_vec());
+        let nonce = aes_gcm::Nonce::from_slice(&sealed[33..HEADER_LEN]);
+        let ciphertext = &sealed[HEADER_LEN..];
+
+        let shared = SharedSecretKey::new(own_key, &ephemeral_pubkey);
+        let aes_key = Self::seal_kdf(&shared);
+        let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new(&aes_key.into());
+
+        let plaintext = cipher
+            .decrypt(nonce, ciphertext)
+            .map_err(|_err| SealError::DecryptionFailed)?;
+
+        if plaintext.len() != 32 {
+            return Err(SealError::DecryptionFailed);
+        }
+
+        let mut gms = [0_u8; 32];
+        gms.copy_from_slice(&plaintext);
+        Ok(Self::from_gms(gms))
+    }
+
+    /// Derives an AES-256 key from the ECDH shared secret via SHA-256 with a domain prefix.
+    fn seal_kdf(shared: &SharedSecretKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        const PREFIX: &[u8; 32] = b"/LEE/v0.3/GroupKeySeal/AES\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00";
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(PREFIX);
+        hasher.update(shared.0);
+        hasher.finalize_fixed().into()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum SealError {
+    TooShort,
+    DecryptionFailed,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use nssa_core::NullifierPublicKey;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Two holders from the same GMS derive identical keys for the same PDA seed.
+    #[test]
+    fn same_gms_same_seed_produces_same_keys() {
+        let gms = [42_u8; 32];
+        let holder_a = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(gms);
+        let holder_b = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(gms);
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+
+        let keys_a = holder_a.derive_keys_for_pda(&seed);
+        let keys_b = holder_b.derive_keys_for_pda(&seed);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            keys_a.generate_nullifier_public_key().to_byte_array(),
+            keys_b.generate_nullifier_public_key().to_byte_array(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Different PDA seeds produce different keys from the same GMS.
+    #[test]
+    fn same_gms_different_seed_produces_different_keys() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+        let seed_a = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        let seed_b = PdaSeed::new([2; 32]);
+
+        let npk_a = holder
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed_a)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        let npk_b = holder
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed_b)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_ne!(npk_a.to_byte_array(), npk_b.to_byte_array());
+    }
+
+    /// Different GMS produce different keys for the same PDA seed.
+    #[test]
+    fn different_gms_same_seed_produces_different_keys() {
+        let holder_a = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+        let holder_b = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([99_u8; 32]);
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+
+        let npk_a = holder_a
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        let npk_b = holder_b
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_ne!(npk_a.to_byte_array(), npk_b.to_byte_array());
+    }
+
+    /// GMS round-trip: export and restore produces the same keys.
+    #[test]
+    fn gms_round_trip() {
+        let original = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([7_u8; 32]);
+        let restored = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(*original.dangerous_raw_gms());
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+
+        let npk_original = original
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        let npk_restored = restored
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_eq!(npk_original.to_byte_array(), npk_restored.to_byte_array());
+    }
+
+    /// The derived `NullifierPublicKey` is non-zero (sanity check).
+    #[test]
+    fn derived_npk_is_non_zero() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        let npk = holder
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_ne!(npk, NullifierPublicKey([0; 32]));
+    }
+
+    /// Pins the end-to-end derivation for a fixed (GMS, `ProgramId`, `PdaSeed`). Any change
+    /// to `secret_spending_key_for_pda`, the `PrivateKeyHolder` nsk/npk chain, or the
+    /// `AccountId::for_private_pda` formula breaks this test. Mirrors the pinned-value
+    /// pattern from `for_private_pda_matches_pinned_value` in `nssa_core`.
+    #[test]
+    fn pinned_end_to_end_derivation_for_private_pda() {
+        use nssa_core::{account::AccountId, program::ProgramId};
+
+        let gms = [42_u8; 32];
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        let program_id: ProgramId = [9; 8];
+
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(gms);
+        let npk = holder
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        let account_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program_id, &seed, &npk, u128::MAX);
+
+        let expected_npk = NullifierPublicKey([
+            185, 161, 225, 224, 20, 156, 173, 0, 6, 173, 74, 136, 16, 88, 71, 154, 101, 160, 224,
+            162, 247, 98, 183, 210, 118, 130, 143, 237, 20, 112, 111, 114,
+        ]);
+
+        let expected_account_id = AccountId::new([
+            251, 228, 245, 3, 160, 134, 97, 69, 187, 157, 170, 192, 165, 216, 166, 79, 179, 187,
+            125, 146, 36, 192, 232, 110, 198, 47, 24, 10, 223, 25, 108, 5,
+        ]);
+
+        assert_eq!(npk, expected_npk);
+        assert_eq!(account_id, expected_account_id);
+    }
+
+    /// Wallets persist `GroupKeyHolder` to disk and reload it on startup. This test pins
+    /// the serde round-trip: serialize, deserialize, and assert the derived keys for a
+    /// sample seed match on both sides. A silent encoding drift would corrupt every
+    /// group-owned account.
+    #[test]
+    fn gms_serde_round_trip_preserves_derivation() {
+        let original = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([7_u8; 32]);
+        let encoded = bincode::serialize(&original).expect("serialize");
+        let restored: GroupKeyHolder = bincode::deserialize(&encoded).expect("deserialize");
+
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        let npk_original = original
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        let npk_restored = restored
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_eq!(npk_original, npk_restored);
+        assert_eq!(original.dangerous_raw_gms(), restored.dangerous_raw_gms());
+    }
+
+    /// A `GroupKeyHolder` constructed from the same 32 bytes as a personal
+    /// `SecretSpendingKey` must not derive the same `NullifierPublicKey` as the personal
+    /// path, so a private PDA cannot be spent by a personal nullifier even under
+    /// adversarial key-material reuse. The safety rests on the group path's distinct
+    /// domain-separation prefix plus the seed mix-in (see `secret_spending_key_for_pda`).
+    #[test]
+    fn group_derivation_does_not_collide_with_personal_path_at_shared_bytes() {
+        let shared_bytes = [13_u8; 32];
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([5; 32]);
+
+        let group_npk = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(shared_bytes)
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        let personal_npk = SecretSpendingKey(shared_bytes)
+            .produce_private_key_holder(None)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        assert_ne!(group_npk, personal_npk);
+    }
+
+    /// Seal then unseal recovers the same GMS and derived keys.
+    #[test]
+    fn seal_unseal_round_trip() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+
+        let recipient_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([7_u8; 32]);
+        let recipient_keys = recipient_ssk.produce_private_key_holder(None);
+        let recipient_vpk = recipient_keys.generate_viewing_public_key();
+        let recipient_vsk = recipient_keys.viewing_secret_key;
+
+        let sealed = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+        let restored = GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&sealed, &recipient_vsk).expect("unseal");
+
+        assert_eq!(restored.dangerous_raw_gms(), holder.dangerous_raw_gms());
+
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            holder
+                .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+                .generate_nullifier_public_key(),
+            restored
+                .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+                .generate_nullifier_public_key(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Unsealing with a different VSK fails with `DecryptionFailed`.
+    #[test]
+    fn unseal_wrong_vsk_fails() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+
+        let recipient_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([7_u8; 32]);
+        let recipient_vpk = recipient_ssk
+            .produce_private_key_holder(None)
+            .generate_viewing_public_key();
+
+        let wrong_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([99_u8; 32]);
+        let wrong_vsk = wrong_ssk
+            .produce_private_key_holder(None)
+            .viewing_secret_key;
+
+        let sealed = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+        let result = GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&sealed, &wrong_vsk);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(super::SealError::DecryptionFailed)));
+    }
+
+    /// Tampered ciphertext fails authentication.
+    #[test]
+    fn unseal_tampered_ciphertext_fails() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+
+        let recipient_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([7_u8; 32]);
+        let recipient_keys = recipient_ssk.produce_private_key_holder(None);
+        let recipient_vpk = recipient_keys.generate_viewing_public_key();
+        let recipient_vsk = recipient_keys.viewing_secret_key;
+
+        let mut sealed = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+        // Flip a byte in the ciphertext portion (after ephemeral_pubkey + nonce)
+        let last = sealed.len() - 1;
+        sealed[last] ^= 0xFF;
+
+        let result = GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&sealed, &recipient_vsk);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(super::SealError::DecryptionFailed)));
+    }
+
+    /// Two seals of the same holder produce different ciphertexts (ephemeral randomness).
+    #[test]
+    fn two_seals_produce_different_ciphertexts() {
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+
+        let recipient_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([7_u8; 32]);
+        let recipient_vpk = recipient_ssk
+            .produce_private_key_holder(None)
+            .generate_viewing_public_key();
+
+        let sealed_a = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+        let sealed_b = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+        assert_ne!(sealed_a, sealed_b);
+    }
+
+    /// Sealed payload is too short.
+    #[test]
+    fn unseal_too_short_fails() {
+        let vsk: SealingSecretKey = [7_u8; 32];
+        let result = GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&[0_u8; 10], &vsk);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(super::SealError::TooShort)));
+    }
+
+    /// Degenerate GMS values (all-zeros, all-ones, single-bit) must still produce valid,
+    /// non-zero, pairwise-distinct npks. Rules out accidental "if gms == default { return
+    /// default }" style shortcuts in the derivation.
+    #[test]
+    fn degenerate_gms_produces_distinct_non_zero_keys() {
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([1; 32]);
+        let degenerate = [[0_u8; 32], [0xFF_u8; 32], {
+            let mut v = [0_u8; 32];
+            v[0] = 1;
+            v
+        }];
+
+        let npks: Vec<NullifierPublicKey> = degenerate
+            .iter()
+            .map(|gms| {
+                GroupKeyHolder::from_gms(*gms)
+                    .derive_keys_for_pda(&seed)
+                    .generate_nullifier_public_key()
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        for npk in &npks {
+            assert_ne!(*npk, NullifierPublicKey([0; 32]));
+        }
+        for (i, a) in npks.iter().enumerate() {
+            for b in &npks[i + 1..] {
+                assert_ne!(a, b);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Full lifecycle: create group, distribute GMS via seal/unseal, verify key agreement.
+    #[test]
+    fn group_pda_lifecycle() {
+        use nssa_core::account::AccountId;
+
+        let alice_holder = GroupKeyHolder::new();
+        let pda_seed = PdaSeed::new([42_u8; 32]);
+        let program_id: nssa_core::program::ProgramId = [1; 8];
+
+        // Derive Alice's keys
+        let alice_keys = alice_holder.derive_keys_for_pda(&pda_seed);
+        let alice_npk = alice_keys.generate_nullifier_public_key();
+
+        // Seal GMS for Bob using Bob's viewing key, Bob unseals
+        let bob_ssk = SecretSpendingKey([77_u8; 32]);
+        let bob_keys = bob_ssk.produce_private_key_holder(None);
+        let bob_vpk = bob_keys.generate_viewing_public_key();
+        let bob_vsk = bob_keys.viewing_secret_key;
+
+        let sealed = alice_holder.seal_for(&bob_vpk);
+        let bob_holder =
+            GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&sealed, &bob_vsk).expect("Bob should unseal the GMS");
+
+        // Key agreement: both derive identical NPK and AccountId
+        let bob_npk = bob_holder
+            .derive_keys_for_pda(&pda_seed)
+            .generate_nullifier_public_key();
+        assert_eq!(alice_npk, bob_npk);
+
+        let alice_account_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program_id, &pda_seed, &alice_npk, 0);
+        let bob_account_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program_id, &pda_seed, &bob_npk, 0);
+        assert_eq!(alice_account_id, bob_account_id);
+    }
+}

key_protocol/src/key_management/mod.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use secret_holders::{PrivateKeyHolder, SecretSpendingKey, SeedHolder};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 pub mod ephemeral_key_holder;
+pub mod group_key_holder;
 pub mod key_tree;
 pub mod secret_holders;
 

key_protocol/src/key_protocol_core/mod.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::key_management::{
     KeyChain,
+    group_key_holder::GroupKeyHolder,
     key_tree::{KeyTreePrivate, KeyTreePublic, chain_index::ChainIndex},
     secret_holders::SeedHolder,
 };
@@ -30,6 +31,17 @@ pub struct NSSAUserData {
     pub public_key_tree: KeyTreePublic,
     /// Tree of private keys.
     pub private_key_tree: KeyTreePrivate,
+    /// Group key holders for private PDA groups, keyed by a human-readable label.
+    /// Defaults to empty for backward compatibility with wallets that predate group PDAs.
+    /// An older wallet binary that re-serializes this struct will drop the field.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub group_key_holders: BTreeMap<String, GroupKeyHolder>,
+    /// Cached plaintext state of private PDA accounts, keyed by `AccountId`.
+    /// Updated after each private PDA transaction by decrypting the circuit output.
+    /// The sequencer only stores encrypted commitments, so this local cache is the
+    /// only source of plaintext state for private PDAs.
+    #[serde(default, alias = "group_pda_accounts")]
+    pub pda_accounts: BTreeMap<nssa::AccountId, nssa_core::account::Account>,
 }
 
 impl NSSAUserData {
@@ -88,6 +100,8 @@ impl NSSAUserData {
             default_user_private_accounts: default_accounts_key_chains,
             public_key_tree,
             private_key_tree,
+            group_key_holders: BTreeMap::new(),
+            pda_accounts: BTreeMap::new(),
         })
     }
 
@@ -193,6 +207,20 @@ impl NSSAUserData {
             .copied()
             .chain(self.private_key_tree.account_id_map.keys().copied())
     }
+
+    /// Returns the `GroupKeyHolder` for the given label, if it exists.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn group_key_holder(&self, label: &str) -> Option<&GroupKeyHolder> {
+        self.group_key_holders.get(label)
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts or replaces a `GroupKeyHolder` under the given label.
+    ///
+    /// If a holder already exists under this label, it is silently replaced and the old
+    /// GMS is lost. Callers must ensure label uniqueness across groups.
+    pub fn insert_group_key_holder(&mut self, label: String, holder: GroupKeyHolder) {
+        self.group_key_holders.insert(label, holder);
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for NSSAUserData {
@@ -212,6 +240,26 @@ impl Default for NSSAUserData {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn group_key_holder_storage_round_trip() {
+        let mut user_data = NSSAUserData::default();
+        assert!(user_data.group_key_holder("test-group").is_none());
+
+        let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms([42_u8; 32]);
+        user_data.insert_group_key_holder(String::from("test-group"), holder.clone());
+
+        let retrieved = user_data
+            .group_key_holder("test-group")
+            .expect("should exist");
+        assert_eq!(retrieved.dangerous_raw_gms(), holder.dangerous_raw_gms());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn group_key_holders_default_empty() {
+        let user_data = NSSAUserData::default();
+        assert!(user_data.group_key_holders.is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn new_account() {
         let mut user_data = NSSAUserData::default();

nssa/core/src/circuit_io.rs

@@ -12,23 +12,97 @@ use crate::{
 pub struct PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput {
     /// Outputs of the program execution.
     pub program_outputs: Vec<ProgramOutput>,
-    /// Visibility mask for accounts.
+    /// One entry per `pre_state`, in the same order as the program's `pre_states`.
-    ///
+    /// Length must equal the number of `pre_states` derived from `program_outputs`.
-    /// - `0` - public account
+    /// The guest's `private_pda_npk_by_position` and `private_pda_bound_positions`
-    /// - `1` - private account with authentication
+    /// rely on this position alignment.
-    /// - `2` - private account without authentication
+    pub account_identities: Vec<InputAccountIdentity>,
-    /// - `3` - private PDA account
-    pub visibility_mask: Vec<u8>,
-    /// Public keys and identifiers of private accounts.
-    pub private_account_keys: Vec<(NullifierPublicKey, Identifier, SharedSecretKey)>,
-    /// Nullifier secret keys for authorized private accounts.
-    pub private_account_nsks: Vec<NullifierSecretKey>,
-    /// Membership proofs for private accounts. Can be [`None`] for uninitialized accounts.
-    pub private_account_membership_proofs: Vec<Option<MembershipProof>>,
     /// Program ID.
     pub program_id: ProgramId,
 }
 
