fix(bridge): enforce deposit exactly-once via a per-op-id receipt PDA

Cargo.lock

@@ -1193,6 +1193,7 @@ name = "bridge_core"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "lee_core",
+ "risc0-zkvm",
  "serde",
 ]
 

integration_tests/tests/bridge.rs

@@ -47,10 +47,11 @@ async fn public_bridge_deposit_invocation_is_dropped() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let bridge_account_id = system_accounts::bridge_account_id();
     let vault_program_id = programs::vault().id();
     let recipient_vault_id = vault_core::compute_vault_account_id(vault_program_id, recipient_id);
+    let receipt_id = bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(programs::bridge().id(), [0_u8; 32]);
 
     let message = public_transaction::Message::try_new(
         programs::bridge().id(),
-        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id],
+        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id, receipt_id],
         vec![],
         bridge_core::Instruction::Deposit {
             l1_deposit_op_id: [0_u8; 32],
@@ -95,10 +96,11 @@ async fn public_bridge_deposit_with_zero_amount_is_rejected() -> anyhow::Result<
     let bridge_account_id = system_accounts::bridge_account_id();
     let vault_program_id = programs::vault().id();
     let recipient_vault_id = vault_core::compute_vault_account_id(vault_program_id, recipient_id);
+    let receipt_id = bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(programs::bridge().id(), [0_u8; 32]);
 
     let message = public_transaction::Message::try_new(
         programs::bridge().id(),
-        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id],
+        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id, receipt_id],
         vec![],
         bridge_core::Instruction::Deposit {
             l1_deposit_op_id: [0_u8; 32],
@@ -155,8 +157,10 @@ async fn private_bridge_deposit_invocation_is_dropped() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let bridge_account_id = system_accounts::bridge_account_id();
     let vault_program_id = programs::vault().id();
     let recipient_vault_id = vault_core::compute_vault_account_id(vault_program_id, recipient_id);
+    let receipt_id = bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(programs::bridge().id(), [0_u8; 32]);
 
-    // Get pre-state of bridge and vault accounts
+    // Get pre-state of bridge and vault accounts; the receipt is unminted (a
+    // default account), so the program would create it on a first mint.
     let bridge_pre = AccountWithMetadata::new(
         get_account(&ctx, bridge_account_id).await?,
         false,
@@ -167,6 +171,8 @@ async fn private_bridge_deposit_invocation_is_dropped() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         false,
         recipient_vault_id,
     );
+    let receipt_pre =
+        AccountWithMetadata::new(lee_core::account::Account::default(), false, receipt_id);
 
     // Create program with dependencies
     let program_with_deps =
@@ -193,17 +199,25 @@ async fn private_bridge_deposit_invocation_is_dropped() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
     // Execute and prove the bridge deposit
     let (output, proof) = execute_and_prove(
-        vec![bridge_pre.clone(), vault_pre.clone()],
+        vec![bridge_pre.clone(), vault_pre.clone(), receipt_pre.clone()],
         instruction,
-        vec![InputAccountIdentity::Public, InputAccountIdentity::Public],
+        vec![
+            InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+            InputAccountIdentity::Public,
+        ],
         &program_with_deps,
     )
     .context("Failed to execute/prove bridge deposit")?;
 
     // Create privacy-preserving transaction from circuit output
     let message = privacy_preserving_transaction::Message::try_from_circuit_output(
-        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id],
-        vec![bridge_pre.account.nonce, vault_pre.account.nonce],
+        vec![bridge_account_id, recipient_vault_id, receipt_id],
+        vec![
+            bridge_pre.account.nonce,
+            vault_pre.account.nonce,
+            receipt_pre.account.nonce,
+        ],
         output,
     )
     .context("Failed to build privacy-preserving bridge deposit message")?;

lee/state_machine/src/state/mod.rs

@@ -270,6 +270,13 @@ impl V03State {
             .unwrap_or_else(Account::default)
     }
 
+    /// Borrowing counterpart of [`Self::get_account_by_id`], for callers that
+    /// only inspect the account and would otherwise clone it to drop it.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_public_account(&self, account_id: AccountId) -> Option<&Account> {
+        self.public_state.get(&account_id)
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn get_proof_for_commitment(&self, commitment: &Commitment) -> Option<MembershipProof> {
         self.private_state.0.get_proof_for(commitment)

lez/programs/bridge/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,4 +9,5 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 lee_core.workspace = true
+risc0-zkvm.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, default-features = false }

lez/programs/bridge/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@ use lee_core::{account::AccountId, program::ProgramId};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 const BRIDGE_SEED_DOMAIN_SEPARATOR: [u8; 32] = *b"/LEZ/v0.3/BridgeSeed/0000000000/";
+const DEPOSIT_RECEIPT_SEED_DOMAIN: [u8; 32] = *b"/LEZ/v0.3/BridgeDepositReceipt/0";
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Instruction {
-    /// Transfers native tokens from the bridge PDA account to a recipient vault.
+    /// Transfers native tokens from the bridge PDA account to a recipient vault,
+    /// exactly once per `l1_deposit_op_id`.
     ///
-    /// Required accounts (2):
+    /// Required accounts (3):
     /// - Bridge PDA account
     /// - Recipient vault PDA account
+    /// - Deposit-receipt PDA account, derived from `l1_deposit_op_id`. Its existence records that
+    ///   this op id was already minted; a second application of the same op id finds it present and
+    ///   transfers nothing.
     Deposit {
         /// Deposit OP ID from L1, stored here to pin each [`Deposit`](Instruction::Deposit) to a
         /// Deposit Event on L1.
@@ -43,3 +48,58 @@ pub const fn compute_bridge_seed() -> PdaSeed {
 pub fn compute_bridge_account_id(bridge_program_id: ProgramId) -> AccountId {
     AccountId::for_public_pda(&bridge_program_id, &compute_bridge_seed())
 }
+
+/// Seed of the deposit-receipt PDA for `l1_deposit_op_id`, exposed so the guest
+/// can claim the account. Domain-separated from [`compute_bridge_seed`].
+#[must_use]
+pub fn deposit_receipt_seed(l1_deposit_op_id: [u8; 32]) -> PdaSeed {
+    use risc0_zkvm::sha::{Impl, Sha256 as _};
+
+    let mut bytes = [0_u8; 64];
+    bytes[..32].copy_from_slice(&DEPOSIT_RECEIPT_SEED_DOMAIN);
+    bytes[32..].copy_from_slice(&l1_deposit_op_id);
+
+    let seed: [u8; 32] = Impl::hash_bytes(&bytes)
+        .as_bytes()
+        .try_into()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!());
+    PdaSeed::new(seed)
+}
+
+/// The deposit-receipt PDA whose existence marks `l1_deposit_op_id` as minted.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn deposit_receipt_account_id(
+    bridge_program_id: ProgramId,
+    l1_deposit_op_id: [u8; 32],
+) -> AccountId {
+    AccountId::for_public_pda(&bridge_program_id, &deposit_receipt_seed(l1_deposit_op_id))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const BRIDGE_ID: ProgramId = [7; 8];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn receipt_id_is_deterministic_per_op_id() {
+        let op = [3_u8; 32];
+        assert_eq!(
+            deposit_receipt_account_id(BRIDGE_ID, op),
+            deposit_receipt_account_id(BRIDGE_ID, op)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn distinct_op_ids_and_domains_do_not_collide() {
+        let a = deposit_receipt_account_id(BRIDGE_ID, [1; 32]);
+        let b = deposit_receipt_account_id(BRIDGE_ID, [2; 32]);
+        assert_ne!(a, b, "different op ids must derive different receipts");
+        // The op-id-derived seed must not alias the plain bridge PDA, even if an
+        // op id ever equals the bridge seed's raw bytes.
+        assert_ne!(
+            deposit_receipt_account_id(BRIDGE_ID, *compute_bridge_seed().as_bytes()),
+            compute_bridge_account_id(BRIDGE_ID)
+        );
+    }
+}

lez/programs/bridge/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use bridge_core::Instruction;
-use lee_core::program::{
-    AccountPostState, ChainedCall, ProgramInput, ProgramOutput, read_lee_inputs,
+use lee_core::{
+    account::Account,
+    program::{AccountPostState, ChainedCall, Claim, ProgramInput, ProgramOutput, read_lee_inputs},
 };
 
 fn unchanged_post_states(
@@ -29,18 +30,17 @@ fn main() {
     );
 
     let pre_states_clone = pre_states.clone();
-    let post_states = unchanged_post_states(&pre_states_clone);
 
-    let chained_calls = match instruction {
+    let (post_states, chained_calls) = match instruction {
         Instruction::Deposit {
-            l1_deposit_op_id: _,
+            l1_deposit_op_id,
             vault_program_id,
             recipient_id,
             amount,
         } => {
-            let [bridge, recipient_vault] = pre_states
+            let [bridge, recipient_vault, receipt] = pre_states
                 .try_into()
-                .expect("Deposit requires exactly 2 accounts");
+                .expect("Deposit requires exactly 3 accounts");
 
             assert_eq!(
                 bridge.account_id,
@@ -54,20 +54,47 @@ fn main() {
                 "Second account must be recipient vault PDA"
             );
 
-            let mut bridge_for_vault = bridge;
-            bridge_for_vault.is_authorized = true;
+            assert_eq!(
+                receipt.account_id,
+                bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(self_program_id, l1_deposit_op_id),
+                "Third account must be the deposit-receipt PDA"
+            );
 
-            vec![
-                ChainedCall::new(
-                    vault_program_id,
-                    vec![bridge_for_vault, recipient_vault],
-                    &vault_core::Instruction::Transfer {
-                        recipient_id,
-                        amount: u128::from(amount),
-                    },
-                )
-                .with_pda_seeds(vec![bridge_core::compute_bridge_seed()]),
-            ]
+            // Replay protection: the receipt PDA exists iff this op id was
+            // already minted. On replay it is non-default and the whole
+            // instruction is a no-op.
+            if receipt.account != Account::default() {
+                (unchanged_post_states(&pre_states_clone), vec![])
+            } else {
+                // First mint: claim the receipt — its existence is the record,
+                // the account's contents are never read — and chain the vault
+                // transfer.
+                let receipt_post = AccountPostState::new_claimed_if_default(
+                    receipt.account,
+                    Claim::Pda(bridge_core::deposit_receipt_seed(l1_deposit_op_id)),
+                );
+
+                let post_states = vec![
+                    AccountPostState::new(bridge.account.clone()),
+                    AccountPostState::new(recipient_vault.account.clone()),
+                    receipt_post,
+                ];
+
+                let mut bridge_for_vault = bridge;
+                bridge_for_vault.is_authorized = true;
+                let chained_calls = vec![
+                    ChainedCall::new(
+                        vault_program_id,
+                        vec![bridge_for_vault, recipient_vault],
+                        &vault_core::Instruction::Transfer {
+                            recipient_id,
+                            amount: u128::from(amount),
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .with_pda_seeds(vec![bridge_core::compute_bridge_seed()]),
+                ];
+                (post_states, chained_calls)
+            }
         }
         Instruction::Withdraw {
             amount,
@@ -89,13 +116,14 @@ fn main() {
                 "Sender account must be owned by the authenticated transfer program"
             );
 
-            vec![ChainedCall::new(
+            let chained_calls = vec![ChainedCall::new(
                 auth_transfer_program_id,
                 vec![sender, bridge],
                 &authenticated_transfer_core::Instruction::Transfer {
                     amount: u128::from(amount),
                 },
-            )]
+            )];
+            (unchanged_post_states(&pre_states_clone), chained_calls)
         }
     };
 

lez/sequencer/core/src/block_store.rs

@@ -155,14 +155,13 @@ impl SequencerStore {
     pub(crate) fn update(
         &mut self,
         block: &Block,
-        deposit_event_ids: &[HashType],
-        withdrawals: Vec<WithdrawalReconciliationKey>,
+        withdrawals: &[WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
         state: &V03State,
         checkpoint: Option<&[u8]>,
     ) -> DbResult<()> {
         let new_transactions_map = block_to_transactions_map(block);
         self.dbio
-            .atomic_update(block, deposit_event_ids, withdrawals, state, checkpoint)?;
+            .atomic_update(block, withdrawals, state, checkpoint)?;
         self.tx_hash_to_block_map.extend(new_transactions_map);
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -214,13 +213,9 @@ impl SequencerStore {
         self.dbio.put_zone_anchor(anchor)
     }
 