+/// Per-account input to the privacy-preserving circuit. Each variant carries exactly the fields
+/// the guest needs for that account's code path.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub enum InputAccountIdentity {
+    /// Public account. The guest reads pre/post state from `program_outputs` and emits no
+    /// commitment, ciphertext, or nullifier.
+    Public,
+    /// Init of an authorized standalone private account: no membership proof. The `pre_state`
+    /// must be `Account::default()`. The `account_id` is derived as
+    /// `AccountId::from((&NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk), identifier))` and matched against
+    /// `pre_state.account_id`.
+    PrivateAuthorizedInit {
+        ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+        nsk: NullifierSecretKey,
+        identifier: Identifier,
+    },
+    /// Update of an authorized standalone private account: existing on-chain commitment, with
+    /// membership proof.
+    PrivateAuthorizedUpdate {
+        ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+        nsk: NullifierSecretKey,
+        membership_proof: MembershipProof,
+        identifier: Identifier,
+    },
+    /// Init of a standalone private account the caller does not own (e.g. a recipient who
+    /// doesn't yet exist on chain). No `nsk`, no membership proof.
+    PrivateUnauthorized {
+        npk: NullifierPublicKey,
+        ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+        identifier: Identifier,
+    },
+    /// Init of a private PDA, unauthorized. The npk-to-account_id binding is proven upstream
+    /// via `Claim::Pda(seed)` or a caller's `pda_seeds` match. The identifier diversifies the
+    /// PDA within the `(program_id, seed, npk)` family: `AccountId::for_private_pda` uses it
+    /// as the 4th input.
+    PrivatePdaInit {
+        npk: NullifierPublicKey,
+        ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+        identifier: Identifier,
+    },
+    /// Update of an existing private PDA, authorized, with membership proof. `npk` is derived
+    /// from `nsk`. Authorization is established upstream by a caller `pda_seeds` match or a
+    /// previously-seen authorization in a chained call.
+    PrivatePdaUpdate {
+        ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+        nsk: NullifierSecretKey,
+        membership_proof: MembershipProof,
+        identifier: Identifier,
+    },
+}
+
+impl InputAccountIdentity {
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn is_public(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Public)
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn is_private_pda(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            Self::PrivatePdaInit { .. } | Self::PrivatePdaUpdate { .. }
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// For private PDA variants, return the `(npk, identifier)` pair. `Init` carries both
+    /// directly; `Update` derives `npk` from `nsk`. For non-PDA variants returns `None`.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn npk_if_private_pda(&self) -> Option<(NullifierPublicKey, Identifier)> {
+        match self {
+            Self::PrivatePdaInit { npk, identifier, .. } => Some((*npk, *identifier)),
+            Self::PrivatePdaUpdate { nsk, identifier, .. } => {
+                Some((NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk), *identifier))
+            }
+            Self::Public
+            | Self::PrivateAuthorizedInit { .. }
+            | Self::PrivateAuthorizedUpdate { .. }
+            | Self::PrivateUnauthorized { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(any(feature = "host", test), derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq))]
 pub struct PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput {

nssa/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
     reason = "We prefer to group methods by functionality rather than by type for encoding"
 )]
 
-pub use circuit_io::{PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput};
+pub use circuit_io::{
+    InputAccountIdentity, PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput,
+};
 pub use commitment::{
     Commitment, CommitmentSetDigest, DUMMY_COMMITMENT, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH, MembershipProof,
     compute_digest_for_path,

nssa/core/src/program.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ impl PdaSeed {
     }
 }
 
+impl AsRef<[u8]> for PdaSeed {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
 impl AccountId {
     /// Derives an [`AccountId`] for a public PDA from the program ID and seed.
     #[must_use]

nssa/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 
 use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
 use nssa_core::{
-    Identifier, MembershipProof, NullifierPublicKey, NullifierSecretKey,
+    InputAccountIdentity, PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput,
-    PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput, SharedSecretKey,
     account::AccountWithMetadata,
     program::{ChainedCall, InstructionData, ProgramId, ProgramOutput},
 };
@@ -63,14 +62,10 @@ impl From<Program> for ProgramWithDependencies {
 
 /// Generates a proof of the execution of a NSSA program inside the privacy preserving execution
 /// circuit.
-/// TODO: too many parameters.
 pub fn execute_and_prove(
     pre_states: Vec<AccountWithMetadata>,
     instruction_data: InstructionData,
-    visibility_mask: Vec<u8>,
+    account_identities: Vec<InputAccountIdentity>,
-    private_account_keys: Vec<(NullifierPublicKey, Identifier, SharedSecretKey)>,
-    private_account_nsks: Vec<NullifierSecretKey>,
-    private_account_membership_proofs: Vec<Option<MembershipProof>>,
     program_with_dependencies: &ProgramWithDependencies,
 ) -> Result<(PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput, Proof), NssaError> {
     let ProgramWithDependencies {
@@ -128,10 +123,7 @@ pub fn execute_and_prove(
 
     let circuit_input = PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput {
         program_outputs,
-        visibility_mask,
+        account_identities,
-        private_account_keys,
-        private_account_nsks,
-        private_account_membership_proofs,
         program_id: program_with_dependencies.program.id(),
     };
 
@@ -184,7 +176,8 @@ mod tests {
     #![expect(clippy::shadow_unrelated, reason = "We don't care about it in tests")]
 
     use nssa_core::{
-        Commitment, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH, EncryptionScheme, Nullifier, SharedSecretKey,
+        Commitment, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH, EncryptionScheme, Nullifier,
+        SharedSecretKey,
         account::{Account, AccountId, AccountWithMetadata, Nonce, data::Data},
         encryption::PrivateAccountKind,
         program::PdaSeed,
@@ -242,10 +235,14 @@ mod tests {
         let (output, proof) = execute_and_prove(
             vec![sender, recipient],
             Program::serialize_instruction(balance_to_move).unwrap(),
-            vec![0, 2],
+            vec![
-            vec![(recipient_keys.npk(), 0, shared_secret)],
+                InputAccountIdentity::Public,
-            vec![],
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
-            vec![None],
+                    npk: recipient_keys.npk(),
+                    ssk: shared_secret,
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+            ],
             &Program::authenticated_transfer_program().into(),
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -335,13 +332,21 @@ mod tests {
         let (output, proof) = execute_and_prove(
             vec![sender_pre, recipient],
             Program::serialize_instruction(balance_to_move).unwrap(),
-            vec![1, 2],
             vec![
-                (sender_keys.npk(), 0, shared_secret_1),
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedUpdate {
-                (recipient_keys.npk(), 0, shared_secret_2),
+                    ssk: shared_secret_1,
+                    nsk: sender_keys.nsk,
+                    membership_proof: commitment_set
+                        .get_proof_for(&commitment_sender)
+                        .expect("sender's commitment must be in the set"),
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
+                    npk: recipient_keys.npk(),
+                    ssk: shared_secret_2,
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
             ],
-            vec![sender_keys.nsk],
-            vec![commitment_set.get_proof_for(&commitment_sender), None],
             &program.into(),
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -404,10 +409,11 @@ mod tests {
         let result = execute_and_prove(
             vec![pre],
             instruction,
-            vec![2],
+            vec![InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
-            vec![(account_keys.npk(), 0, shared_secret)],
+                npk: account_keys.npk(),
-            vec![],
+                ssk: shared_secret,
-            vec![None],
+                identifier: 0,
+            }],
             &program_with_deps,
         );
 
@@ -431,10 +437,11 @@ mod tests {
         let (output, _proof) = execute_and_prove(
             vec![pre_state],
             Program::serialize_instruction(seed).unwrap(),
-            vec![3],
+            vec![InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
-            vec![(npk, identifier, shared_secret.clone())],
+                npk,
-            vec![],
+                ssk: shared_secret.clone(),
-            vec![None],
+                identifier,
+            }],
             &program.clone().into(),
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -491,10 +498,14 @@ mod tests {
                 funder.clone(),
             ],
             Program::serialize_instruction((seed, amount, auth_transfer_id)).unwrap(),
-            vec![3, 0],
+            vec![
-            vec![(alice_npk, 0, alice_shared_0.clone())],
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
-            vec![],
+                    npk: alice_npk,
-            vec![None],
+                    ssk: alice_shared_0.clone(),
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            ],
             &program_with_deps,
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -522,10 +533,14 @@ mod tests {
                 funder.clone(),
             ],
             Program::serialize_instruction((seed, amount, auth_transfer_id)).unwrap(),
-            vec![3, 0],
+            vec![
-            vec![(alice_npk, 1, alice_shared_1.clone())],
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
-            vec![],
+                    npk: alice_npk,
-            vec![None],
+                    ssk: alice_shared_1.clone(),
+                    identifier: 1,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            ],
             &program_with_deps,
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -561,13 +576,19 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, recipient_0_id),
             ],
             Program::serialize_instruction((seed, amount, auth_transfer_id)).unwrap(),
-            vec![3, 2],
             vec![
-                (alice_npk, 0, alice_shared_0.clone()),
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaUpdate {
-                (recipient_keys.npk(), 0, SharedSecretKey::new(&[20; 32], &recipient_keys.vpk())),
+                    ssk: alice_shared_0.clone(),
+                    nsk: alice_keys.nsk,
+                    membership_proof: proof_pda_0.expect("pda_0 commitment must be in the set"),
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
+                    npk: recipient_keys.npk(),
+                    ssk: SharedSecretKey::new(&[20; 32], &recipient_keys.vpk()),
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
             ],
-            vec![alice_keys.nsk],
-            vec![proof_pda_0, None],
             &program_with_deps,
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -587,13 +608,19 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, recipient_1_id),
             ],
             Program::serialize_instruction((seed, amount, auth_transfer_id)).unwrap(),
-            vec![3, 2],
             vec![
-                (alice_npk, 1, alice_shared_1.clone()),
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaUpdate {
-                (recipient_keys.npk(), 1, SharedSecretKey::new(&[21; 32], &recipient_keys.vpk())),
+                    ssk: alice_shared_1.clone(),
+                    nsk: alice_keys.nsk,
+                    membership_proof: proof_pda_1.expect("pda_1 commitment must be in the set"),
+                    identifier: 1,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
+                    npk: recipient_keys.npk(),
+                    ssk: SharedSecretKey::new(&[21; 32], &recipient_keys.vpk()),
+                    identifier: 1,
+                },
             ],
-            vec![alice_keys.nsk],
-            vec![proof_pda_1, None],
             &program_with_deps,
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -601,4 +628,108 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(output_spend_1.new_commitments.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(output_spend_1.new_nullifiers.len(), 2);
     }
+
+    /// Group PDA deposit: creates a new PDA and transfers balance from the
+    /// counterparty. Both accounts owned by `private_pda_spender`.
+    #[test]
+    fn group_pda_deposit() {
+        let program = Program::private_pda_spender();
+        let noop = Program::noop();
+        let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
+        let npk = keys.npk();
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([42; 32]);
+        let shared_secret_pda = SharedSecretKey::new(&[55; 32], &keys.vpk());
+
+        // PDA (new, mask 3)
+        let pda_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program.id(), &seed, &npk, 0);
+        let pda_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, pda_id);
+
+        // Sender (mask 0, public, owned by this program, has balance)
+        let sender_id = AccountId::new([99; 32]);
+        let sender_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(
+            Account {
+                program_owner: program.id(),
+                balance: 10000,
+                ..Account::default()
+            },
+            true,
+            sender_id,
+        );
+
+        let noop_id = noop.id();
+        let program_with_deps = ProgramWithDependencies::new(program, [(noop_id, noop)].into());
+
+        let instruction = Program::serialize_instruction((seed, noop_id, 500_u128, true)).unwrap();
+
+        // PDA is mask 3 (private PDA), sender is mask 0 (public).
+        // The noop chained call is required to establish the mask-3 (seed, npk) binding
+        // that the circuit enforces for private PDAs. Without a caller providing pda_seeds,
+        // the circuit's binding check rejects the account.
+        let result = execute_and_prove(
+            vec![pda_pre, sender_pre],
+            instruction,
+            vec![
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
+                    npk,
+                    ssk: shared_secret_pda,
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            ],
+            &program_with_deps,
+        );
+
+        let (output, _proof) = result.expect("group PDA deposit should succeed");
+        // Only PDA (mask 3) produces a commitment; sender (mask 0) is public.
+        assert_eq!(output.new_commitments.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Group PDA spend binding: the noop chained call with `pda_seeds` establishes
+    /// the mask-3 binding for an existing-but-default PDA. Uses amount=0 because
+    /// testing with a pre-funded PDA requires a two-tx sequence with membership proofs.
+    #[test]
+    fn group_pda_spend_binding() {
+        let program = Program::private_pda_spender();
+        let noop = Program::noop();
+        let keys = test_private_account_keys_1();
+        let npk = keys.npk();
+        let seed = PdaSeed::new([42; 32]);
+        let shared_secret_pda = SharedSecretKey::new(&[55; 32], &keys.vpk());
+
+        let pda_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program.id(), &seed, &npk, 0);
+        let pda_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(Account::default(), false, pda_id);
+
+        let bob_id = AccountId::new([88; 32]);
+        let bob_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(
+            Account {
+                program_owner: program.id(),
+                balance: 10000,
+                ..Account::default()
+            },
+            true,
+            bob_id,
+        );
+
+        let noop_id = noop.id();
+        let program_with_deps = ProgramWithDependencies::new(program, [(noop_id, noop)].into());
+
+        let instruction = Program::serialize_instruction((seed, noop_id, 0_u128, false)).unwrap();
+
+        let result = execute_and_prove(
+            vec![pda_pre, bob_pre],
+            instruction,
+            vec![
+                InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
+                    npk,
+                    ssk: shared_secret_pda,
+                    identifier: 0,
+                },
+                InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            ],
+            &program_with_deps,
+        );
+
+        let (output, _proof) = result.expect("group PDA spend binding should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(output.new_commitments.len(), 1);
+    }
 }

nssa/src/program.rs

@@ -313,6 +313,16 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
+        #[must_use]
+        pub fn private_pda_spender() -> Self {
+            use test_program_methods::{PRIVATE_PDA_SPENDER_ELF, PRIVATE_PDA_SPENDER_ID};
+
+            Self {
+                id: PRIVATE_PDA_SPENDER_ID,
+                elf: PRIVATE_PDA_SPENDER_ELF.to_vec(),
+            }
+        }
+
         #[must_use]
         pub fn two_pda_claimer() -> Self {
             use test_program_methods::{TWO_PDA_CLAIMER_ELF, TWO_PDA_CLAIMER_ID};

program_methods/guest/src/bin/privacy_preserving_circuit.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ use std::{
 
 use nssa_core::{
     Commitment, CommitmentSetDigest, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH, EncryptionScheme, Identifier,
-    PrivateAccountKind,
+    InputAccountIdentity, MembershipProof, Nullifier, NullifierPublicKey, NullifierSecretKey,
-    MembershipProof, Nullifier, NullifierPublicKey, NullifierSecretKey,
+    PrivateAccountKind, PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput,
-    PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput, PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput, SharedSecretKey,
+    SharedSecretKey,
     account::{Account, AccountId, AccountWithMetadata, Nonce},
     compute_digest_for_path,
     program::{
@@ -18,23 +18,24 @@ use nssa_core::{
 };
 use risc0_zkvm::{guest::env, serde::to_vec};
 