-    pub fn get_unfulfilled_deposit_events(&self) -> DbResult<Vec<PendingDepositEventRecord>> {
+    pub fn get_pending_deposit_events(&self) -> DbResult<Vec<PendingDepositEventRecord>> {
         self.dbio.get_pending_deposit_events()
     }
-
-    pub fn is_deposit_event_submitted(&self, deposit_op_id: HashType) -> DbResult<bool> {
-        self.dbio.is_deposit_event_submitted(deposit_op_id)
-    }
 }
 
 /// The checkpoint's on-disk encoding. `serde_json` because `SequencerCheckpoint`
@@ -277,9 +272,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(None, retrieved_tx);
         // Add the block with the transaction
         let dummy_state = V03State::new();
-        node_store
-            .update(&block, &[], vec![], &dummy_state, None)
-            .unwrap();
+        node_store.update(&block, &[], &dummy_state, None).unwrap();
         // Try again
         let output = node_store.get_transaction_by_hash(tx.hash());
         assert_eq!(Some((tx, 1)), output);
@@ -344,9 +337,7 @@ mod tests {
         let block_hash = block.header.hash;
 
         let dummy_state = V03State::new();
-        node_store
-            .update(&block, &[], vec![], &dummy_state, None)
-            .unwrap();
+        node_store.update(&block, &[], &dummy_state, None).unwrap();
 
         // Verify that the latest block meta now equals the new block's hash
         let latest_meta = node_store.latest_block_meta().unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -382,9 +373,7 @@ mod tests {
         let block_id = block.header.block_id;
 
         let dummy_state = V03State::new();
-        node_store
-            .update(&block, &[], vec![], &dummy_state, None)
-            .unwrap();
+        node_store.update(&block, &[], &dummy_state, None).unwrap();
 
         // Verify initial status is Pending
         let retrieved_block = node_store.get_block_at_id(block_id).unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -433,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
             // Add a new block
             let block = common::test_utils::produce_dummy_block(1, None, vec![tx.clone()]);
             node_store
-                .update(&block, &[], vec![], &V03State::new(), None)
+                .update(&block, &[], &V03State::new(), None)
                 .unwrap();
         }
 

lez/sequencer/core/src/lib.rs

@@ -455,12 +455,10 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
             }
         }
 
-        // Mark the deposits' pending records submitted so the production drain
-        // skips mints this block already carries. Withdraw intents are
-        // deliberately not counted: backfill already re-delivered and dropped
-        // their finalized L1 events, so an increment here would never be
-        // consumed and would leave a phantom count.
-        let deposit_event_ids: Vec<_> = block
+        // A reconstructed block is finalized, so any deposit it mints is
+        // permanently reflected in state (its receipt PDA); drop the pending
+        // record backfill may have re-delivered, so the drain stops re-minting.
+        let finalized_deposit_ids: Vec<_> = block
             .body
             .transactions
             .iter()
@@ -478,7 +476,7 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
                 blocks: &[(block, true)],
                 head_tip: head_tip.as_ref(),
                 final_snapshot: final_meta.as_ref().map(|meta| (chain.final_state(), meta)),
-                mark_deposits_submitted: Some((&deposit_event_ids, block_id)),
+                remove_deposit_records: &finalized_deposit_ids,
                 zone_anchor: Some(&record),
                 ..StoreUpdate::new(chain.head_state())
             })
@@ -500,18 +498,14 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
 
     /// Produces a new block from mempool transactions and publishes it via zone-sdk.
     pub async fn produce_new_block(&mut self) -> Result<u64> {
-        let BlockWithMeta {
-            block,
-            deposit_event_ids,
-            withdrawals,
-        } = self
+        let BlockWithMeta { block, withdrawals } = self
             .build_block_from_mempool()
             .context("Failed to build block from mempool transactions")?;
 
-        let withdrawal_reconciliation_keys = withdrawals
+        let withdrawal_reconciliation_keys: Vec<_> = withdrawals
             .iter()
             .map(|withdraw| withdraw_event_reconciliation_key(&withdraw.outputs))
-            .collect::<Result<_>>()
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()
             .context("Failed to build reconciliation keys for block withdrawals")?;
 
         let (this_msg, checkpoint) = self
@@ -523,8 +517,7 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
         self.record_produced_block(
             this_msg,
             &block,
-            &deposit_event_ids,
-            withdrawal_reconciliation_keys,
+            &withdrawal_reconciliation_keys,
             &checkpoint,
         )?;
 
@@ -544,8 +537,7 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
         &mut self,
         this_msg: MsgId,
         block: &Block,
-        deposit_event_ids: &[HashType],
-        withdrawal_reconciliation_keys: Vec<WithdrawalReconciliationKey>,
+        withdrawal_reconciliation_keys: &[WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
         checkpoint: &block_publisher::SequencerCheckpoint,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let checkpoint_bytes = block_store::checkpoint_bytes(checkpoint)?;
@@ -557,7 +549,6 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
                 // with the follow path.
                 self.store.update(
                     block,
-                    deposit_event_ids,
                     withdrawal_reconciliation_keys,
                     chain.head_state(),
                     Some(&checkpoint_bytes),
@@ -586,18 +577,12 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
     /// Validates and applies a single mempool transaction to the current state.
     /// Returns `Ok(true)` if the transaction was valid and applied, `Ok(false)` if
     /// it was skipped due to validation failure.
-    #[expect(
-        clippy::too_many_arguments,
-        reason = "splitting the produce-path accumulators into a struct buys nothing"
-    )]
     fn apply_mempool_transaction(
-        store: &SequencerStore,
         state: &mut lee::V03State,
         origin: TransactionOrigin,
         tx: &LeeTransaction,
         block_height: u64,
         timestamp: u64,
-        deposit_event_ids: &mut Vec<HashType>,
         withdrawals: &mut Vec<WithdrawArg>,
     ) -> Result<bool> {
         let tx_hash = tx.hash();
@@ -624,17 +609,9 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
                     panic!("Sequencer may only generate Public transactions, found {tx:#?}");
                 };
 
-                if let Some(deposit_op_id) = extract_bridge_deposit_id(tx) {
-                    if store
-                        .is_deposit_event_submitted(deposit_op_id)
-                        .context("Failed to check whether deposit was already submitted")?
-                    {
-                        info!("Skipping already-submitted bridge deposit {deposit_op_id}");
-                        return Ok(false);
-                    }
-                    deposit_event_ids.push(deposit_op_id);
-                }
-
+                // Bridge deposits are deduped by their receipt PDA in chain
+                // state (drained only when unminted, no-op on replay), so no
+                // node-local guard is needed here.
                 state
                     .transition_from_public_transaction(public_tx, block_height, timestamp)
                     .context("Failed to execute sequencer-generated transaction")?;
@@ -662,22 +639,24 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
         };
 
         let mut valid_transactions = Vec::new();
-        let mut deposit_event_ids = Vec::new();
         let mut withdrawals = Vec::new();
 
-        // Bridge deposit mints are drained from the store, not the mempool.
-        // The follow path records the event durably but cannot enqueue the
-        // mint itself (it runs on the publisher's drive task, where an await
-        // stalls the very task production needs), and a mempool copy would
-        // race this drain into minting the same deposit twice in one block.
+        // Bridge deposit mints are drained from the store, not the mempool: the
+        // follow path records the event durably but cannot enqueue the mint
+        // itself (it runs on the publisher's drive task, where an await stalls
+        // the very task production needs). Draining here also subsumes the old
+        // startup replay.
         //
-        // Draining here also subsumes the old startup replay.
+        // Skip any deposit whose receipt PDA already exists in the state we
+        // build on — it was minted by us or by a peer whose block we adopted.
+        // An orphan reverts the receipt with the block, so the next turn
+        // re-mints without any bookkeeping of our own.
         let mut pending_deposits: VecDeque<LeeTransaction> = self
             .store
-            .get_unfulfilled_deposit_events()
-            .context("Failed to load unfulfilled deposit events")?
+            .get_pending_deposit_events()
+            .context("Failed to load pending deposit events")?
             .into_iter()
-            .filter(|record| record.submitted_in_block_id.is_none())
+            .filter(|record| !deposit_already_minted(&working_state, record.deposit_op_id))
             .filter_map(|record| {
                 build_bridge_deposit_tx_from_event(&record)
                     .inspect_err(|err| {
@@ -740,13 +719,11 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
             }
 
             if Self::apply_mempool_transaction(
-                &self.store,
                 &mut working_state,
                 origin,
                 &tx,
                 new_block_height,
                 new_block_timestamp,
-                &mut deposit_event_ids,
                 &mut withdrawals,
             )? {
                 valid_transactions.push(tx);
@@ -779,11 +756,7 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
             now.elapsed().as_secs()
         );
 
-        Ok(BlockWithMeta {
-            block,
-            deposit_event_ids,
-            withdrawals,
-        })
+        Ok(BlockWithMeta { block, withdrawals })
     }
 
     /// Reads the current head state under the lock without cloning it, so callers
@@ -859,10 +832,19 @@ impl<BP: BlockPublisherTrait> SequencerCore<BP> {
 
 struct BlockWithMeta {
     block: Block,
-    deposit_event_ids: Vec<HashType>,
     withdrawals: Vec<WithdrawArg>,
 }
 
+/// Whether `deposit_op_id`'s mint is already reflected in `state` — its receipt
+/// PDA exists. The receipt is the exactly-once ledger the bridge program keeps.
+fn deposit_already_minted(state: &lee::V03State, deposit_op_id: HashType) -> bool {
+    let receipt_id =
+        bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(programs::bridge().id(), deposit_op_id.0);
+    state
+        .get_public_account(receipt_id)
+        .is_some_and(|receipt| *receipt != lee::Account::default())
+}
+
 /// Feed one channel delta into the follow state and mirror it to the store:
 /// revert orphaned, then apply and persist adopted and finalized blocks.
 /// Production builds on this same head. Wired to the publisher via
@@ -954,14 +936,24 @@ fn apply_follow_update(
         });
         let head_tip = chain.head_tip().map(|tip| BlockMeta::from(&tip));
 
-        // Every block at or below the highest finalized one is irreversible,
-        // so pending records submitted there can go and stored blocks can be
-        // marked finalized.
+        // Every block at or below the highest finalized one is irreversible, so
+        // stored blocks there can be marked finalized.
         let last_finalized = finalized
             .iter()
             .map(|(_, block)| block.header.block_id)
             .max();
 
+        // A deposit observed in a finalized block is permanently minted (its
+        // receipt is now in the irreversible tier), so its pending record can be
+        // dropped. Keyed by op id, not block id: a record only goes once its own
+        // deposit finalizes, never because some other block finalized at its
+        // height.
+        let finalized_deposit_ids: Vec<HashType> = finalized
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|(_, block)| block.body.transactions.iter())
+            .filter_map(extract_bridge_deposit_id)
+            .collect();
+
         // A persist failure is fatal: the in-memory chain has already advanced,
         // and continuing would leave a permanent gap in the store. The `panic!`
         // ends the drive task, whose cancellation halts the node.
@@ -973,6 +965,7 @@ fn apply_follow_update(
                 final_snapshot: final_meta.as_ref().map(|meta| (chain.final_state(), meta)),
                 finalized_up_to: last_finalized,
                 new_deposit_events: &deposit_records,
+                remove_deposit_records: &finalized_deposit_ids,
                 consumed_withdrawals: &consumed_withdrawals,
                 ..StoreUpdate::new(chain.head_state())
             })
@@ -1152,7 +1145,6 @@ fn pending_deposit_event_record(deposit: &DepositInfo) -> PendingDepositEventRec
         source_tx_hash: HashType(deposit.tx_hash.0),
         amount: deposit.amount,
         metadata: deposit.metadata.clone().into(),
-        submitted_in_block_id: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -1164,10 +1156,18 @@ fn build_bridge_deposit_tx_from_event(event: &PendingDepositEventRecord) -> Resu
     let vault_program_id = programs::vault().id();
     let recipient_vault_id =
         vault_core::compute_vault_account_id(vault_program_id, metadata.recipient_id);
+    // The receipt PDA carries the exactly-once check: the program reads it to
+    // detect a replay, so it must be in the tx's account list.
+    let receipt_id =
+        bridge_core::deposit_receipt_account_id(bridge_program_id, event.deposit_op_id.0);
 
     let message = Message::try_new(
         bridge_program_id,
-        vec![system_accounts::bridge_account_id(), recipient_vault_id],
+        vec![
+            system_accounts::bridge_account_id(),
+            recipient_vault_id,
+            receipt_id,
+        ],
         vec![],
         bridge_core::Instruction::Deposit {
             l1_deposit_op_id: event.deposit_op_id.0,

lez/sequencer/core/src/mock.rs

@@ -18,18 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub type SequencerCoreWithMockClients = crate::SequencerCore<MockBlockPublisher>;
 