-
 /// State of the involved accounts before and after program execution.
 struct ExecutionState {
     pre_states: Vec<AccountWithMetadata>,
     post_states: HashMap<AccountId, Account>,
     block_validity_window: BlockValidityWindow,
     timestamp_validity_window: TimestampValidityWindow,
-    /// Positions (in `pre_states`) of mask-3 accounts whose supplied npk has been bound to
+    /// Positions (in `pre_states`) of private-PDA accounts whose supplied npk has been bound to
     /// their `AccountId` via a proven `AccountId::for_private_pda(program_id, seed, npk, identifier)`
     /// check.
     /// Two proof paths populate this set: a `Claim::Pda(seed)` in a program's `post_state` on
     /// that `pre_state`, or a caller's `ChainedCall.pda_seeds` entry matching that `pre_state`
     /// under the private derivation. Binding is an idempotent property, not an event: the same
     /// position can legitimately be bound through both paths in the same tx (e.g. a program
-    /// claims a private PDA and then delegates it to a callee), and the set uses `contains`,
+    /// claims a private PDA and then delegates it to a callee), and the map uses `contains_key`,
-    /// not `assert!(insert)`. After the main loop, every mask-3 position must appear in this
+    /// not `assert!(insert)`. After the main loop, every private-PDA position must appear in this
-    /// set; otherwise the npk is unbound and the circuit rejects.
+    /// map; otherwise the npk is unbound and the circuit rejects.
+    /// The stored `(ProgramId, PdaSeed)` is the owner program and seed, used in
+    /// `compute_circuit_output` to construct `PrivateAccountKind::Pda { program_id, seed, identifier }`.
     private_pda_bound_positions: HashMap<usize, (ProgramId, PdaSeed)>,
     /// Across the whole transaction, each `(program_id, seed)` pair may resolve to at most one
     /// `AccountId`. A seed under a program can derive a family of accounts, one public PDA and
@@ -45,39 +46,30 @@ struct ExecutionState {
     /// `AccountId` entry or as an equality check against the existing one, making the rule: one
     /// `(program, seed)` → one account per tx.
     pda_family_binding: HashMap<(ProgramId, PdaSeed), AccountId>,
-    /// Map from a mask-3 `pre_state`'s position in `visibility_mask` to the (npk, identifier)
+    /// Map from a private-PDA `pre_state`'s position in `account_identities` to the (npk,
-    /// supplied for that position in `private_account_keys`. Built once in `derive_from_outputs`
+    /// identifier) supplied for that position. Built once in `derive_from_outputs` by walking
-    /// by walking `visibility_mask` in lock-step with `private_account_keys`, used later by the
+    /// `account_identities` and consulting `npk_if_private_pda`. Used later by the claim and
-    /// claim and caller-seeds authorization paths.
+    /// caller-seeds authorization paths to verify
+    /// `AccountId::for_private_pda(program_id, seed, npk, identifier) == pre_state.account_id`.
     private_pda_npk_by_position: HashMap<usize, (NullifierPublicKey, Identifier)>,
 }
 
 impl ExecutionState {
     /// Validate program outputs and derive the overall execution state.
     pub fn derive_from_outputs(
-        visibility_mask: &[u8],
+        account_identities: &[InputAccountIdentity],
-        private_account_keys: &[(NullifierPublicKey, Identifier, SharedSecretKey)],
         program_id: ProgramId,
         program_outputs: Vec<ProgramOutput>,
     ) -> Self {
-        // Build position → npk map for mask-3 pre_states. `private_account_keys` is consumed in
+        // Build position → (npk, identifier) map for private-PDA pre_states, indexed by position
-        // pre_state order across all masks 1/2/3, so walk `visibility_mask` in lock-step. The
+        // in `account_identities`. The vec is documented as 1:1 with the program's pre_state
-        // downstream `compute_circuit_output` also consumes the same iterator and its trailing
+        // order, so position here matches `pre_state_position` used downstream in
-        // assertions catch an over-supply of keys; under-supply surfaces here.
+        // `validate_and_sync_states`.
-        let mut private_pda_npk_by_position: HashMap<usize, (NullifierPublicKey, Identifier)> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut private_pda_npk_by_position: HashMap<usize, (NullifierPublicKey, Identifier)> =
-        {
+            HashMap::new();
-            let mut keys_iter = private_account_keys.iter();
+        for (pos, account_identity) in account_identities.iter().enumerate() {
-            for (pos, &mask) in visibility_mask.iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Some((npk, identifier)) = account_identity.npk_if_private_pda() {
-                if matches!(mask, 1..=3) {
+                private_pda_npk_by_position.insert(pos, (npk, identifier));
-                    let (npk, identifier, _) = keys_iter.next().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                        panic!(
-                            "private_account_keys shorter than visibility_mask demands: no key for masked position {pos} (mask {mask})"
-                        )
-                    });
-                    if mask == 3 {
-                        private_pda_npk_by_position.insert(pos, (*npk, *identifier));
-                    }
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -194,7 +186,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
             }
 
             execution_state.validate_and_sync_states(
-                visibility_mask,
+                account_identities,
                 chained_call.program_id,
                 caller_program_id,
                 &chained_call.pda_seeds,
@@ -211,12 +203,12 @@ impl ExecutionState {
             "Inner call without a chained call found",
         );
 
-        // Every mask-3 pre_state must have had its npk bound to its account_id, either via a
+        // Every private-PDA pre_state must have had its npk bound to its account_id, either via
-        // `Claim::Pda(seed)` in some program's post_state or via a caller's `pda_seeds` matching
+        // a `Claim::Pda(seed)` in some program's post_state or via a caller's `pda_seeds`
-        // the private derivation. An unbound mask-3 pre_state has no cryptographic link between
+        // matching the private derivation. An unbound private-PDA pre_state has no
-        // the supplied npk and the account_id, and must be rejected.
+        // cryptographic link between the supplied npk and the account_id, and must be rejected.
-        for (pos, &mask) in visibility_mask.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (pos, account_identity) in account_identities.iter().enumerate() {
-            if mask == 3 {
+            if account_identity.is_private_pda() {
                 assert!(
                     execution_state.private_pda_bound_positions.contains_key(&pos),
                     "private PDA pre_state at position {pos} has no proven (seed, npk) binding via Claim::Pda or caller pda_seeds"
@@ -251,7 +243,7 @@ impl ExecutionState {
     /// Validate program pre and post states and populate the execution state.
     fn validate_and_sync_states(
         &mut self,
-        visibility_mask: &[u8],
+        account_identities: &[InputAccountIdentity],
         program_id: ProgramId,
         caller_program_id: Option<ProgramId>,
         caller_pda_seeds: &[PdaSeed],
@@ -329,9 +321,9 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                     .position(|acc| acc.account_id == pre_account_id)
                     .expect("Pre state must exist at this point");
 
-                let mask = visibility_mask[pre_state_position];
+                let account_identity = &account_identities[pre_state_position];
-                match mask {
+                if account_identity.is_public() {
-                    0 => match claim {
+                    match claim {
                         Claim::Authorized => {
                             // Note: no need to check authorized pdas because we have already
                             // checked consistency of authorization above.
@@ -353,35 +345,40 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                                 pre_account_id,
                             );
                         }
-                    },
+                    }
-                    3 => {
+                } else if account_identity.is_private_pda() {
-                        match claim {
+                    match claim {
-                            Claim::Authorized => {}
+                        Claim::Authorized => {
-                            Claim::Pda(seed) => {
+                            assert!(
-                                let (npk, identifier) = self
+                                pre_is_authorized,
+                                "Cannot claim unauthorized private PDA {pre_account_id}"
+                            );
+                        }
+                        Claim::Pda(seed) => {
+                            let (npk, identifier) = self
                                 .private_pda_npk_by_position
                                 .get(&pre_state_position)
-                                .expect("private PDA pre_state must have an npk in the position map");
+                                .expect(
-                                let pda = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program_id, &seed, npk, *identifier);
+                                    "private PDA pre_state must have an npk in the position map",
-                                assert_eq!(
-                                    pre_account_id, pda,
-                                    "Invalid private PDA claim for account {pre_account_id}"
                                 );
-                                self.private_pda_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position, (program_id, seed));
+                            let pda = AccountId::for_private_pda(&program_id, &seed, npk, *identifier);
-                                assert_family_binding(
+                            assert_eq!(
-                                    &mut self.pda_family_binding,
+                                pre_account_id, pda,
-                                    program_id,
+                                "Invalid private PDA claim for account {pre_account_id}"
-                                    seed,
+                            );
-                                    pre_account_id,
+                            self.private_pda_bound_positions.insert(pre_state_position, (program_id, seed));
-                                );
+                            assert_family_binding(
-                            }
+                                &mut self.pda_family_binding,
+                                program_id,
+                                seed,
+                                pre_account_id,
+                            );
                         }
                     }
-                    _ => {
+                } else {
-                        // Mask 1/2: standard private accounts don't enforce the claim semantics.
+                    // Standalone private accounts: don't enforce the claim semantics.
-                        // Unauthorized private claiming is intentionally allowed since operating
+                    // Unauthorized private claiming is intentionally allowed since operating
-                        // these accounts requires the npk/nsk keypair anyway.
+                    // these accounts requires the npk/nsk keypair anyway.
-                    }
                 }
 
                 post.account_mut().program_owner = program_id;
@@ -483,10 +480,7 @@ fn resolve_authorization_and_record_bindings(
 
 fn compute_circuit_output(
     mut execution_state: ExecutionState,
-    visibility_mask: &[u8],
+    account_identities: &[InputAccountIdentity],
-    private_account_keys: &[(NullifierPublicKey, Identifier, SharedSecretKey)],
-    private_account_nsks: &[NullifierSecretKey],
-    private_account_membership_proofs: &[Option<MembershipProof>],
 ) -> PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput {
     let mut output = PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput {
         public_pre_states: Vec::new(),
@@ -501,287 +495,273 @@ fn compute_circuit_output(
     let pda_seed_by_position = std::mem::take(&mut execution_state.private_pda_bound_positions);
     let states_iter = execution_state.into_states_iter();
     assert_eq!(
-        visibility_mask.len(),
+        account_identities.len(),
         states_iter.len(),
-        "Invalid visibility mask length"
+        "Invalid account_identities length"
     );
 
-    let mut private_keys_iter = private_account_keys.iter();
-    let mut private_nsks_iter = private_account_nsks.iter();
-    let mut private_membership_proofs_iter = private_account_membership_proofs.iter();
-
     let mut output_index = 0;
-    for (pos, (account_visibility_mask, (pre_state, post_state))) in
+    for (pos, (account_identity, (pre_state, post_state))) in
-        visibility_mask.iter().copied().zip(states_iter).enumerate()
+        account_identities.iter().zip(states_iter).enumerate()
     {
-        match account_visibility_mask {
+        match account_identity {
-            0 => {
+            InputAccountIdentity::Public => {
-                // Public account
                 output.public_pre_states.push(pre_state);
                 output.public_post_states.push(post_state);
             }
-            1 | 2 => {
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedInit {
-                let Some((npk, identifier, shared_secret)) = private_keys_iter.next() else {
+                ssk,
-                    panic!("Missing private account key");
+                nsk,
-                };
+                identifier,
+            } => {
+                let npk = NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk);
+                let account_id = AccountId::from((&npk, *identifier));
+
+                assert_eq!(account_id, pre_state.account_id, "AccountId mismatch");
+                assert!(
+                    pre_state.is_authorized,
+                    "Pre-state not authorized for authenticated private account"
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    pre_state.account,
+                    Account::default(),
+                    "Found new private account with non default values"
+                );
+
+                let new_nullifier = (
+                    Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&account_id),
+                    DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH,
+                );
+                let new_nonce = pre_state.account.nonce.private_account_nonce_increment(nsk);
+
+                emit_private_output(
+                    &mut output,
+                    &mut output_index,
+                    post_state,
+                    &account_id,
+                    &PrivateAccountKind::Regular(*identifier),
+                    ssk,
+                    new_nullifier,
+                    new_nonce,
+                );
+            }
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedUpdate {
+                ssk,
+                nsk,
+                membership_proof,
+                identifier,
+            } => {
+                let npk = NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk);
+                let account_id = AccountId::from((&npk, *identifier));
+
+                assert_eq!(account_id, pre_state.account_id, "AccountId mismatch");
+                assert!(
+                    pre_state.is_authorized,
+                    "Pre-state not authorized for authenticated private account"
+                );
+
+                let new_nullifier = compute_update_nullifier_and_set_digest(
+                    membership_proof,
+                    &pre_state.account,
+                    &account_id,
+                    nsk,
+                );
+                let new_nonce = pre_state.account.nonce.private_account_nonce_increment(nsk);
+
+                emit_private_output(
+                    &mut output,
+                    &mut output_index,
+                    post_state,
+                    &account_id,
+                    &PrivateAccountKind::Regular(*identifier),
+                    ssk,
+                    new_nullifier,
+                    new_nonce,
+                );
+            }
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
+                npk,
+                ssk,
+                identifier,
+            } => {
                 let account_id = AccountId::from((npk, *identifier));
 
                 assert_eq!(account_id, pre_state.account_id, "AccountId mismatch");
-
+                assert_eq!(
-                let (new_nullifier, new_nonce) = if account_visibility_mask == 1 {
+                    pre_state.account,
-                    // Private account with authentication
+                    Account::default(),
-
+                    "Found new private account with non default values",
-                    let Some(nsk) = private_nsks_iter.next() else {
+                );
-                        panic!("Missing private account nullifier secret key");
+                assert!(
-                    };
+                    !pre_state.is_authorized,
-
+                    "Found new private account marked as authorized."
-                    // Verify the nullifier public key
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        npk,
-                        &NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk),
-                        "Nullifier public key mismatch"
-                    );
-
-                    // Check pre_state authorization
-                    assert!(
-                        pre_state.is_authorized,
-                        "Pre-state not authorized for authenticated private account"
-                    );
-
-                    let Some(membership_proof_opt) = private_membership_proofs_iter.next() else {
-                        panic!("Missing membership proof");
-                    };
-
-                    let new_nullifier = compute_nullifier_and_set_digest(
-                        membership_proof_opt.as_ref(),
-                        &pre_state.account,
-                        &account_id,
-                        nsk,
-                    );
-
-                    let new_nonce = pre_state.account.nonce.private_account_nonce_increment(nsk);
-
-                    (new_nullifier, new_nonce)
-                } else {
-                    // Private account without authentication
-
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        pre_state.account,
-                        Account::default(),
-                        "Found new private account with non default values",
-                    );
-
-                    assert!(
-                        !pre_state.is_authorized,
-                        "Found new private account marked as authorized."
-                    );
-
-                    let Some(membership_proof_opt) = private_membership_proofs_iter.next() else {
-                        panic!("Missing membership proof");
-                    };
-
-                    assert!(
-                        membership_proof_opt.is_none(),
-                        "Membership proof must be None for unauthorized accounts"
-                    );
-
-                    let nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&account_id);
-
-                    let new_nonce = Nonce::private_account_nonce_init(&account_id);
-
-                    ((nullifier, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH), new_nonce)
-                };
-                output.new_nullifiers.push(new_nullifier);
-
-                // Update post-state with new nonce
-                let mut post_with_updated_nonce = post_state;
-                post_with_updated_nonce.nonce = new_nonce;
-
-                // Compute commitment
-                let commitment_post = Commitment::new(&account_id, &post_with_updated_nonce);
-
-                // Encrypt and push post state
-                let encrypted_account = EncryptionScheme::encrypt(
-                    &post_with_updated_nonce,
-                    &PrivateAccountKind::Regular(*identifier),
-                    shared_secret,
-                    &commitment_post,
-                    output_index,
                 );
 
-                output.new_commitments.push(commitment_post);
+                let new_nullifier = (
-                output.ciphertexts.push(encrypted_account);
+                    Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&account_id),
-                output_index = output_index
+                    DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH,
-                    .checked_add(1)
+                );
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Too many private accounts, output index overflow"));
+                let new_nonce = Nonce::private_account_nonce_init(&account_id);
+
+                emit_private_output(
+                    &mut output,
+                    &mut output_index,
+                    post_state,
+                    &account_id,
+                    &PrivateAccountKind::Regular(*identifier),
+                    ssk,
+                    new_nullifier,
+                    new_nonce,
+                );
             }
-            3 => {
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit { npk: _, ssk, identifier } => {
-                // Private PDA account. The supplied npk has already been bound to
+                // The npk-to-account_id binding is established upstream in
-                // `pre_state.account_id` upstream in `validate_and_sync_states`, either via a
+                // `validate_and_sync_states` via `Claim::Pda(seed)` or a caller `pda_seeds`
-                // `Claim::Pda(seed)` match or via a caller `pda_seeds` match, both of which
+                // match. Here we only enforce the init pre-conditions. The supplied npk on
-                // assert `AccountId::for_private_pda(owner, seed, npk, identifier) == account_id`. The
+                // the variant has been recorded into `private_pda_npk_by_position` and used
-                // post-loop assertion in `derive_from_outputs` (see the
+                // for the binding check; we use `pre_state.account_id` directly for nullifier
-                // `private_pda_bound_positions` check) guarantees that every mask-3
+                // and commitment derivation.
-                // position has been through at least one such binding, so this
+                assert!(
-                // branch can safely use the wallet npk without re-verifying.
+                    !pre_state.is_authorized,
-                let Some((npk, identifier, shared_secret)) = private_keys_iter.next() else {
+                    "PrivatePdaInit requires unauthorized pre_state"
-                    panic!("Missing private account key");
+                );
-                };
+                assert_eq!(
+                    pre_state.account,
+                    Account::default(),
+                    "New private PDA must be default"
+                );
 
-                let (new_nullifier, new_nonce) = if pre_state.is_authorized {
+                let new_nullifier = (
-                    // Existing private PDA with authentication (like mask 1)
+                    Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&pre_state.account_id),
-                    let Some(nsk) = private_nsks_iter.next() else {
+                    DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH,
-                        panic!("Missing private account nullifier secret key");
+                );
-                    };
+                let new_nonce = Nonce::private_account_nonce_init(&pre_state.account_id);
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        npk,
-                        &NullifierPublicKey::from(nsk),
-                        "Nullifier public key mismatch"
-                    );
-
-                    let Some(membership_proof_opt) = private_membership_proofs_iter.next() else {
-                        panic!("Missing membership proof");
-                    };
-
-                    let new_nullifier = compute_nullifier_and_set_digest(
-                        membership_proof_opt.as_ref(),
-                        &pre_state.account,
-                        &pre_state.account_id,
-                        nsk,
-                    );
-                    let new_nonce = pre_state.account.nonce.private_account_nonce_increment(nsk);
-                    (new_nullifier, new_nonce)
-                } else {
-                    // New private PDA (like mask 2). The default + unauthorized requirement
-                    // here rules out use cases like a fully-private multisig, which would need
-                    // a non-default, non-authorized private PDA input account.
-                    // TODO(private-pdas-pr-2/3): relax this once the wallet can supply a
-                    // `(seed, owner)` side input so the npk-to-account_id binding can be
-                    // re-verified for an existing private PDA without a `Claim::Pda` or caller
-                    // `pda_seeds` match.
-                    assert_eq!(
-                        pre_state.account,
-                        Account::default(),
-                        "New private PDA must be default"
-                    );
-
-                    let Some(membership_proof_opt) = private_membership_proofs_iter.next() else {
-                        panic!("Missing membership proof");
-                    };
-                    assert!(
-                        membership_proof_opt.is_none(),
-                        "Membership proof must be None for new accounts"
-                    );
-
-                    let nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(&pre_state.account_id);
-                    let new_nonce = Nonce::private_account_nonce_init(&pre_state.account_id);
-                    ((nullifier, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH), new_nonce)
-                };
-                output.new_nullifiers.push(new_nullifier);
-
-                let mut post_with_updated_nonce = post_state;
-                post_with_updated_nonce.nonce = new_nonce;
-
-                let commitment_post =
-                    Commitment::new(&pre_state.account_id, &post_with_updated_nonce);
 
+                let account_id = pre_state.account_id;
                 let (pda_program_id, seed) = pda_seed_by_position
                     .get(&pos)
-                    .expect("mask-3 position must be in pda_seed_by_position");
+                    .expect("PrivatePdaInit position must be in pda_seed_by_position");
-                let encrypted_account = EncryptionScheme::encrypt(
+                emit_private_output(
-                    &post_with_updated_nonce,
+                    &mut output,
+                    &mut output_index,
+                    post_state,
+                    &account_id,
                     &PrivateAccountKind::Pda {
                         program_id: *pda_program_id,
                         seed: *seed,
                         identifier: *identifier,
                     },
-                    shared_secret,
+                    ssk,
-                    &commitment_post,
+                    new_nullifier,
-                    output_index,
+                    new_nonce,
+                );
+            }
+            InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaUpdate {
+                ssk,
+                nsk,
+                membership_proof,
+                identifier,
+            } => {
+                // The npk binding is established upstream. Authorization must already be set;
+                // an unauthorized PrivatePdaUpdate would mean the prover supplied an nsk for an
+                // unbound PDA, which the upstream binding check would have rejected anyway,
+                // but we assert here to fail fast and document the precondition.
+                assert!(
+                    pre_state.is_authorized,
+                    "PrivatePdaUpdate requires authorized pre_state"
                 );
 
-                output.new_commitments.push(commitment_post);
+                let new_nullifier = compute_update_nullifier_and_set_digest(
-                output.ciphertexts.push(encrypted_account);
+                    membership_proof,
-                output_index = output_index
+                    &pre_state.account,
-                    .checked_add(1)
+                    &pre_state.account_id,
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Too many private accounts, output index overflow"));
+                    nsk,
+                );
+                let new_nonce = pre_state.account.nonce.private_account_nonce_increment(nsk);
+
+                let account_id = pre_state.account_id;
+                let (pda_program_id, seed) = pda_seed_by_position
+                    .get(&pos)
+                    .expect("PrivatePdaUpdate position must be in pda_seed_by_position");
+                emit_private_output(
+                    &mut output,
+                    &mut output_index,
+                    post_state,
+                    &account_id,
+                    &PrivateAccountKind::Pda {
+                        program_id: *pda_program_id,
+                        seed: *seed,
+                        identifier: *identifier,
+                    },
+                    ssk,
+                    new_nullifier,
+                    new_nonce,
+                );
             }
-            _ => panic!("Invalid visibility mask value"),
         }
     }
 
-    assert!(
-        private_keys_iter.next().is_none(),
-        "Too many private account keys"
-    );
-
-    assert!(
-        private_nsks_iter.next().is_none(),
-        "Too many private account nullifier secret keys"
-    );
-
-    assert!(
-        private_membership_proofs_iter.next().is_none(),
-        "Too many private account membership proofs"
-    );
-
     output
 }
 
-fn compute_nullifier_and_set_digest(
+#[expect(
-    membership_proof_opt: Option<&MembershipProof>,
+    clippy::too_many_arguments,
+    reason = "All seven inputs are distinct concerns from the variant arms; bundling would be artificial"
+)]
+fn emit_private_output(
+    output: &mut PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput,
+    output_index: &mut u32,
+    post_state: Account,
+    account_id: &AccountId,
+    kind: &PrivateAccountKind,
+    shared_secret: &SharedSecretKey,
+    new_nullifier: (Nullifier, CommitmentSetDigest),
+    new_nonce: Nonce,
+) {
+    output.new_nullifiers.push(new_nullifier);
+
+    let mut post_with_updated_nonce = post_state;
+    post_with_updated_nonce.nonce = new_nonce;
+
+    let commitment_post = Commitment::new(account_id, &post_with_updated_nonce);
+    let encrypted_account = EncryptionScheme::encrypt(
+        &post_with_updated_nonce,
+        kind,
+        shared_secret,
+        &commitment_post,
+        *output_index,
+    );
+
+    output.new_commitments.push(commitment_post);
+    output.ciphertexts.push(encrypted_account);
+    *output_index = output_index
+        .checked_add(1)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Too many private accounts, output index overflow"));
+}
+
+fn compute_update_nullifier_and_set_digest(
+    membership_proof: &MembershipProof,
     pre_account: &Account,
     account_id: &AccountId,
     nsk: &NullifierSecretKey,
 ) -> (Nullifier, CommitmentSetDigest) {
-    membership_proof_opt.as_ref().map_or_else(
+    let commitment_pre = Commitment::new(account_id, pre_account);
-        || {
+    let set_digest = compute_digest_for_path(&commitment_pre, membership_proof);
-            assert_eq!(
+    let nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_update(&commitment_pre, nsk);
-                *pre_account,
+    (nullifier, set_digest)
-                Account::default(),
-                "Found new private account with non default values"
-            );
-
-            // Compute initialization nullifier
-            let nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_initialization(account_id);
-            (nullifier, DUMMY_COMMITMENT_HASH)
-        },
-        |membership_proof| {
-            // Compute commitment set digest associated with provided auth path
-            let commitment_pre = Commitment::new(account_id, pre_account);
-            let set_digest = compute_digest_for_path(&commitment_pre, membership_proof);
-
-            // Compute update nullifier
-            let nullifier = Nullifier::for_account_update(&commitment_pre, nsk);
-            (nullifier, set_digest)
-        },
-    )
 }
 
 fn main() {
     let PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput {
         program_outputs,
-        visibility_mask,
+        account_identities,
-        private_account_keys,
-        private_account_nsks,
-        private_account_membership_proofs,
         program_id,
     } = env::read();
 
-    let execution_state = ExecutionState::derive_from_outputs(
+    let execution_state =
-        &visibility_mask,
+        ExecutionState::derive_from_outputs(&account_identities, program_id, program_outputs);
-        &private_account_keys,
-        program_id,
-        program_outputs,
-    );
 
-    let output = compute_circuit_output(
+    let output = compute_circuit_output(execution_state, &account_identities);
-        execution_state,
-        &visibility_mask,
-        &private_account_keys,
-        &private_account_nsks,
-        &private_account_membership_proofs,
-    );
 
     env::commit(&output);
 }

sequencer/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ nssa_core.workspace = true
 common.workspace = true
 storage.workspace = true
 mempool.workspace = true
-bedrock_client.workspace = true
+logos-blockchain-zone-sdk.workspace = true
 testnet_initial_state.workspace = true
 
 anyhow.workspace = true
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ rand.workspace = true
 borsh.workspace = true
 bytesize.workspace = true
 url.workspace = true
-jsonrpsee = { workspace = true, features = ["ws-client"] }
 
 [features]
 default = []

sequencer/core/src/block_publisher.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result, anyhow};
+use common::block::Block;
+use log::warn;
+pub use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::ops::channel::MsgId;
+pub use logos_blockchain_key_management_system_service::keys::Ed25519Key;
+pub use logos_blockchain_zone_sdk::sequencer::SequencerCheckpoint;
+use logos_blockchain_zone_sdk::{
+    CommonHttpClient,
+    adapter::NodeHttpClient,
+    sequencer::{Event, SequencerConfig as ZoneSdkSequencerConfig, SequencerHandle, ZoneSequencer},
+    state::InscriptionInfo,
+};
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+
+use crate::config::BedrockConfig;
+
+/// Sink for `Event::Published` checkpoints emitted by the drive task.
+/// Caller is responsible for persistence (e.g. writing to rocksdb).
+pub type CheckpointSink = Box<dyn Fn(SequencerCheckpoint) + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+
+/// Sink for finalized L2 block ids derived from `Event::TxsFinalized` and
+/// `Event::FinalizedInscriptions`. Caller is responsible for cleanup
+/// (e.g. marking pending blocks as finalized in storage).
+pub type FinalizedBlockSink = Box<dyn Fn(u64) + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+
+#[expect(async_fn_in_trait, reason = "We don't care about Send/Sync here")]
+pub trait BlockPublisherTrait: Clone {
+    async fn new(
+        config: &BedrockConfig,
+        bedrock_signing_key: Ed25519Key,
+        resubmit_interval: Duration,
+        initial_checkpoint: Option<SequencerCheckpoint>,
+        on_checkpoint: CheckpointSink,
+        on_finalized_block: FinalizedBlockSink,
+    ) -> Result<Self>;
+
+    /// Fire-and-forget publish. Zone-sdk drives the actual submission and
+    /// retries internally; this just hands the payload off.
+    async fn publish_block(&self, block: &Block) -> Result<()>;
+}
+
+/// Real block publisher backed by zone-sdk's `ZoneSequencer`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ZoneSdkPublisher {
+    handle: SequencerHandle<NodeHttpClient>,
+    // Aborts the drive task when the last clone is dropped.
+    _drive_task: Arc<DriveTaskGuard>,
+}
+
+struct DriveTaskGuard(JoinHandle<()>);
+
+impl Drop for DriveTaskGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.0.abort();
+    }
+}
+
+impl BlockPublisherTrait for ZoneSdkPublisher {
+    async fn new(
+        config: &BedrockConfig,
+        bedrock_signing_key: Ed25519Key,
+        resubmit_interval: Duration,
+        initial_checkpoint: Option<SequencerCheckpoint>,
+        on_checkpoint: CheckpointSink,
+        on_finalized_block: FinalizedBlockSink,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let basic_auth = config.auth.clone().map(Into::into);
+        let node = NodeHttpClient::new(CommonHttpClient::new(basic_auth), config.node_url.clone());
+
+        let zone_sdk_config = ZoneSdkSequencerConfig {
+            resubmit_interval,
+            ..ZoneSdkSequencerConfig::default()
+        };
+
+        let (mut sequencer, mut handle) = ZoneSequencer::init_with_config(
+            config.channel_id,
+            bedrock_signing_key,
+            node,
+            zone_sdk_config,
+            initial_checkpoint,
+        );
+
+        let drive_task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            loop {
+                let Some(event) = sequencer.next_event().await else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                match event {
+                    Event::Published { checkpoint, .. } => on_checkpoint(checkpoint),
+                    Event::TxsFinalized { inscriptions, .. }
+                    | Event::FinalizedInscriptions { inscriptions } => {
+                        if let Some(max_block_id) = max_block_id_from_inscriptions(&inscriptions) {
+                            on_finalized_block(max_block_id);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Event::ChannelUpdate { .. } | Event::Ready => {}
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        handle.wait_ready().await;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            handle,
+            _drive_task: Arc::new(DriveTaskGuard(drive_task)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn publish_block(&self, block: &Block) -> Result<()> {
+        let data = borsh::to_vec(block).context("Failed to serialize block")?;
+        self.handle
+            .publish_message(data)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("zone-sdk publish failed: {e}"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deserialize each inscription payload as a `Block` and return the highest
+/// `block_id`. Bad payloads are logged and skipped.
+fn max_block_id_from_inscriptions(inscriptions: &[InscriptionInfo]) -> Option<u64> {
+    inscriptions
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(
+            |inscription| match borsh::from_slice::<Block>(&inscription.payload) {
+                Ok(block) => Some(block.header.block_id),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    warn!("Failed to deserialize finalized inscription as Block: {err:#}");
+                    None
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        .max()
+}

sequencer/core/src/block_settlement_client.rs

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-use bedrock_client::BedrockClient;
-pub use common::block::Block;
-pub use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::{MantleTx, SignedMantleTx, ops::channel::MsgId};
-use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::{
-    Op, OpProof, Transaction as _,
-    ops::channel::{ChannelId, inscribe::InscriptionOp},
-};
-pub use logos_blockchain_key_management_system_service::keys::Ed25519Key;
-use logos_blockchain_key_management_system_service::keys::Ed25519PublicKey;
-
-use crate::config::BedrockConfig;
-
-#[expect(async_fn_in_trait, reason = "We don't care about Send/Sync here")]
-pub trait BlockSettlementClientTrait: Clone {
-    //// Create a new client.
-    fn new(config: &BedrockConfig, signing_key: Ed25519Key) -> Result<Self>;
-
-    /// Get the bedrock channel ID used by this client.
-    fn bedrock_channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId;
-
-    /// Get the bedrock signing key used by this client.
-    fn bedrock_signing_key(&self) -> &Ed25519Key;
-
-    /// Post a transaction to the node.
-    async fn submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(&self, tx: SignedMantleTx) -> Result<()>;
-
-    /// Create and sign a transaction for inscribing data.
-    fn create_inscribe_tx(&self, block: &Block) -> Result<(SignedMantleTx, MsgId)> {
-        let inscription_data = borsh::to_vec(block)?;
-        log::debug!(
-            "The size of the block {} is {} bytes",
-            block.header.block_id,
-            inscription_data.len()
-        );
-        let verifying_key_bytes = self.bedrock_signing_key().public_key().to_bytes();
-        let verifying_key =
-            Ed25519PublicKey::from_bytes(&verifying_key_bytes).expect("valid ed25519 public key");
-
-        let inscribe_op = InscriptionOp {
-            channel_id: self.bedrock_channel_id(),
-            inscription: inscription_data,
-            parent: block.bedrock_parent_id.into(),
-            signer: verifying_key,
-        };
-        let inscribe_op_id = inscribe_op.id();
-
-        let inscribe_tx = MantleTx {
-            ops: vec![Op::ChannelInscribe(inscribe_op)],
-            // Altruistic test config
-            storage_gas_price: 0.into(),
-            execution_gas_price: 0.into(),
-        };
-
-        let tx_hash = inscribe_tx.hash();
-        let signature_bytes = self
-            .bedrock_signing_key()
-            .sign_payload(tx_hash.as_signing_bytes().as_ref())
-            .to_bytes();
-        let signature =
-            logos_blockchain_key_management_system_service::keys::Ed25519Signature::from_bytes(
-                &signature_bytes,
-            );
-
-        let signed_mantle_tx = SignedMantleTx {
-            ops_proofs: vec![OpProof::Ed25519Sig(signature)],
-            mantle_tx: inscribe_tx,
-        };
-        Ok((signed_mantle_tx, inscribe_op_id))
-    }
-}
-
-/// A component that posts block data to logos blockchain.
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct BlockSettlementClient {
-    client: BedrockClient,
-    signing_key: Ed25519Key,
-    channel_id: ChannelId,
-}
-
-impl BlockSettlementClientTrait for BlockSettlementClient {
-    fn new(config: &BedrockConfig, signing_key: Ed25519Key) -> Result<Self> {
-        let client =
-            BedrockClient::new(config.backoff, config.node_url.clone(), config.auth.clone())
-                .context("Failed to initialize bedrock client")?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            client,
-            signing_key,
-            channel_id: config.channel_id,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(&self, tx: SignedMantleTx) -> Result<()> {
-        let (parent_id, msg_id) = match tx.mantle_tx.ops.first() {
-            Some(Op::ChannelInscribe(inscribe)) => (inscribe.parent, inscribe.id()),
-            _ => panic!("Expected ChannelInscribe op"),
-        };
-        self.client
-            .post_transaction(tx)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to post transaction to Bedrock after retries")?
-            .context("Failed to post transaction to Bedrock with non-retryable error")?;
-
-        log::debug!("Posted block to Bedrock with parent id {parent_id:?} and msg id: {msg_id:?}");
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn bedrock_channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId {
-        self.channel_id
-    }
-
-    fn bedrock_signing_key(&self) -> &Ed25519Key {
-        &self.signing_key
-    }
-}

sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
-use anyhow::Result;
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
 use common::{
     HashType,
     block::{Block, BlockMeta, MantleMsgId},
     transaction::NSSATransaction,
 };
+use logos_blockchain_zone_sdk::sequencer::SequencerCheckpoint;
 use nssa::V03State;
 use storage::{error::DbError, sequencer::RocksDBIO};
 
 pub struct SequencerStore {
-    dbio: RocksDBIO,
+    dbio: Arc<RocksDBIO>,
     // TODO: Consider adding the hashmap to the database for faster recovery.
     tx_hash_to_block_map: HashMap<HashType, u64>,
     genesis_id: u64,
@@ -30,7 +31,11 @@ impl SequencerStore {
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let tx_hash_to_block_map = block_to_transactions_map(genesis_block);
 