-/// A zeroed checkpoint. Tests only assert *that* a checkpoint was persisted
-/// alongside its effects, never what is in it.
-#[must_use]
-pub fn mock_checkpoint() -> SequencerCheckpoint {
-    SequencerCheckpoint {
-        last_msg_id: MsgId::from([0; 32]),
-        pending_txs: Vec::new(),
-        lib: HeaderId::from([0; 32]),
-        lib_slot: Slot::from(0),
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct MockBlockPublisher {
     channel_id: ChannelId,
@@ -119,3 +107,16 @@ impl BlockPublisherTrait for MockBlockPublisher {
         Ok(futures::stream::iter(messages))
     }
 }
+
+/// A zeroed checkpoint, for [`MockBlockPublisher::publish_block`] and for tests
+/// building a [`crate::block_publisher::FollowUpdate`]. Tests only assert *that*
+/// a checkpoint was persisted alongside its effects, never what is in it.
+#[must_use]
+pub(crate) fn mock_checkpoint() -> SequencerCheckpoint {
+    SequencerCheckpoint {
+        last_msg_id: MsgId::from([0; 32]),
+        pending_txs: Vec::new(),
+        lib: HeaderId::from([0; 32]),
+        lib_slot: Slot::from(0),
+    }
+}

lez/sequencer/core/src/tests.rs

@@ -39,11 +39,18 @@ use crate::{
     block_store::SequencerStore,
     build_bridge_deposit_tx_from_event, build_genesis_state,
     config::{BedrockConfig, GenesisAction, SequencerConfig},
-    is_sequencer_only_program,
+    deposit_already_minted, is_sequencer_only_program,
     mock::{SequencerCoreWithMockClients, mock_checkpoint},
     resubmittable_txs,
 };
 
+mod reconstruction;
+
+#[derive(borsh::BorshSerialize)]
+struct DepositMetadataForEncoding {
+    recipient_id: lee::AccountId,
+}
+
 /// A follow update carrying nothing, to fill in the fields a test does not
 /// exercise via `..empty_follow_update()`.
 fn empty_follow_update() -> FollowUpdate {
@@ -57,13 +64,6 @@ fn empty_follow_update() -> FollowUpdate {
     }
 }
 
-mod reconstruction;
-
-#[derive(borsh::BorshSerialize)]
-struct DepositMetadataForEncoding {
-    recipient_id: lee::AccountId,
-}
-
 fn setup_sequencer_config() -> SequencerConfig {
     let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
     let home = tempdir.path().to_path_buf();
@@ -247,7 +247,6 @@ async fn unfulfilled_deposit_events_are_drained_from_the_store_on_production() {
         source_tx_hash: HashType([7_u8; 32]),
         amount: expected_amount,
         metadata: borsh::to_vec(&DepositMetadataForEncoding { recipient_id }).unwrap(),
-        submitted_in_block_id: None,
     };
 
     {
@@ -286,15 +285,20 @@ async fn unfulfilled_deposit_events_are_drained_from_the_store_on_production() {
         "the drained deposit mint should be included in the produced block"
     );
 
-    let pending_events = sequencer.store.get_unfulfilled_deposit_events().unwrap();
-    let drained_event = pending_events
-        .into_iter()
-        .find(|event| event.deposit_op_id == HashType(deposit_op_id))
-        .expect("Pending deposit event should remain in DB until finalized");
-    assert_eq!(
-        drained_event.submitted_in_block_id,
-        Some(block_id),
-        "inclusion marks the record submitted, so the next turn does not mint it again"
+    // The record stays until its deposit finalizes; exactly-once is enforced by
+    // the receipt PDA now in head state, not by any marker on the record.
+    assert!(
+        sequencer
+            .store
+            .get_pending_deposit_events()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|event| event.deposit_op_id == HashType(deposit_op_id)),
+        "the record remains until the deposit finalizes"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        sequencer.with_state(|state| deposit_already_minted(state, HashType(deposit_op_id))),
+        "the deposit's receipt PDA marks it minted in head state"
     );
 }
 
@@ -315,7 +319,6 @@ async fn a_drained_deposit_is_not_minted_twice_across_turns() {
             source_tx_hash: HashType([7_u8; 32]),
             amount: 1,
             metadata: borsh::to_vec(&DepositMetadataForEncoding { recipient_id }).unwrap(),
-            submitted_in_block_id: None,
         })
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -339,7 +342,7 @@ async fn a_drained_deposit_is_not_minted_twice_across_turns() {
     assert_eq!(
         minted_in(second),
         0,
-        "the submitted marker must keep the next turn from re-draining the record"
+        "the receipt PDA from the first mint must keep the drain from re-minting"
     );
 }
 
@@ -1358,7 +1361,6 @@ fn resubmittable_txs_drops_clock_and_bridge_deposits() {
             recipient_id: initial_public_user_accounts()[0].account_id,
         })
         .unwrap(),
-        submitted_in_block_id: None,
     })
     .unwrap();
     let withdraw_tx = {
@@ -1461,13 +1463,9 @@ async fn follow_update_records_deposits_for_the_production_drain() {
         },
     );
 
-    let pending = sequencer.store.get_unfulfilled_deposit_events().unwrap();
+    let pending = sequencer.store.get_pending_deposit_events().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(pending.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(pending[0].deposit_op_id, HashType([21; 32]));
-    assert!(
-        pending[0].submitted_in_block_id.is_none(),
-        "an observed deposit is owed until a block includes its mint"
-    );
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -1831,7 +1829,6 @@ async fn record_produced_block_skips_persistence_on_lost_race() {
             MsgId::from(our_block.header.hash.0),
             &our_block,
             &[],
-            vec![],
             &mock_checkpoint(),
         )
         .unwrap();
@@ -1860,7 +1857,6 @@ async fn record_produced_block_skips_persistence_when_block_no_longer_chains() {
             MsgId::from(stale.header.hash.0),
             &stale,
             &[],
-            vec![],
             &mock_checkpoint(),
         )
         .unwrap();

lez/sequencer/core/src/tests/reconstruction.rs

@@ -295,7 +295,6 @@ fn deposit_event_record(
             recipient_id: recipient,
         })
         .unwrap(),
-        submitted_in_block_id: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -525,7 +524,6 @@ async fn reconstruction_reconciles_already_finished_deposit() {
         .await
         .unwrap();
     seq_a.produce_new_block().await.unwrap();
-    let deposit_block_id = seq_a.block_store().latest_block_meta().unwrap().unwrap().id;
 
     let messages = channel_from_store(seq_a.block_store(), 10);
     let tip_slot = messages.last().unwrap().1;
@@ -561,18 +559,19 @@ async fn reconstruction_reconciles_already_finished_deposit() {
         "already-finished deposit must be applied exactly once"
     );
 