-        let dbio = RocksDBIO::open_or_create(location, genesis_block, genesis_msg_id)?;
+        let dbio = Arc::new(RocksDBIO::open_or_create(
+            location,
+            genesis_block,
+            genesis_msg_id,
+        )?);
 
         let genesis_id = dbio.get_meta_first_block_in_db()?;
 
@@ -42,6 +47,14 @@ impl SequencerStore {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Shared handle to the underlying rocksdb. Used to persist the zone-sdk
+    /// checkpoint from the sequencer's drive task without needing &mut to the
+    /// store.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn dbio(&self) -> Arc<RocksDBIO> {
+        Arc::clone(&self.dbio)
+    }
+
     pub fn get_block_at_id(&self, id: u64) -> Result<Option<Block>, DbError> {
         self.dbio.get_block(id)
     }
@@ -55,6 +68,7 @@ impl SequencerStore {
     }
 
     /// Returns the transaction corresponding to the given hash, if it exists in the blockchain.
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get_transaction_by_hash(&self, hash: HashType) -> Option<NSSATransaction> {
         let block_id = *self.tx_hash_to_block_map.get(&hash)?;
         let block = self
@@ -76,10 +90,12 @@ impl SequencerStore {
         Ok(self.dbio.latest_block_meta()?)
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub const fn genesis_id(&self) -> u64 {
         self.genesis_id
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub const fn signing_key(&self) -> &nssa::PrivateKey {
         &self.signing_key
     }
@@ -100,9 +116,26 @@ impl SequencerStore {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
     pub fn get_nssa_state(&self) -> Option<V03State> {
         self.dbio.get_nssa_state().ok()
     }
+
+    pub fn get_zone_checkpoint(&self) -> Result<Option<SequencerCheckpoint>> {
+        let Some(bytes) = self.dbio.get_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes()? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let checkpoint: SequencerCheckpoint = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes)
+            .context("Failed to deserialize stored zone-sdk checkpoint")?;
+        Ok(Some(checkpoint))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_zone_checkpoint(&self, checkpoint: &SequencerCheckpoint) -> Result<()> {
+        let bytes =
+            serde_json::to_vec(checkpoint).context("Failed to serialize zone-sdk checkpoint")?;
+        self.dbio.put_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes(&bytes)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn block_to_transactions_map(block: &Block) -> HashMap<HashType, u64> {

sequencer/core/src/config.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use bedrock_client::BackoffConfig;
 use bytesize::ByteSize;
 use common::config::BasicAuth;
 use humantime_serde;
@@ -42,8 +41,6 @@ pub struct SequencerConfig {
     pub signing_key: [u8; 32],
     /// Bedrock configuration options.
     pub bedrock_config: BedrockConfig,
-    /// Indexer RPC URL.
-    pub indexer_rpc_url: Url,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub initial_public_accounts: Option<Vec<PublicAccountPublicInitialData>>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
@@ -52,9 +49,6 @@ pub struct SequencerConfig {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct BedrockConfig {
-    /// Fibonacci backoff retry strategy configuration.
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub backoff: BackoffConfig,
     /// Bedrock channel ID.
     pub channel_id: ChannelId,
     /// Bedrock Url.

sequencer/core/src/indexer_client.rs

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
-
-use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-use log::info;
-pub use url::Url;
-
-#[expect(async_fn_in_trait, reason = "We don't care about Send/Sync here")]
-pub trait IndexerClientTrait: Clone {
-    async fn new(indexer_url: &Url) -> Result<Self>;
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct IndexerClient(Arc<jsonrpsee::ws_client::WsClient>);
-
-impl IndexerClientTrait for IndexerClient {
-    async fn new(indexer_url: &Url) -> Result<Self> {
-        info!("Connecting to Indexer at {indexer_url}");
-
-        let client = jsonrpsee::ws_client::WsClientBuilder::default()
-            .build(indexer_url)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to create websocket client")?;
-
-        Ok(Self(Arc::new(client)))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Deref for IndexerClient {
-    type Target = jsonrpsee::ws_client::WsClient;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}

sequencer/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::{path::Path, time::Instant};
 
 use anyhow::{Context as _, Result, anyhow};
-use bedrock_client::SignedMantleTx;
 #[cfg(feature = "testnet")]
 use common::PINATA_BASE58;
 use common::{
@@ -20,33 +19,27 @@ pub use storage::error::DbError;
 use testnet_initial_state::initial_state;
 
 use crate::{
-    block_settlement_client::{BlockSettlementClient, BlockSettlementClientTrait, MsgId},
+    block_publisher::{BlockPublisherTrait, ZoneSdkPublisher},
     block_store::SequencerStore,
-    indexer_client::{IndexerClient, IndexerClientTrait},
 };
 
-pub mod block_settlement_client;
+pub mod block_publisher;
 pub mod block_store;
 pub mod config;
-pub mod indexer_client;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "mock")]
 pub mod mock;
 
-pub struct SequencerCore<
+pub struct SequencerCore<BP: BlockPublisherTrait = ZoneSdkPublisher> {
-    BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait = BlockSettlementClient,
-    IC: IndexerClientTrait = IndexerClient,
-> {
     state: nssa::V03State,
     store: SequencerStore,
     mempool: MemPool<NSSATransaction>,
     sequencer_config: SequencerConfig,
     chain_height: u64,
-    block_settlement_client: BC,
+    block_publisher: BP,
-    indexer_client: IC,
 }
 
-impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, IC> {
+impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
     /// Starts the sequencer using the provided configuration.
     /// If an existing database is found, the sequencer state is loaded from it and
     /// assumed to represent the correct latest state consistent with Bedrock-finalized data.
@@ -70,23 +63,16 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             load_or_create_signing_key(&config.home.join("bedrock_signing_key"))
                 .expect("Failed to load or create bedrock signing key");
 
-        let block_settlement_client = BC::new(&config.bedrock_config, bedrock_signing_key)
+        // TODO: Remove msg_id from BlockMeta — it is no longer needed now that
-            .expect("Failed to initialize Block Settlement Client");
+        // zone-sdk manages L1 settlement state via its own checkpoint.
-
+        let genesis_msg_id = [0_u8; 32];
-        let indexer_client = IC::new(&config.indexer_rpc_url)
-            .await
-            .expect("Failed to create Indexer Client");
-
-        let (_tx, genesis_msg_id) = block_settlement_client
-            .create_inscribe_tx(&genesis_block)
-            .expect("Failed to create inscribe tx for genesis block");
 
         // Sequencer should panic if unable to open db,
         // as fixing this issue may require actions non-native to program scope
         let store = SequencerStore::open_db_with_genesis(
             &config.home.join("rocksdb"),
             &genesis_block,
-            genesis_msg_id.into(),
+            genesis_msg_id,
             signing_key,
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -94,6 +80,51 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             .latest_block_meta()
             .expect("Failed to read latest block meta from store");
 
+        let initial_checkpoint = store
+            .get_zone_checkpoint()
+            .expect("Failed to load zone-sdk checkpoint");
+        let is_fresh_start = initial_checkpoint.is_none();
+
+        let dbio_for_checkpoint = store.dbio();
+        let on_checkpoint: block_publisher::CheckpointSink = Box::new(move |cp| {
+            let bytes = match serde_json::to_vec(&cp) {
+                Ok(b) => b,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    error!("Failed to serialize zone-sdk checkpoint: {err:#}");
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+            if let Err(err) = dbio_for_checkpoint.put_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes(&bytes) {
+                error!("Failed to persist zone-sdk checkpoint: {err:#}");
+            }
+        });
+
+        let dbio_for_finalized = store.dbio();
+        let on_finalized_block: block_publisher::FinalizedBlockSink = Box::new(move |block_id| {
+            if let Err(err) = dbio_for_finalized.clean_pending_blocks_up_to(block_id) {
+                error!("Failed to mark pending blocks finalized up to {block_id}: {err:#}");
+            }
+        });
+
+        let block_publisher = BP::new(
+            &config.bedrock_config,
+            bedrock_signing_key,
+            config.retry_pending_blocks_timeout,
+            initial_checkpoint,
+            on_checkpoint,
+            on_finalized_block,
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to initialize Block Publisher");
+
+        // On a truly fresh start (no checkpoint persisted yet), publish the
+        // genesis block so the indexer can find the channel start. After the
+        // first publish, zone-sdk's checkpoint persistence covers further
+        // restarts.
+        if is_fresh_start && let Err(err) = block_publisher.publish_block(&genesis_block).await {
+            error!("Failed to publish genesis block: {err:#}");
+        }
+
         #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "testnet"), allow(unused_mut))]
         let mut state = if let Some(state) = store.get_nssa_state() {
             info!("Found local database. Loading state and pending blocks from it.");
@@ -159,35 +190,33 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             mempool,
             chain_height: latest_block_meta.id,
             sequencer_config: config,
-            block_settlement_client,
+            block_publisher,
-            indexer_client,
         };
 
         (sequencer_core, mempool_handle)
     }
 
+    /// Produces a new block from mempool transactions and publishes it via zone-sdk.
     pub async fn produce_new_block(&mut self) -> Result<u64> {
-        let (tx, _msg_id) = self
+        let block = self
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
+            .build_block_from_mempool()
-            .context("Failed to produce new block with mempool transactions")?;
+            .context("Failed to build block from mempool transactions")?;
-        match self
+
-            .block_settlement_client
+        // TODO: Remove msg_id from store.update — it is no longer needed now that
-            .submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(tx)
+        // zone-sdk manages L1 settlement state via its own checkpoint.
-            .await
+        let placeholder_msg_id = [0_u8; 32];
-        {
+
-            Ok(()) => {}
+        if let Err(err) = self.block_publisher.publish_block(&block).await {
-            Err(err) => {
+            error!("Failed to publish block to Bedrock with error: {err:#}");
-                error!("Failed to post block data to Bedrock with error: {err:#}");
-            }
         }
+        self.store.update(&block, placeholder_msg_id, &self.state)?;
 
         Ok(self.chain_height)
     }
 
-    /// Produces new block from transactions in mempool and packs it into a `SignedMantleTx`.
+    /// Builds a new block from transactions in the mempool.
-    pub fn produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions(
+    /// Does NOT publish or store the block — the caller is responsible for that.
-        &mut self,
+    pub fn build_block_from_mempool(&mut self) -> Result<Block> {
-    ) -> Result<(SignedMantleTx, MsgId)> {
         let now = Instant::now();
 
         let new_block_height = self.next_block_id();
@@ -277,21 +306,12 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             timestamp: new_block_timestamp,
         };
 
+        // TODO: Remove bedrock_parent_id from Block — it is no longer needed now
+        // that zone-sdk manages the inscription parent chain internally.
+        let placeholder_parent_id = [0_u8; 32];
         let block = hashable_data
             .clone()
-            .into_pending_block(self.store.signing_key(), latest_block_meta.msg_id);
+            .into_pending_block(self.store.signing_key(), placeholder_parent_id);
-
-        let (tx, msg_id) = self
-            .block_settlement_client
-            .create_inscribe_tx(&block)
-            .with_context(|| {
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to create inscribe transaction for block with id {}",
-                    block.header.block_id
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        self.store.update(&block, msg_id.into(), &self.state)?;
 
         self.chain_height = new_block_height;
 
@@ -300,7 +320,7 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             hashable_data.transactions.len(),
             now.elapsed().as_secs()
         );
-        Ok((tx, msg_id))
+        Ok(block)
     }
 
     pub const fn state(&self) -> &nssa::V03State {
@@ -319,22 +339,19 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
         &self.sequencer_config
     }
 
-    /// Deletes finalized blocks from the sequencer's pending block list.
+    /// Marks all pending blocks with `block_id <= last_finalized_block_id` as
-    /// This method must be called when new blocks are finalized on Bedrock.
+    /// finalized. Idempotent. Production callers don't invoke this directly —
-    /// All pending blocks with an ID less than or equal to `last_finalized_block_id`
+    /// it's wired up in `start_from_config` to the publisher's
-    /// are removed from the database.
+    /// `on_finalized_block` sink, which fires on `Event::TxsFinalized` /
-    pub fn clean_finalized_blocks_from_db(&mut self, last_finalized_block_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
+    /// `Event::FinalizedInscriptions`. Kept on the type for tests.
-        self.get_pending_blocks()?
+    // TODO: Delete blocks instead of marking them as finalized. Current
-            .iter()
+    // approach is used because we still have `GetBlockDataRequest`.
-            .map(|block| block.header.block_id)
+    pub fn clean_finalized_blocks_from_db(&self, last_finalized_block_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
-            .min()
+        info!("Clearing pending blocks up to id: {last_finalized_block_id}");
-            .map_or(Ok(()), |first_pending_block_id| {
+        self.store
-                info!("Clearing pending blocks up to id: {last_finalized_block_id}");
+            .dbio()
-                // TODO: Delete blocks instead of marking them as finalized.
+            .clean_pending_blocks_up_to(last_finalized_block_id)?;
-                // Current approach is used because we still have `GetBlockDataRequest`.
+        Ok(())
-                (first_pending_block_id..=last_finalized_block_id)
-                    .try_for_each(|id| self.store.mark_block_as_finalized(id))
-            })
     }
 
     /// Returns the list of stored pending blocks.
@@ -348,12 +365,8 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerCore<BC, I
             .collect())
     }
 
-    pub fn block_settlement_client(&self) -> BC {
+    pub fn block_publisher(&self) -> BP {
-        self.block_settlement_client.clone()
+        self.block_publisher.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn indexer_client(&self) -> IC {
-        self.indexer_client.clone()
     }
 
     fn next_block_id(&self) -> u64 {
@@ -392,7 +405,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     use std::{pin::pin, time::Duration};
 
-    use bedrock_client::BackoffConfig;
     use common::{
         test_utils::sequencer_sign_key_for_testing,
         transaction::{NSSATransaction, clock_invocation},
@@ -420,16 +432,11 @@ mod tests {
             block_create_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
             signing_key: *sequencer_sign_key_for_testing().value(),
             bedrock_config: BedrockConfig {
-                backoff: BackoffConfig {
-                    start_delay: Duration::from_millis(100),
-                    max_retries: 5,
-                },
                 channel_id: ChannelId::from([0; 32]),
                 node_url: "http://not-used-in-unit-tests".parse().unwrap(),
                 auth: None,
             },
             retry_pending_blocks_timeout: Duration::from_mins(4),
-            indexer_rpc_url: "ws://localhost:8779".parse().unwrap(),
             initial_public_accounts: None,
             initial_private_accounts: None,
         }
@@ -457,9 +464,7 @@ mod tests {
         let tx = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_empty_transaction();
         mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
 
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         (sequencer, mempool_handle)
     }
@@ -604,23 +609,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(poll.is_pending());
 
         // Empty the mempool by producing a block
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         // Resolve the pending push
         assert!(push_fut.await.is_ok());
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions() {
+    async fn build_block_from_mempool() {
         let (mut sequencer, mempool_handle) = common_setup().await;
         let genesis_height = sequencer.chain_height;
 
         let tx = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_empty_transaction();
         mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
 
-        let result = sequencer.produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions();
+        let result = sequencer.build_block_from_mempool();
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert_eq!(sequencer.chain_height, genesis_height + 1);
     }
@@ -645,9 +648,7 @@ mod tests {
         mempool_handle.push(tx_replay).await.unwrap();
 
         // Create block
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
         let block = sequencer
             .store
             .get_block_at_id(sequencer.chain_height)
@@ -679,9 +680,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // The transaction should be included the first time
         mempool_handle.push(tx.clone()).await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
         let block = sequencer
             .store
             .get_block_at_id(sequencer.chain_height)
@@ -697,9 +696,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Add same transaction should fail
         mempool_handle.push(tx.clone()).await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
         let block = sequencer
             .store
             .get_block_at_id(sequencer.chain_height)
@@ -738,9 +735,7 @@ mod tests {
             );
 
             mempool_handle.push(tx.clone()).await.unwrap();
-            sequencer
+            sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-                .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-                .unwrap();
             let block = sequencer
                 .store
                 .get_block_at_id(sequencer.chain_height)
@@ -778,15 +773,9 @@ mod tests {
         let config = setup_sequencer_config();
         let (mut sequencer, _mempool_handle) =
             SequencerCoreWithMockClients::start_from_config(config).await;
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .unwrap();
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
-        sequencer
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(sequencer.get_pending_blocks().unwrap().len(), 4);
     }
 
@@ -795,15 +784,9 @@ mod tests {
         let config = setup_sequencer_config();
         let (mut sequencer, _mempool_handle) =
             SequencerCoreWithMockClients::start_from_config(config).await;
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .unwrap();
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
-        sequencer
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         let last_finalized_block = 3;
         sequencer
@@ -836,9 +819,7 @@ mod tests {
             );
 
             mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
-            sequencer
+            sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-                .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-                .unwrap();
 
             // Get the metadata of the last block produced
             sequencer.store.latest_block_meta().unwrap()
@@ -861,9 +842,7 @@ mod tests {
         mempool_handle.push(tx.clone()).await.unwrap();
 
         // Step 4: Produce new block
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         // Step 5: Verify the new block has correct previous block metadata
         let new_block = sequencer
@@ -876,10 +855,6 @@ mod tests {
             new_block.header.prev_block_hash, expected_prev_meta.hash,
             "New block's prev_block_hash should match the stored metadata hash"
         );
-        assert_eq!(
-            new_block.bedrock_parent_id, expected_prev_meta.msg_id,
-            "New block's bedrock_parent_id should match the stored metadata msg_id"
-        );
         assert_eq!(
             new_block.body.transactions,
             vec![
@@ -914,9 +889,7 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
         mempool_handle.push(crafted_clock_tx).await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         let block = sequencer
             .store
@@ -949,15 +922,11 @@ mod tests {
             // Produce multiple blocks to advance chain height
             let tx = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_empty_transaction();
             mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
-            sequencer
+            sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-                .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-                .unwrap();
 
             let tx = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_empty_transaction();
             mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
-            sequencer
+            sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-                .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-                .unwrap();
 
             // Return the current chain height (should be genesis_id + 2)
             sequencer.chain_height
@@ -994,9 +963,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ),
             ));
         mempool_handle.push(deploy_tx).await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         // Build a user transaction that invokes clock_chain_caller, which in turn chain-calls the
         // clock program with the clock accounts. The sequencer should detect that the resulting
@@ -1021,9 +988,7 @@ mod tests {
         ));
 
         mempool_handle.push(user_tx).await.unwrap();
-        sequencer
+        sequencer.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-            .produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions()
-            .unwrap();
 
         let block = sequencer
             .store
@@ -1057,7 +1022,7 @@ mod tests {
         mempool_handle.push(tx).await.unwrap();
 
         // Block production must fail because the appended clock tx cannot execute.
-        let result = sequencer.produce_new_block_with_mempool_transactions();
+        let result = sequencer.produce_new_block().await;
         assert!(
             result.is_err(),
             "Block production should abort when clock account data is corrupted"
@@ -1076,7 +1041,7 @@ mod tests {
             program::Program,
         };
         use nssa_core::{
-            SharedSecretKey,
+            InputAccountIdentity, SharedSecretKey,
             account::AccountWithMetadata,
             encryption::{EphemeralPublicKey, EphemeralSecretKey, ViewingPublicKey},
         };
@@ -1114,10 +1079,11 @@ mod tests {
                 (&npk, 0),
             )],
             Program::serialize_instruction(0_u128).unwrap(),
-            vec![1],
+            vec![InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedInit {
-            vec![(npk, 0, shared_secret)],
+                ssk: shared_secret,
-            vec![nsk],
+                nsk,
-            vec![None],
+                identifier: 0,
+            }],
             &Program::authenticated_transfer_program().into(),
         )
         .unwrap();

sequencer/core/src/mock.rs

@@ -1,76 +1,34 @@
-use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
+use std::time::Duration;
-use bedrock_client::SignedMantleTx;
+
-use logos_blockchain_core::mantle::ops::channel::ChannelId;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use common::block::Block;
 use logos_blockchain_key_management_system_service::keys::Ed25519Key;
-use url::Url;
 
 use crate::{
-    block_settlement_client::BlockSettlementClientTrait, config::BedrockConfig,
+    block_publisher::{
-    indexer_client::IndexerClientTrait,
+        BlockPublisherTrait, CheckpointSink, FinalizedBlockSink, SequencerCheckpoint,
+    },
+    config::BedrockConfig,
 };
 
-pub type SequencerCoreWithMockClients =
+pub type SequencerCoreWithMockClients = crate::SequencerCore<MockBlockPublisher>;
-    crate::SequencerCore<MockBlockSettlementClient, MockIndexerClient>;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct MockBlockSettlementClient {
+pub struct MockBlockPublisher;
-    bedrock_channel_id: ChannelId,
-    bedrock_signing_key: Ed25519Key,
-}
 
-impl BlockSettlementClientTrait for MockBlockSettlementClient {
+impl BlockPublisherTrait for MockBlockPublisher {
-    fn new(config: &BedrockConfig, signing_key: Ed25519Key) -> Result<Self> {
+    async fn new(
-        Ok(Self {
+        _config: &BedrockConfig,
-            bedrock_channel_id: config.channel_id,
+        _bedrock_signing_key: Ed25519Key,
-            bedrock_signing_key: signing_key,
+        _resubmit_interval: Duration,
-        })
+        _initial_checkpoint: Option<SequencerCheckpoint>,
+        _on_checkpoint: CheckpointSink,
+        _on_finalized_block: FinalizedBlockSink,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self)
     }
 
-    fn bedrock_channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId {
+    async fn publish_block(&self, _block: &Block) -> Result<()> {
-        self.bedrock_channel_id
-    }
-
-    fn bedrock_signing_key(&self) -> &Ed25519Key {
-        &self.bedrock_signing_key
-    }
-
-    async fn submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(&self, _tx: SignedMantleTx) -> Result<()> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct MockBlockSettlementClientWithError {
-    bedrock_channel_id: ChannelId,
-    bedrock_signing_key: Ed25519Key,
-}
-
-impl BlockSettlementClientTrait for MockBlockSettlementClientWithError {
-    fn new(config: &BedrockConfig, signing_key: Ed25519Key) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            bedrock_channel_id: config.channel_id,
-            bedrock_signing_key: signing_key,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn bedrock_channel_id(&self) -> ChannelId {
-        self.bedrock_channel_id
-    }
-
-    fn bedrock_signing_key(&self) -> &Ed25519Key {
-        &self.bedrock_signing_key
-    }
-
-    async fn submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(&self, _tx: SignedMantleTx) -> Result<()> {
-        Err(anyhow!("Mock error"))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct MockIndexerClient;
-
-impl IndexerClientTrait for MockIndexerClient {
-    async fn new(_indexer_url: &Url) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self)
-    }
-}

sequencer/service/Cargo.toml

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ mempool.workspace = true
 sequencer_core = { workspace = true, features = ["testnet"] }
 sequencer_service_protocol.workspace = true
 sequencer_service_rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["server"] }
-indexer_service_rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
 
 clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "env"] }
 anyhow.workspace = true

sequencer/service/src/lib.rs

@@ -5,15 +5,13 @@ use bytesize::ByteSize;
 use common::transaction::NSSATransaction;
 use futures::never::Never;
 use jsonrpsee::server::ServerHandle;
-#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-use log::warn;
 use log::{error, info};
 use mempool::MemPoolHandle;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
+use sequencer_core::SequencerCore;
 #[cfg(feature = "standalone")]
 use sequencer_core::SequencerCoreWithMockClients as SequencerCore;
 pub use sequencer_core::config::*;
-#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-use sequencer_core::{SequencerCore, block_settlement_client::BlockSettlementClientTrait as _};
 use sequencer_service_rpc::RpcServer as _;
 use tokio::{sync::Mutex, task::JoinHandle};
 
@@ -29,8 +27,6 @@ pub struct SequencerHandle {
     /// Option because of `Drop` which forbids to simply move out of `self` in `stopped()`.
     server_handle: Option<ServerHandle>,
     main_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
-    retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
-    listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
 }
 
 impl SequencerHandle {
@@ -38,15 +34,11 @@ impl SequencerHandle {
         addr: SocketAddr,
         server_handle: ServerHandle,
         main_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
-        retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
-        listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle: JoinHandle<Result<Never>>,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             addr,
             server_handle: Some(server_handle),
             main_loop_handle,
-            retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle,
-            listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle,
         }
     }
 
@@ -60,8 +52,6 @@ impl SequencerHandle {
             addr: _,
             server_handle,
             main_loop_handle,
-            retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle,
-            listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle,
         } = &mut self;
 
         let server_handle = server_handle.take().expect("Server handle is set");
@@ -75,16 +65,6 @@ impl SequencerHandle {
                    .context("Main loop task panicked")?
                    .context("Main loop exited unexpectedly")
             }
-            res = retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle => {
-                res
-                   .context("Retry pending blocks loop task panicked")?
-                   .context("Retry pending blocks loop exited unexpectedly")
-            }
-            res = listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle => {
-                res
-                   .context("Listen for bedrock blocks loop task panicked")?
-                   .context("Listen for bedrock blocks loop exited unexpectedly")
-            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -98,14 +78,10 @@ impl SequencerHandle {
             addr: _,
             server_handle,
             main_loop_handle,
-            retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle,
-            listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle,
         } = self;
 
         let stopped = server_handle.as_ref().is_none_or(ServerHandle::is_stopped)
-            || main_loop_handle.is_finished()
+            || main_loop_handle.is_finished();
-            || retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle.is_finished()
-            || listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle.is_finished();
         !stopped
     }
 
@@ -121,13 +97,9 @@ impl Drop for SequencerHandle {
             addr: _,
             server_handle,
             main_loop_handle,
-            retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle,
-            listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle,
         } = self;
 
         main_loop_handle.abort();
-        retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle.abort();
-        listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle.abort();
 
         let Some(handle) = server_handle else {
             return;
@@ -141,7 +113,6 @@ impl Drop for SequencerHandle {
 
 pub async fn run(config: SequencerConfig, port: u16) -> Result<SequencerHandle> {
     let block_timeout = config.block_create_timeout;
-    let retry_pending_blocks_timeout = config.retry_pending_blocks_timeout;
     let max_block_size = config.max_block_size;
 
     let (sequencer_core, mempool_handle) = SequencerCore::start_from_config(config).await;
@@ -159,34 +130,10 @@ pub async fn run(config: SequencerConfig, port: u16) -> Result<SequencerHandle>
     .await?;
     info!("RPC server started");
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-    {
-        info!("Submitting stored pending blocks");
-        retry_pending_blocks(&seq_core_wrapped)
-            .await
-            .expect("Failed to submit pending blocks on startup");
-    }
-
     info!("Starting main sequencer loop");
-    let main_loop_handle = tokio::spawn(main_loop(Arc::clone(&seq_core_wrapped), block_timeout));
+    let main_loop_handle = tokio::spawn(main_loop(seq_core_wrapped, block_timeout));
 
-    info!("Starting pending block retry loop");
+    Ok(SequencerHandle::new(addr, server_handle, main_loop_handle))
-    let retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle = tokio::spawn(retry_pending_blocks_loop(
-        Arc::clone(&seq_core_wrapped),
-        retry_pending_blocks_timeout,
-    ));
-
-    info!("Starting bedrock block listening loop");
-    let listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle =
-        tokio::spawn(listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop(seq_core_wrapped));
-
-    Ok(SequencerHandle::new(
-        addr,
-        server_handle,
-        main_loop_handle,
-        retry_pending_blocks_loop_handle,
-        listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop_handle,
-    ))
 }
 
 async fn run_server(
@@ -235,118 +182,3 @@ async fn main_loop(seq_core: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>, block_timeout: Duration)
         info!("Waiting for new transactions");
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-async fn retry_pending_blocks(seq_core: &Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>) -> Result<()> {
-    use std::time::Instant;
-
-    use log::debug;
-
-    let (mut pending_blocks, block_settlement_client) = {
-        let sequencer_core = seq_core.lock().await;
-        let client = sequencer_core.block_settlement_client();
-        let pending_blocks = sequencer_core
-            .get_pending_blocks()
-            .expect("Sequencer should be able to retrieve pending blocks");
-        (pending_blocks, client)
-    };
-
-    pending_blocks.sort_by(|block1, block2| block1.header.block_id.cmp(&block2.header.block_id));
-
-    if !pending_blocks.is_empty() {
-        info!(
-            "Resubmitting blocks from {} to {}",
-            pending_blocks.first().unwrap().header.block_id,
-            pending_blocks.last().unwrap().header.block_id
-        );
-    }
-
-    for block in &pending_blocks {
-        debug!(
-            "Resubmitting pending block with id {}",
-            block.header.block_id
-        );
-        // TODO: We could cache the inscribe tx for each pending block to avoid re-creating it
-        // on every retry.
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        let (tx, _msg_id) = block_settlement_client
-            .create_inscribe_tx(block)
-            .context("Failed to create inscribe tx for pending block")?;
-
-        debug!("Create inscribe: {:?}", now.elapsed());
-
-        let now = Instant::now();
-        if let Err(e) = block_settlement_client
-            .submit_inscribe_tx_to_bedrock(tx)
-            .await
-        {
-            warn!(
-                "Failed to resubmit block with id {} with error {e:#}",
-                block.header.block_id
-            );
-        }
-        debug!("Post: {:?}", now.elapsed());
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-async fn retry_pending_blocks_loop(
-    seq_core: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>,
-    retry_pending_blocks_timeout: Duration,
-) -> Result<Never> {
-    loop {
-        tokio::time::sleep(retry_pending_blocks_timeout).await;
-        retry_pending_blocks(&seq_core).await?;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "standalone"))]
-async fn listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop(seq_core: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>) -> Result<Never> {
-    use indexer_service_rpc::RpcClient as _;
-
-    let indexer_client = seq_core.lock().await.indexer_client();
-
-    let retry_delay = Duration::from_secs(5);
-
-    loop {
-        // TODO: Subscribe from the first pending block ID?
-        let mut subscription = indexer_client
-            .subscribe_to_finalized_blocks()
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to subscribe to finalized blocks")?;
-
-        while let Some(block_id) = subscription.next().await {
-            let block_id = block_id.context("Failed to get next block from subscription")?;
-
-            info!("Received new L2 block with ID {block_id}");
-
-            seq_core
-                .lock()
-                .await
-                .clean_finalized_blocks_from_db(block_id)
-                .with_context(|| {
-                    format!("Failed to clean finalized blocks from DB for block ID {block_id}")
-                })?;
-        }
-
-        warn!(
-            "Block subscription closed unexpectedly, reason: {:?}, retrying after {retry_delay:?}",
-            subscription.close_reason()
-        );
-        tokio::time::sleep(retry_delay).await;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "standalone")]
-async fn listen_for_bedrock_blocks_loop(_seq_core: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>) -> Result<Never> {
-    std::future::pending::<Result<Never>>().await
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "standalone")]
-async fn retry_pending_blocks_loop(
-    _seq_core: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore>>,
-    _retry_pending_blocks_timeout: Duration,
-) -> Result<Never> {
-    std::future::pending::<Result<Never>>().await
-}

sequencer/service/src/service.rs

@@ -8,10 +8,7 @@ use jsonrpsee::{
 use log::warn;
 use mempool::MemPoolHandle;
 use nssa::{self, program::Program};
-use sequencer_core::{
+use sequencer_core::{DbError, SequencerCore, block_publisher::BlockPublisherTrait};
-    DbError, SequencerCore, block_settlement_client::BlockSettlementClientTrait,
-    indexer_client::IndexerClientTrait,
-};
 use sequencer_service_protocol::{
     Account, AccountId, Block, BlockId, Commitment, HashType, MembershipProof, Nonce, ProgramId,
 };
@@ -19,15 +16,15 @@ use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 
 const NOT_FOUND_ERROR_CODE: i32 = -31999;
 