-    // The pending event is now marked submitted in the reconstructed block, so the
-    // startup replay would not re-queue it — no double mint on restart.
-    let record = store_b
-        .get_unfulfilled_deposit_events()
-        .unwrap()
-        .into_iter()
-        .find(|event| event.deposit_op_id == HashType(deposit_op_id))
-        .expect("pending deposit event should still be recorded");
-    assert_eq!(
-        record.submitted_in_block_id,
-        Some(deposit_block_id),
-        "reconstruction must reconcile the already-finished deposit against its channel block"
+    // The mint's receipt PDA is in the reconstructed state, and reconstruction
+    // dropped the pending record backfill had re-delivered — so the production
+    // drain sees the deposit as minted and never re-emits it.
+    assert!(
+        crate::deposit_already_minted(
+            chain_b.lock().unwrap().head_state(),
+            HashType(deposit_op_id)
+        ),
+        "the reconstructed deposit's receipt marks it minted"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        store_b.get_pending_deposit_events().unwrap().is_empty(),
+        "reconstruction drops the finalized deposit's pending record"
     );
 }
 

lez/storage/src/sequencer/mod.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap},
-    path::Path,
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
 use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
 use common::{
@@ -105,43 +101,42 @@ impl DbDump {
 /// cursor, so it must land in the *same* write as the effects it covers.
 /// Persisted ahead of them, a crash in between resumes the stream past blocks
 /// that never reached the store — a gap the node cannot backfill.
-pub struct StoreUpdate<'a> {
+pub struct StoreUpdate<'update> {
     /// Serialized zone-sdk checkpoint for this event.
-    pub checkpoint: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    pub checkpoint: Option<&'update [u8]>,
 
     /// `(block, finalized)` payloads to write.
-    pub blocks: &'a [(&'a Block, bool)],
+    pub blocks: &'update [(&'update Block, bool)],
 
     /// Head tip to pin the stored chain to; `None` only for an empty chain.
-    pub head_tip: Option<&'a BlockMeta>,
+    pub head_tip: Option<&'update BlockMeta>,
     /// State after the last applied block.
-    pub head_state: &'a V03State,
+    pub head_state: &'update V03State,
 
     /// `(state, meta)` of the final tier, when it advanced.
-    pub final_snapshot: Option<(&'a V03State, &'a BlockMeta)>,
+    pub final_snapshot: Option<(&'update V03State, &'update BlockMeta)>,
     /// Highest block id this event made irreversible: stored blocks at or below
-    /// it become [`BedrockStatus::Finalized`], and pending deposit records
-    /// submitted there are dropped.
+    /// it become [`BedrockStatus::Finalized`].
     pub finalized_up_to: Option<u64>,
 
     /// Deposit events observed on L1, recorded unless already pending.
-    pub new_deposit_events: &'a [PendingDepositEventRecord],
-    /// Deposit op ids included in `block_id`, marked submitted.
-    pub mark_deposits_submitted: Option<(&'a [HashType], u64)>,
+    pub new_deposit_events: &'update [PendingDepositEventRecord],
+    /// Deposit op ids whose mint finalized: their pending records are dropped.
+    pub remove_deposit_records: &'update [HashType],
     /// L1 withdraw events to reconcile against the local unseen counters.
-    pub consumed_withdrawals: &'a [WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
+    pub consumed_withdrawals: &'update [WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
     /// L2 withdraw intents this update raises, awaiting their L1 event.
-    pub new_withdraw_intents: &'a [WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
+    pub new_withdraw_intents: &'update [WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
 
     /// Advance the channel-read anchor.
-    pub zone_anchor: Option<&'a ZoneAnchorRecord>,
+    pub zone_anchor: Option<&'update ZoneAnchorRecord>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> StoreUpdate<'a> {
+impl<'update> StoreUpdate<'update> {
     /// An update that writes nothing but the caller's head `state`, to be
     /// filled in with `..StoreUpdate::new(state)`.
     #[must_use]
-    pub const fn new(head_state: &'a V03State) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(head_state: &'update V03State) -> Self {
         Self {
             checkpoint: None,
             blocks: &[],
@@ -150,7 +145,7 @@ impl<'a> StoreUpdate<'a> {
             final_snapshot: None,
             finalized_up_to: None,
             new_deposit_events: &[],
-            mark_deposits_submitted: None,
+            remove_deposit_records: &[],
             consumed_withdrawals: &[],
             new_withdraw_intents: &[],
             zone_anchor: None,
@@ -469,7 +464,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
     /// One-shot form of [`RocksDBIO::store_update`]'s `new_deposit_events`.
     pub fn add_pending_deposit_event(&self, event: PendingDepositEventRecord) -> DbResult<bool> {
         let mut batch = WriteBatch::default();
-        let accepted = self.stage_pending_deposit_events(&[event], None, None, &mut batch)?;
+        let accepted = self.stage_pending_deposit_events(&[event], &[], &mut batch)?;
         self.db.write(batch).map_err(|rerr| {
             DbError::rocksdb_cast_message(
                 rerr,
@@ -489,18 +484,15 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
     fn stage_pending_deposit_events(
         &self,
         new_events: &[PendingDepositEventRecord],
-        mark_submitted: Option<(&[HashType], u64)>,
-        finalized_up_to: Option<u64>,
+        remove_op_ids: &[HashType],
         batch: &mut WriteBatch,
     ) -> DbResult<usize> {
-        let marks_nothing = mark_submitted.is_none_or(|(ids, _)| ids.is_empty());
-        if new_events.is_empty() && marks_nothing && finalized_up_to.is_none() {
+        if new_events.is_empty() && remove_op_ids.is_empty() {
             return Ok(0);
         }
 
         let mut records = self.get_pending_deposit_events()?;
         let before = records.len();
-        let mut changed = false;
 
         for event in new_events {
             if records
@@ -513,30 +505,19 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         }
         let accepted = records.len().saturating_sub(before);
 
-        if let Some((deposit_op_ids, submitted_block_id)) = mark_submitted {
-            for record in records
-                .iter_mut()
-                .filter(|record| record.submitted_in_block_id != Some(submitted_block_id))
-                .filter(|record| deposit_op_ids.contains(&record.deposit_op_id))
-            {
-                record.submitted_in_block_id = Some(submitted_block_id);
-                changed = true;
-            }
-        }
+        let removed = if remove_op_ids.is_empty() {
+            0
+        } else {
+            let after_append = records.len();
+            records.retain(|record| !remove_op_ids.contains(&record.deposit_op_id));
+            after_append.saturating_sub(records.len())
+        };
 
-        // Everything at or below a finalized block is irreversible, so records
-        // submitted there have served their purpose.
-        if let Some(finalized_block_id) = finalized_up_to {
-            records.retain(|record| {
-                record
-                    .submitted_in_block_id
-                    .is_none_or(|submitted_id| submitted_id > finalized_block_id)
-            });
-        }
-
-        // The common event finalizes something but touches no record; without
-        // this the cell is rewritten on every one of them.
-        if changed || records.len() != before {
+        // Tracked separately rather than inferred from the length: one event can
+        // both observe a deposit and finalize another, which nets to the same
+        // count while the contents changed. The common finalizing event owns no
+        // pending record at all, and must not rewrite the cell.
+        if accepted > 0 || removed > 0 {
             self.put_pending_deposit_events_batch(&records, batch)?;
         }
         Ok(accepted)
@@ -558,9 +539,14 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
             return Ok(unmatched);
         }
 
-        let mut occurrences: HashMap<WithdrawalReconciliationKey, u64> = HashMap::new();
+        // A `Vec` rather than a map: the per-update count is tiny, and it keeps
+        // the staging order deterministic.
+        let mut occurrences: Vec<(WithdrawalReconciliationKey, u64)> = Vec::new();
         for withdrawal in withdrawals {
-            *occurrences.entry(*withdrawal).or_default() += 1;
+            match occurrences.iter_mut().find(|(key, _)| key == withdrawal) {
+                Some((_, times)) => *times = times.saturating_add(1),
+                None => occurrences.push((*withdrawal, 1)),
+            }
         }
 
         for (withdrawal, times) in occurrences {
@@ -579,12 +565,12 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
 
             match stored.and_then(|count| count.checked_sub(times)) {
                 Some(count) => {
-                    self.put_batch(&UnseenWithdrawCountCell(count), withdrawal, batch)?
+                    self.put_batch(&UnseenWithdrawCountCell(count), withdrawal, batch)?;
                 }
                 // Only stage a delete for a key that was actually there, so a
                 // fully unmatched update leaves the batch empty.
                 None if stored.is_some() => {
-                    self.del_batch::<UnseenWithdrawCountCell>(withdrawal, batch)?
+                    self.del_batch::<UnseenWithdrawCountCell>(withdrawal, batch)?;
                 }
                 None => {}
             }
@@ -599,11 +585,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
     /// Reads from disk, so blocks the caller is writing itself are already in
     /// `to_write` and keep their own version — one `put` per block id, no
     /// reliance on the order writes are staged in.
-    fn collect_finalized_up_to(
-        &self,
-        last_finalized: u64,
-        to_write: &mut BTreeMap<u64, Block>,
-    ) -> DbResult<()> {
+    fn collect_finalized_up_to(&self, last_finalized: u64, to_write: &mut BTreeMap<u64, Block>) {
         let newly_finalized: Vec<Block> = self
             .get_all_blocks()
             .filter_map(Result::ok)
@@ -617,15 +599,6 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
             block.bedrock_status = BedrockStatus::Finalized;
             to_write.entry(block.header.block_id).or_insert(block);
         }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Whether a bridge deposit for `deposit_op_id` is already recorded as
-    /// included in a block (its pending record is marked submitted).
-    pub fn is_deposit_event_submitted(&self, deposit_op_id: HashType) -> DbResult<bool> {
-        Ok(self.get_pending_deposit_events()?.iter().any(|record| {
-            record.deposit_op_id == deposit_op_id && record.submitted_in_block_id.is_some()
-        }))
     }
 
     fn increment_unseen_withdraw_count(
@@ -765,7 +738,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
     /// One-shot form of [`RocksDBIO::store_update`]'s `finalized_up_to`.
     pub fn clean_pending_blocks_up_to(&self, last_finalized: u64) -> DbResult<()> {
         let mut to_write = BTreeMap::new();
-        self.collect_finalized_up_to(last_finalized, &mut to_write)?;
+        self.collect_finalized_up_to(last_finalized, &mut to_write);
 
         let mut batch = WriteBatch::default();
         for block in to_write.values() {
@@ -873,7 +846,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
             final_snapshot,
             finalized_up_to,
             new_deposit_events,
-            mark_deposits_submitted,
+            remove_deposit_records,
             consumed_withdrawals,
             new_withdraw_intents,
             zone_anchor,
@@ -919,7 +892,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
         }
 
         if let Some(last_finalized) = finalized_up_to {
-            self.collect_finalized_up_to(last_finalized, &mut to_write)?;
+            self.collect_finalized_up_to(last_finalized, &mut to_write);
         }
         for block in to_write.values() {
             self.put_block_payload(block, &mut batch)?;
@@ -927,8 +900,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
 
         let accepted_deposits = self.stage_pending_deposit_events(
             new_deposit_events,
-            mark_deposits_submitted,
-            finalized_up_to,
+            remove_deposit_records,
             &mut batch,
         )?;
         let unmatched_withdrawals =
@@ -987,8 +959,8 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
             })
     }
 