-pub struct SequencerService<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> {
+pub struct SequencerService<BC: BlockPublisherTrait> {
-    sequencer: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore<BC, IC>>>,
+    sequencer: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore<BC>>>,
     mempool_handle: MemPoolHandle<NSSATransaction>,
     max_block_size: u64,
 }
 
-impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerService<BC, IC> {
+impl<BC: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerService<BC> {
     pub const fn new(
-        sequencer: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore<BC, IC>>>,
+        sequencer: Arc<Mutex<SequencerCore<BC>>>,
         mempool_handle: MemPoolHandle<NSSATransaction>,
         max_block_size: u64,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -40,8 +37,8 @@ impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait, IC: IndexerClientTrait> SequencerService<BC
 }
 
 #[async_trait]
-impl<BC: BlockSettlementClientTrait + Send + 'static, IC: IndexerClientTrait + Send + 'static>
+impl<BC: BlockPublisherTrait + Send + 'static> sequencer_service_rpc::RpcServer
-    sequencer_service_rpc::RpcServer for SequencerService<BC, IC>
+    for SequencerService<BC>
 {
     async fn send_transaction(&self, tx: NSSATransaction) -> Result<HashType, ErrorObjectOwned> {
         // Reserve ~200 bytes for block header overhead

storage/src/indexer/indexer_cells.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ use crate::{
     indexer::{
         ACC_NUM_CELL_NAME, BLOCK_HASH_CELL_NAME, BREAKPOINT_CELL_NAME, CF_ACC_META,
         CF_BREAKPOINT_NAME, CF_HASH_TO_ID, CF_TX_TO_ID, DB_META_LAST_BREAKPOINT_ID,
-        DB_META_LAST_OBSERVED_L1_LIB_HEADER_ID_IN_DB_KEY, TX_HASH_CELL_NAME,
+        DB_META_LAST_OBSERVED_L1_LIB_HEADER_ID_IN_DB_KEY, DB_META_ZONE_SDK_INDEXER_CURSOR_KEY,
+        TX_HASH_CELL_NAME,
     },
 };
 
@@ -211,6 +212,41 @@ impl SimpleWritableCell for AccNumTxCell {
     }
 }
 
+/// Opaque bytes for the zone-sdk indexer cursor `Option<(MsgId, Slot)>`.
+/// The caller serializes via `serde_json` (neither type derives borsh).
+#[derive(BorshDeserialize)]
+pub struct ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellOwned(pub Vec<u8>);
+
+impl SimpleStorableCell for ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellOwned {
+    type KeyParams = ();
+
+    const CELL_NAME: &'static str = DB_META_ZONE_SDK_INDEXER_CURSOR_KEY;
+    const CF_NAME: &'static str = CF_META_NAME;
+}
+
+impl SimpleReadableCell for ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellOwned {}
+
+#[derive(BorshSerialize)]
+pub struct ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellRef<'bytes>(pub &'bytes [u8]);
+
+impl SimpleStorableCell for ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellRef<'_> {
+    type KeyParams = ();
+
+    const CELL_NAME: &'static str = DB_META_ZONE_SDK_INDEXER_CURSOR_KEY;
+    const CF_NAME: &'static str = CF_META_NAME;
+}
+
+impl SimpleWritableCell for ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellRef<'_> {
+    fn value_constructor(&self) -> DbResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        borsh::to_vec(&self).map_err(|err| {
+            DbError::borsh_cast_message(
+                err,
+                Some("Failed to serialize zone-sdk indexer cursor cell".to_owned()),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod uniform_tests {
     use crate::{

storage/src/indexer/mod.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ pub const DB_META_LAST_OBSERVED_L1_LIB_HEADER_ID_IN_DB_KEY: &str =
     "last_observed_l1_lib_header_in_db";
 /// Key base for storing metainformation about the last breakpoint.
 pub const DB_META_LAST_BREAKPOINT_ID: &str = "last_breakpoint_id";
+/// Key base for storing the zone-sdk indexer cursor (opaque bytes).
+pub const DB_META_ZONE_SDK_INDEXER_CURSOR_KEY: &str = "zone_sdk_indexer_cursor";
 
 /// Cell name for a breakpoint.
 pub const BREAKPOINT_CELL_NAME: &str = "breakpoint";

storage/src/indexer/read_once.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     cells::shared_cells::{BlockCell, FirstBlockCell, FirstBlockSetCell, LastBlockCell},
     indexer::indexer_cells::{
         AccNumTxCell, BlockHashToBlockIdMapCell, BreakpointCellOwned, LastBreakpointIdCell,
-        LastObservedL1LibHeaderCell, TxHashToBlockIdMapCell,
+        LastObservedL1LibHeaderCell, TxHashToBlockIdMapCell, ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellOwned,
     },
 };
 
@@ -64,4 +64,10 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         self.get_opt::<AccNumTxCell>(acc_id)
             .map(|opt| opt.map(|cell| cell.0))
     }
+
+    pub fn get_zone_sdk_indexer_cursor_bytes(&self) -> DbResult<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .get_opt::<ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellOwned>(())?
+            .map(|cell| cell.0))
+    }
 }

storage/src/indexer/write_non_atomic.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     cells::shared_cells::{FirstBlockSetCell, LastBlockCell},
     indexer::indexer_cells::{
         BreakpointCellRef, LastBreakpointIdCell, LastObservedL1LibHeaderCell,
+        ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellRef,
     },
 };
 
@@ -30,6 +31,10 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         self.put(&FirstBlockSetCell(true), ())
     }
 
+    pub fn put_zone_sdk_indexer_cursor_bytes(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> DbResult<()> {
+        self.put(&ZoneSdkIndexerCursorCellRef(bytes), ())
+    }
+
     // State
 
     pub fn put_breakpoint(&self, br_id: u64, breakpoint: &V03State) -> DbResult<()> {

storage/src/sequencer/mod.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::DbError,
     sequencer::sequencer_cells::{
         LastFinalizedBlockIdCell, LatestBlockMetaCellOwned, LatestBlockMetaCellRef,
-        NSSAStateCellOwned, NSSAStateCellRef,
+        NSSAStateCellOwned, NSSAStateCellRef, ZoneSdkCheckpointCellOwned, ZoneSdkCheckpointCellRef,
     },
 };
 
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ pub mod sequencer_cells;
 pub const DB_META_LAST_FINALIZED_BLOCK_ID: &str = "last_finalized_block_id";
 /// Key base for storing metainformation about the latest block meta.
 pub const DB_META_LATEST_BLOCK_META_KEY: &str = "latest_block_meta";
+/// Key base for storing the zone-sdk sequencer checkpoint (opaque bytes).
+pub const DB_META_ZONE_SDK_CHECKPOINT_KEY: &str = "zone_sdk_checkpoint";
 
 /// Key base for storing the NSSA state.
 pub const DB_NSSA_STATE_KEY: &str = "nssa_state";
@@ -205,6 +207,16 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         self.get::<LatestBlockMetaCellOwned>(()).map(|val| val.0)
     }
 
+    pub fn get_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes(&self) -> DbResult<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .get_opt::<ZoneSdkCheckpointCellOwned>(())?
+            .map(|cell| cell.0))
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> DbResult<()> {
+        self.put(&ZoneSdkCheckpointCellRef(bytes), ())
+    }
+
     pub fn put_block(
         &self,
         block: &Block,
@@ -275,6 +287,22 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Mark every pending block with `block_id <= last_finalized` as finalized.
+    /// Idempotent — already-finalized blocks are skipped.
+    pub fn clean_pending_blocks_up_to(&self, last_finalized: u64) -> DbResult<()> {
+        let pending_ids: Vec<u64> = self
+            .get_all_blocks()
+            .filter_map(Result::ok)
+            .filter(|b| matches!(b.bedrock_status, BedrockStatus::Pending))
+            .map(|b| b.header.block_id)
+            .filter(|id| *id <= last_finalized)
+            .collect();
+        for id in pending_ids {
+            self.mark_block_as_finalized(id)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub fn mark_block_as_finalized(&self, block_id: u64) -> DbResult<()> {
         let mut block = self.get_block(block_id)?.ok_or_else(|| {
             DbError::db_interaction_error(format!("Block with id {block_id} not found"))

storage/src/sequencer/sequencer_cells.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::DbError,
     sequencer::{
         CF_NSSA_STATE_NAME, DB_META_LAST_FINALIZED_BLOCK_ID, DB_META_LATEST_BLOCK_META_KEY,
-        DB_NSSA_STATE_KEY,
+        DB_META_ZONE_SDK_CHECKPOINT_KEY, DB_NSSA_STATE_KEY,
     },
 };
 
@@ -95,6 +95,42 @@ impl SimpleWritableCell for LatestBlockMetaCellRef<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Opaque bytes for the zone-sdk sequencer checkpoint. The caller is
+/// responsible for the actual encoding (we use `serde_json` since
+/// `SequencerCheckpoint` only derives serde, not borsh).
+#[derive(BorshDeserialize)]
+pub struct ZoneSdkCheckpointCellOwned(pub Vec<u8>);
+
+impl SimpleStorableCell for ZoneSdkCheckpointCellOwned {
+    type KeyParams = ();
+
+    const CELL_NAME: &'static str = DB_META_ZONE_SDK_CHECKPOINT_KEY;
+    const CF_NAME: &'static str = CF_META_NAME;
+}
+
+impl SimpleReadableCell for ZoneSdkCheckpointCellOwned {}
+
+#[derive(BorshSerialize)]
+pub struct ZoneSdkCheckpointCellRef<'bytes>(pub &'bytes [u8]);
+
+impl SimpleStorableCell for ZoneSdkCheckpointCellRef<'_> {
+    type KeyParams = ();
+
+    const CELL_NAME: &'static str = DB_META_ZONE_SDK_CHECKPOINT_KEY;
+    const CF_NAME: &'static str = CF_META_NAME;
+}
+
+impl SimpleWritableCell for ZoneSdkCheckpointCellRef<'_> {
+    fn value_constructor(&self) -> DbResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        borsh::to_vec(&self).map_err(|err| {
+            DbError::borsh_cast_message(
+                err,
+                Some("Failed to serialize zone-sdk checkpoint cell".to_owned()),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod uniform_tests {
     use crate::{

test_program_methods/guest/src/bin/private_pda_spender.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use nssa_core::program::{
+    AccountPostState, ChainedCall, Claim, PdaSeed, ProgramId, ProgramInput, ProgramOutput,
+    read_nssa_inputs,
+};
+
+/// Single program for group PDA operations. Owns and operates the PDA directly.
+///
+/// Instruction: `(pda_seed, noop_program_id, amount, is_deposit)`.
+/// Pre-states: `[group_pda, counterparty]`.
+///
+/// **Deposit** (`is_deposit = true`, new PDA):
+/// Claims PDA via `Claim::Pda(seed)`, increases PDA balance, decreases counterparty.
+/// Counterparty must be authorized and owned by this program (or uninitialized).
+///
+/// **Spend** (`is_deposit = false`, existing PDA):
+/// Decreases PDA balance (this program owns it), increases counterparty.
+/// Chains to a noop callee with `pda_seeds` to establish the mask-3 binding
+/// that the circuit requires for existing private PDAs.
+type Instruction = (PdaSeed, ProgramId, u128, bool);
+
+#[expect(
+    clippy::allow_attributes,
+    reason = "allow is needed because the clones are only redundant in test compilation"
+)]
+#[allow(
+    clippy::redundant_clone,
+    reason = "clones needed in non-test compilation"
+)]
+fn main() {
+    let (
+        ProgramInput {
+            self_program_id,
+            caller_program_id,
+            pre_states,
+            instruction: (pda_seed, noop_id, amount, is_deposit),
+        },
+        instruction_words,
+    ) = read_nssa_inputs::<Instruction>();
+
+    let Ok([pda_pre, counterparty_pre]) = <[_; 2]>::try_from(pre_states.clone()) else {
+        panic!("expected exactly 2 pre_states: [group_pda, counterparty]");
+    };
+
+    if is_deposit {
+        // Deposit: claim PDA, transfer balance from counterparty to PDA.
+        // Both accounts must be owned by this program (or uninitialized) for
+        // validate_execution to allow balance changes.
+        assert!(
+            counterparty_pre.is_authorized,
+            "Counterparty must be authorized to deposit"
+        );
+
+        let mut pda_account = pda_pre.account;
+        let mut counterparty_account = counterparty_pre.account;
+
+        pda_account.balance = pda_account
+            .balance
+            .checked_add(amount)
+            .expect("PDA balance overflow");
+        counterparty_account.balance = counterparty_account
+            .balance
+            .checked_sub(amount)
+            .expect("Counterparty has insufficient balance");
+
+        let pda_post = AccountPostState::new_claimed_if_default(pda_account, Claim::Pda(pda_seed));
+        let counterparty_post = AccountPostState::new(counterparty_account);
+
+        ProgramOutput::new(
+            self_program_id,
+            caller_program_id,
+            instruction_words,
+            pre_states,
+            vec![pda_post, counterparty_post],
+        )
+        .write();
+    } else {
+        // Spend: decrease PDA balance (owned by this program), increase counterparty.
+        // Chain to noop with pda_seeds to establish the mask-3 binding for the
+        // existing PDA. The noop's pre_states must match our post_states.
+        // Authorization is enforced by the circuit's binding check, not here.
+
+        let mut pda_account = pda_pre.account.clone();
+        let mut counterparty_account = counterparty_pre.account.clone();
+
+        pda_account.balance = pda_account
+            .balance
+            .checked_sub(amount)
+            .expect("PDA has insufficient balance");
+        counterparty_account.balance = counterparty_account
+            .balance
+            .checked_add(amount)
+            .expect("Counterparty balance overflow");
+
+        let pda_post = AccountPostState::new(pda_account.clone());
+        let counterparty_post = AccountPostState::new(counterparty_account.clone());
+
+        // Chain to noop solely to establish the mask-3 binding via pda_seeds.
+        let mut noop_pda_pre = pda_pre;
+        noop_pda_pre.account = pda_account;
+        noop_pda_pre.is_authorized = true;
+
+        let mut noop_counterparty_pre = counterparty_pre;
+        noop_counterparty_pre.account = counterparty_account;
+
+        let noop_call = ChainedCall::new(noop_id, vec![noop_pda_pre, noop_counterparty_pre], &())
+            .with_pda_seeds(vec![pda_seed]);
+
+        ProgramOutput::new(
+            self_program_id,
+            caller_program_id,
+            instruction_words,
+            pre_states,
+            vec![pda_post, counterparty_post],
+        )
+        .with_chained_calls(vec![noop_call])
+        .write();
+    }
+}

wallet/src/cli/group.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
+use clap::Subcommand;
+use key_protocol::key_management::group_key_holder::GroupKeyHolder;
+use nssa::AccountId;
+use nssa_core::program::PdaSeed;
+
+use crate::{
+    WalletCore,
+    cli::{SubcommandReturnValue, WalletSubcommand},
+};
+
+/// Group PDA management commands.
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum GroupSubcommand {
+    /// Create a new group with a fresh random GMS.
+    New {
+        /// Human-readable name for the group.
+        name: String,
+    },
+    /// Import a group from raw GMS bytes.
+    Import {
+        /// Human-readable name for the group.
+        name: String,
+        /// Raw GMS as 64-character hex string.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        gms: String,
+        /// Epoch (defaults to 0).
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "0")]
+        epoch: u32,
+    },
+    /// Export the raw GMS hex for backup or manual distribution.
+    Export {
+        /// Group name.
+        name: String,
+    },
+    /// List all groups with their epochs.
+    #[command(visible_alias = "ls")]
+    List,
+    /// Derive keys for a PDA seed and show the resulting AccountId.
+    Derive {
+        /// Group name.
+        name: String,
+        /// PDA seed as 64-character hex string.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        seed: String,
+        /// Program ID as hex string (u32x8 little-endian).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        program_id: String,
+    },
+    /// Remove a group from the wallet.
+    Remove {
+        /// Group name.
+        name: String,
+    },
+    /// Seal the group's GMS for a recipient (invite).
+    Invite {
+        /// Group name.
+        name: String,
+        /// Recipient's viewing public key as hex string.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        vpk: String,
+    },
+    /// Unseal a received GMS and store it (join a group).
+    Join {
+        /// Human-readable name to store the group under.
+        name: String,
+        /// Sealed GMS as hex string (from the inviter).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        sealed: String,
+        /// Account label or Private/<id> whose VSK to use for decryption.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        account: String,
+    },
+    /// Ratchet the GMS to exclude removed members.
+    Ratchet {
+        /// Group name.
+        name: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl WalletSubcommand for GroupSubcommand {
+    async fn handle_subcommand(
+        self,
+        wallet_core: &mut WalletCore,
+    ) -> Result<SubcommandReturnValue> {
+        match self {
+            Self::New { name } => {
+                if wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .is_some()
+                {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Group '{name}' already exists");
+                }
+
+                let holder = GroupKeyHolder::new();
+                wallet_core
+                    .storage_mut()
+                    .user_data
+                    .insert_group_key_holder(name.clone(), holder);
+                wallet_core.store_persistent_data().await?;
+
+                println!("Created group '{name}' at epoch 0");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Import { name, gms, epoch } => {
+                if wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .is_some()
+                {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Group '{name}' already exists");
+                }
+
+                let gms_bytes: [u8; 32] = hex::decode(&gms)
+                    .context("Invalid GMS hex")?
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("GMS must be exactly 32 bytes"))?;
+
+                let holder = GroupKeyHolder::from_gms_and_epoch(gms_bytes, epoch);
+                wallet_core
+                    .storage_mut()
+                    .user_data
+                    .insert_group_key_holder(name.clone(), holder);
+                wallet_core.store_persistent_data().await?;
+
+                println!("Imported group '{name}' at epoch {epoch}");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Export { name } => {
+                let holder = wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .context(format!("Group '{name}' not found"))?;
+
+                let gms_hex = hex::encode(holder.dangerous_raw_gms());
+                let epoch = holder.epoch();
+
+                println!("Group: {name}");
+                println!("Epoch: {epoch}");
+                println!("GMS: {gms_hex}");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::List => {
+                let holders = &wallet_core.storage().user_data.group_key_holders;
+                if holders.is_empty() {
+                    println!("No groups found");
+                } else {
+                    for (name, holder) in holders {
+                        println!("{name} (epoch {})", holder.epoch());
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Derive {
+                name,
+                seed,
+                program_id,
+            } => {
+                let holder = wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .context(format!("Group '{name}' not found"))?;
+
+                let seed_bytes: [u8; 32] = hex::decode(&seed)
+                    .context("Invalid seed hex")?
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("Seed must be exactly 32 bytes"))?;
+                let pda_seed = PdaSeed::new(seed_bytes);
+
+                let pid_bytes =
+                    hex::decode(&program_id).context("Invalid program ID hex")?;
+                if pid_bytes.len() != 32 {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Program ID must be exactly 32 bytes");
+                }
+                let mut pid: nssa_core::program::ProgramId = [0; 8];
+                for (i, chunk) in pid_bytes.chunks_exact(4).enumerate() {
+                    pid[i] = u32::from_le_bytes(chunk.try_into().unwrap());
+                }
+
+                let keys = holder.derive_keys_for_pda(&pda_seed);
+                let npk = keys.generate_nullifier_public_key();
+                let vpk = keys.generate_viewing_public_key();
+                let account_id = AccountId::for_private_pda(&pid, &pda_seed, &npk);
+
+                println!("Group: {name}");
+                println!("NPK: {}", hex::encode(npk.0));
+                println!("VPK: {}", hex::encode(&vpk.0));
+                println!("AccountId: {account_id}");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Remove { name } => {
+                if wallet_core
+                    .storage_mut()
+                    .user_data
+                    .group_key_holders
+                    .remove(&name)
+                    .is_none()
+                {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Group '{name}' not found");
+                }
+
+                wallet_core.store_persistent_data().await?;
+                println!("Removed group '{name}'");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Invite { name, vpk } => {
+                let holder = wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .context(format!("Group '{name}' not found"))?;
+
+                let vpk_bytes = hex::decode(&vpk).context("Invalid VPK hex")?;
+                let recipient_vpk =
+                    nssa_core::encryption::shared_key_derivation::Secp256k1Point(vpk_bytes);
+
+                let sealed = holder.seal_for(&recipient_vpk);
+                println!("{}", hex::encode(&sealed));
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Join {
+                name,
+                sealed,
+                account,
+            } => {
+                if wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_group_key_holder(&name)
+                    .is_some()
+                {
+                    anyhow::bail!("Group '{name}' already exists");
+                }
+
+                let sealed_bytes = hex::decode(&sealed).context("Invalid sealed hex")?;
+
+                // Resolve the account to get the VSK
+                let account_id: nssa::AccountId = account
+                    .parse()
+                    .context("Invalid account ID (use Private/<base58>)")?;
+                let (keychain, _) = wallet_core
+                    .storage()
+                    .user_data
+                    .get_private_account(account_id)
+                    .context("Private account not found")?;
+                let vsk = keychain.private_key_holder.viewing_secret_key;
+
+                let holder = GroupKeyHolder::unseal(&sealed_bytes, &vsk)
+                    .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to unseal: {e:?}"))?;
+
+                let epoch = holder.epoch();
+                wallet_core
+                    .storage_mut()
+                    .user_data
+                    .insert_group_key_holder(name.clone(), holder);
+                wallet_core.store_persistent_data().await?;
+
+                println!("Joined group '{name}' at epoch {epoch}");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+
+            Self::Ratchet { name } => {
+                let holder = wallet_core
+                    .storage_mut()
+                    .user_data
+                    .group_key_holders
+                    .get_mut(&name)
+                    .context(format!("Group '{name}' not found"))?;
+
+                let mut salt = [0_u8; 32];
+                rand::RngCore::fill_bytes(&mut rand::rngs::OsRng, &mut salt);
+                holder.ratchet(salt);
+
+                let epoch = holder.epoch();
+                wallet_core.store_persistent_data().await?;
+
+                println!("Ratcheted group '{name}' to epoch {epoch}");
+                println!("Re-invite remaining members with 'group invite'");
+                Ok(SubcommandReturnValue::Empty)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

wallet/src/lib.rs

@@ -414,13 +414,7 @@ impl WalletCore {
         let (output, proof) = nssa::privacy_preserving_transaction::circuit::execute_and_prove(
             pre_states,
             instruction_data,
-            acc_manager.visibility_mask().to_vec(),
+            acc_manager.account_identities(),
-            private_account_keys
-                .iter()
-                .map(|keys| (keys.npk, keys.identifier, keys.ssk))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            acc_manager.private_account_auth(),
-            acc_manager.private_account_membership_proofs(),
             &program.to_owned(),
         )
         .unwrap();

wallet/src/privacy_preserving_tx.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use key_protocol::key_management::ephemeral_key_holder::EphemeralKeyHolder;
 use nssa::{AccountId, PrivateKey};
 use nssa_core::{
-    Identifier, MembershipProof, NullifierPublicKey, NullifierSecretKey, SharedSecretKey,
+    Identifier, InputAccountIdentity, MembershipProof, NullifierPublicKey, NullifierSecretKey,
+    SharedSecretKey,
     account::{AccountWithMetadata, Nonce},
     encryption::{EphemeralPublicKey, ViewingPublicKey},
 };
@@ -51,7 +52,6 @@ impl PrivacyPreservingAccount {
 
 pub struct PrivateAccountKeys {
     pub npk: NullifierPublicKey,
-    pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub ssk: SharedSecretKey,
     pub vpk: ViewingPublicKey,
     pub epk: EphemeralPublicKey,
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ enum State {
 
 pub struct AccountManager {
     states: Vec<State>,
-    visibility_mask: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 impl AccountManager {
@@ -75,11 +74,10 @@ impl AccountManager {
         wallet: &WalletCore,
         accounts: Vec<PrivacyPreservingAccount>,
     ) -> Result<Self, ExecutionFailureKind> {
-        let mut pre_states = Vec::with_capacity(accounts.len());
+        let mut states = Vec::with_capacity(accounts.len());
-        let mut visibility_mask = Vec::with_capacity(accounts.len());
 
         for account in accounts {
-            let (state, mask) = match account {
+            let state = match account {
                 PrivacyPreservingAccount::Public(account_id) => {
                     let acc = wallet
                         .get_account_public(account_id)
@@ -89,13 +87,12 @@ impl AccountManager {
                     let sk = wallet.get_account_public_signing_key(account_id).cloned();
                     let account = AccountWithMetadata::new(acc.clone(), sk.is_some(), account_id);
 
-                    (State::Public { account, sk }, 0)
+                    State::Public { account, sk }
                 }
                 PrivacyPreservingAccount::PrivateOwned(account_id) => {
-                    let pre = private_acc_preparation(wallet, account_id).await?;
+                    let pre = private_acc_preparation(wallet, account_id, false).await?;
-                    let mask = if pre.pre_state.is_authorized { 1 } else { 2 };
 
-                    (State::Private(pre), mask)
+                    State::Private(pre)
                 }
                 PrivacyPreservingAccount::PrivateForeign {
                     npk,
@@ -104,6 +101,9 @@ impl AccountManager {
                 } => {
                     let acc = nssa_core::account::Account::default();
                     let auth_acc = AccountWithMetadata::new(acc, false, (&npk, identifier));
+                    let eph_holder = EphemeralKeyHolder::new(&npk);
+                    let ssk = eph_holder.calculate_shared_secret_sender(&vpk);
+                    let epk = eph_holder.generate_ephemeral_public_key();
                     let pre = AccountPreparedData {
                         nsk: None,
                         npk,
@@ -111,13 +111,16 @@ impl AccountManager {
                         vpk,
                         pre_state: auth_acc,
                         proof: None,
+                        ssk,
+                        epk,
+                        is_pda: false,
                     };
 
-                    (State::Private(pre), 2)
+                    State::Private(pre)
                 }
                 PrivacyPreservingAccount::PrivatePdaOwned(account_id) => {
-                    let pre = private_acc_preparation(wallet, account_id).await?;
+                    let pre = private_acc_preparation(wallet, account_id, true).await?;
-                    (State::Private(pre), 3)
+                    State::Private(pre)
                 }
                 PrivacyPreservingAccount::PrivatePdaForeign {
                     account_id,
@@ -127,6 +130,9 @@ impl AccountManager {
                 } => {
                     let acc = nssa_core::account::Account::default();
                     let auth_acc = AccountWithMetadata::new(acc, false, account_id);
+                    let eph_holder = EphemeralKeyHolder::new(&npk);
+                    let ssk = eph_holder.calculate_shared_secret_sender(&vpk);
+                    let epk = eph_holder.generate_ephemeral_public_key();
                     let pre = AccountPreparedData {
                         nsk: None,
                         npk,
@@ -134,19 +140,18 @@ impl AccountManager {
                         vpk,
                         pre_state: auth_acc,
                         proof: None,
+                        ssk,
+                        epk,
+                        is_pda: true,
                     };
-                    (State::Private(pre), 3)
+                    State::Private(pre)
                 }
             };
 
-            pre_states.push(state);
+            states.push(state);
-            visibility_mask.push(mask);
         }
 
-        Ok(Self {
+        Ok(Self { states })
-            states: pre_states,
-            visibility_mask,
-        })
     }
 
     pub fn pre_states(&self) -> Vec<AccountWithMetadata> {
@@ -159,10 +164,6 @@ impl AccountManager {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    pub fn visibility_mask(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.visibility_mask
-    }
-
     pub fn public_account_nonces(&self) -> Vec<Nonce> {
         self.states
             .iter()
@@ -177,38 +178,63 @@ impl AccountManager {
         self.states
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|state| match state {
-                State::Private(pre) => {
+                State::Private(pre) => Some(PrivateAccountKeys {
-                    let eph_holder = EphemeralKeyHolder::new(&pre.npk);
+                    npk: pre.npk,
+                    ssk: pre.ssk,
+                    vpk: pre.vpk.clone(),
+                    epk: pre.epk.clone(),
+                }),
+                State::Public { .. } => None,
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
 
-                    Some(PrivateAccountKeys {
+    /// Build the per-account input vec for the privacy-preserving circuit. Each variant carries
-                        npk: pre.npk,
+    /// exactly the fields the circuit's code path for that account needs, with the ephemeral
-                        identifier: pre.identifier,
+    /// keys (`ssk`) drawn from the cached values that `private_account_keys` and the message
-                        ssk: eph_holder.calculate_shared_secret_sender(&pre.vpk),
+    /// construction also use, so all three views agree on the same ephemeral key.
-                        vpk: pre.vpk.clone(),
+    pub fn account_identities(&self) -> Vec<InputAccountIdentity> {
-                        epk: eph_holder.generate_ephemeral_public_key(),
+        self.states
-                    })
+            .iter()
+            .map(|state| match state {
+                State::Public { .. } => InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+                State::Private(pre) if pre.is_pda => {
+                    match (pre.nsk, pre.proof.clone()) {
+                        (Some(nsk), Some(membership_proof)) => {
+                            InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaUpdate {
+                                ssk: pre.ssk,
+                                nsk,
+                                membership_proof,
+                                identifier: pre.identifier,
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => InputAccountIdentity::PrivatePdaInit {
+                            npk: pre.npk,
+                            ssk: pre.ssk,
+                            identifier: pre.identifier,
+                        },
+                    }
                 }
-                State::Public { .. } => None,
+                State::Private(pre) => match (pre.nsk, pre.proof.clone()) {
-            })
+                    (Some(nsk), Some(membership_proof)) => {
-            .collect()
+                        InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedUpdate {
-    }
+                            ssk: pre.ssk,
-
+                            nsk,
-    pub fn private_account_auth(&self) -> Vec<NullifierSecretKey> {
+                            membership_proof,
-        self.states
+                            identifier: pre.identifier,
-            .iter()
+                        }
-            .filter_map(|state| match state {
+                    }
-                State::Private(pre) => pre.nsk,
+                    (Some(nsk), None) => InputAccountIdentity::PrivateAuthorizedInit {
-                State::Public { .. } => None,
+                        ssk: pre.ssk,
-            })
+                        nsk,
-            .collect()
+                        identifier: pre.identifier,
-    }
+                    },
-
+                    (None, _) => InputAccountIdentity::PrivateUnauthorized {
-    pub fn private_account_membership_proofs(&self) -> Vec<Option<MembershipProof>> {
+                        npk: pre.npk,
-        self.states
+                        ssk: pre.ssk,
-            .iter()
+                        identifier: pre.identifier,
-            .filter_map(|state| match state {
+                    },
-                State::Private(pre) => Some(pre.proof.clone()),
+                },
-                State::Public { .. } => None,
             })
             .collect()
     }
@@ -241,11 +267,22 @@ struct AccountPreparedData {
     vpk: ViewingPublicKey,
     pre_state: AccountWithMetadata,
     proof: Option<MembershipProof>,
+    /// Cached shared-secret key derived once at `AccountManager::new`. Reused for both the
+    /// circuit input variant (`account_identities()`) and the message ephemeral-key tuples
+    /// (`private_account_keys()`), so all consumers see the same key. The corresponding
+    /// `EphemeralKeyHolder` uses `OsRng` and would produce a different value on a second call.
+    ssk: SharedSecretKey,
+    /// Cached ephemeral public key, paired with `ssk`.
+    epk: EphemeralPublicKey,
+    /// True when this account is a private PDA (owned or foreign). Used by `account_identities()`
+    /// to select `PrivatePdaInit`/`PrivatePdaUpdate` rather than the standalone private variants.
+    is_pda: bool,
 }
 
 async fn private_acc_preparation(
     wallet: &WalletCore,
     account_id: AccountId,
+    is_pda: bool,
 ) -> Result<AccountPreparedData, ExecutionFailureKind> {
     let Some((from_keys, from_acc, from_identifier)) =
         wallet.storage.user_data.get_private_account(account_id)
@@ -268,6 +305,10 @@ async fn private_acc_preparation(
     // support from that in the wallet.
     let sender_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(from_acc.clone(), true, account_id);
 
+    let eph_holder = EphemeralKeyHolder::new(&from_npk);
+    let ssk = eph_holder.calculate_shared_secret_sender(&from_vpk);
+    let epk = eph_holder.generate_ephemeral_public_key();
+
     Ok(AccountPreparedData {
         nsk: Some(nsk),
         npk: from_npk,
@@ -275,5 +316,9 @@ async fn private_acc_preparation(
         vpk: from_vpk,
         pre_state: sender_pre,
         proof,
+        ssk,
+        epk,
+        is_pda,
     })
 }
+