-    /// Persists a block we produced, its deposit/withdraw bookkeeping, the
-    /// resulting state and the publish `checkpoint` in one atomic write.
+    /// Persists a block we produced, its withdraw intents, the resulting state
+    /// and the publish `checkpoint` in one atomic write.
     ///
     /// The produce path is [`Self::store_update`] with a single block that is
     /// the new tip; the checkpoint belongs in the same write for the same
@@ -999,8 +971,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
     pub fn atomic_update(
         &self,
         block: &Block,
-        deposit_op_ids: &[HashType],
-        withdrawals: Vec<WithdrawalReconciliationKey>,
+        withdrawals: &[WithdrawalReconciliationKey],
         state: &V03State,
         checkpoint: Option<&[u8]>,
     ) -> DbResult<()> {
@@ -1008,8 +979,7 @@ impl RocksDBIO {
             checkpoint,
             blocks: &[(block, false)],
             head_tip: Some(&BlockMeta::from(block)),
-            mark_deposits_submitted: Some((deposit_op_ids, block.header.block_id)),
-            new_withdraw_intents: &withdrawals,
+            new_withdraw_intents: withdrawals,
             ..StoreUpdate::new(state)
         })
         .map(|_outcome| ())

lez/storage/src/sequencer/sequencer_cells.rs

@@ -232,14 +232,17 @@ impl SimpleWritableCell for ZoneAnchorCell {
     }
 }
 
+/// An L1 deposit event observed but not yet seen finalized.
+///
+/// Purely a liveness queue: whether to actually emit a mint is decided against
+/// chain state (the deposit-receipt PDA), and the record is dropped once its
+/// mint finalizes.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize)]
 pub struct PendingDepositEventRecord {
     pub deposit_op_id: HashType,
     pub source_tx_hash: HashType,
     pub amount: u64,
     pub metadata: Vec<u8>,
-    /// Set when block containing the deposit event is submitted, but not necessarily finalized.
-    pub submitted_in_block_id: Option<u64>,
 }
 
 #[derive(BorshDeserialize)]

lez/storage/src/sequencer/tests.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ fn deposit_record(seed: u8) -> PendingDepositEventRecord {
         source_tx_hash: HashType([seed; 32]),
         amount: u64::from(seed),
         metadata: vec![seed],
-        submitted_in_block_id: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ fn redelivered_deposit_is_not_accepted_twice() {
 
     let record = deposit_record(1);
     dbio.store_update(&StoreUpdate {
-        new_deposit_events: &[record.clone()],
+        new_deposit_events: std::slice::from_ref(&record),
         ..StoreUpdate::new(&state_with_balance(100))
     })
     .unwrap();
@@ -376,6 +375,30 @@ fn redelivered_deposit_is_not_accepted_twice() {
     assert_eq!(dbio.get_pending_deposit_events().unwrap().len(), 1);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn finalized_deposit_records_are_removed_by_op_id() {
+    let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let (dbio, _genesis) = dbio_with_genesis(temp_dir.path());
+
+    let first = deposit_record(1);
+    let second = deposit_record(2);
+    dbio.store_update(&StoreUpdate {
+        new_deposit_events: &[first.clone(), second.clone()],
+        ..StoreUpdate::new(&state_with_balance(100))
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+
+    // Only the finalized op id is dropped; the other record stays.
+    dbio.store_update(&StoreUpdate {
+        remove_deposit_records: &[first.deposit_op_id],
+        ..StoreUpdate::new(&state_with_balance(100))
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let stored = dbio.get_pending_deposit_events().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(stored, vec![second]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn repeated_withdrawal_key_in_one_update_decrements_once_per_occurrence() {
     let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -386,12 +409,12 @@ fn repeated_withdrawal_key_in_one_update_decrements_once_per_occurrence() {
         bedrock_account_pk: [3; 32],
     };
     // Two local intents for the same key.
-    let mut batch = WriteBatch::default();
-    dbio.increment_unseen_withdraw_count(key, &mut batch).unwrap();
-    dbio.db.write(batch).unwrap();
-    let mut batch = WriteBatch::default();
-    dbio.increment_unseen_withdraw_count(key, &mut batch).unwrap();
-    dbio.db.write(batch).unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        let mut batch = WriteBatch::default();
+        dbio.increment_unseen_withdraw_count(key, &mut batch)
+            .unwrap();
+        dbio.db.write(batch).unwrap();
+    }
 
     // Both L1 events arrive in one update; a per-occurrence disk read would
     // miss the staged decrement and consume only one.
@@ -432,7 +455,9 @@ fn unmatched_withdrawal_is_reported_and_writes_nothing() {
 
     assert_eq!(outcome.unmatched_withdrawals.len(), 1);
     assert!(
-        dbio.get_opt::<UnseenWithdrawCountCell>(key).unwrap().is_none(),
+        dbio.get_opt::<UnseenWithdrawCountCell>(key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_none(),
         "an unmatched withdraw must not leave a counter behind"
     );
 }
@@ -443,14 +468,8 @@ fn produced_block_persists_its_publish_checkpoint() {
     let (dbio, genesis) = dbio_with_genesis(temp_dir.path());
 
     let block2 = produce_dummy_block(2, Some(genesis.header.hash), vec![]);
-    dbio.atomic_update(
-        &block2,
-        &[],
-        vec![],
-        &state_with_balance(200),
-        Some(b"cp-produced"),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+    dbio.atomic_update(&block2, &[], &state_with_balance(200), Some(b"cp-produced"))
+        .unwrap();
 
     // Storing the block without the checkpoint would let a restart restore a
     // pending set that no longer holds the inscription we just published.
@@ -458,7 +477,10 @@ fn produced_block_persists_its_publish_checkpoint() {
         dbio.get_zone_sdk_checkpoint_bytes().unwrap().as_deref(),
         Some(b"cp-produced".as_slice())
     );
-    assert_eq!(dbio.get_block(2).unwrap().unwrap().header.hash, block2.header.hash);
+    assert_eq!(
+        dbio.get_block(2).unwrap().unwrap().header.hash,
+        block2.header.hash
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -477,7 +499,7 @@ fn produced_block_below_disk_head_pins_meta_and_prunes() {
     // pins the tip meta to the produced block and drops the stale suffix in
     // the same write, mirroring the follow path.
     let block2b = produce_dummy_block(2, Some(genesis.header.hash), vec![]);
-    dbio.atomic_update(&block2b, &[], vec![], &state_with_balance(400), None)
+    dbio.atomic_update(&block2b, &[], &state_with_balance(400), None)
         .unwrap();
 
     let stored2 = dbio.get_block(2).unwrap().expect("block 2 is stored");