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diff --git a/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/execution_state.rs b/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/execution_state.rs
index b2157a5da..3a4344749 100644
--- a/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/execution_state.rs
+++ b/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/execution_state.rs
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ pub struct ExecutionState {
     /// call tree, remaining authorized throughout all calls.
     globally_authorized: HashSet<AccountId>,
     signer_account_ids: Vec<AccountId>,
-    /// This, not `post_states`, is what the circuit ultimately outputs for public accounts:
-    /// `post_states` is only ever used internally, to give a later call in the same chain a
-    /// concrete `pre_state` for an account an earlier call already touched.
+    /// One diff per public account touch; diffs are not aggregated for the same public account.
+    /// This is the circuit's real output for public accounts and replayed by the sequencer against
+    /// live state.
     public_diffs: Vec<PublicDiff>,
 }
 
@@ -408,21 +408,12 @@ impl ExecutionState {
                             pre_is_authorized,
                         );
                     }
-                    // First sighting of a non-PDA-init account (`!has_private_pda_witness`):
-                    // this still runs unconditionally for its caller-PDA-seed-matching side
-                    // effects (a private PDA without an external seed legitimately authorizes
-                    // via the caller's `pda_seeds`), but the signer-list-derived result is only
-                    // *enforced* against `pre.is_authorized` for public accounts, inside
-                    // `authorize_first_sight_without_pda_witness`: `is_authorized` has no
-                    // downstream security consequence for private accounts (claim semantics are
-                    // entirely bypassed for them), and a private `AccountId` can never
-                    // legitimately appear in `signer_account_ids` (it's derived from `npk`/`vpk`,
-                    // not a real-world signature).
-                    //
-                    // Replaces the guarantee live-state reconstruction used to provide: once the
-                    // sequencer stops reconstructing pre-states from live state (PR3), this is
-                    // the circuit's only independent check that `is_authorized` for a top-level
-                    // public account was derived honestly rather than self-reported.
+                    // Enforces that a first-sighted public account's `is_authorized` claim
+                    // matches the real signer set instead of being trusted at face value: now
+                    // that the sequencer no longer reconstructs pre-states from live state, this
+                    // is the circuit's only remaining check that the claim was derived honestly
+                    // rather than self-reported. Also covers a private PDA with no external seed,
+                    // which can still be authorized via the caller's `pda_seeds`.
                     let is_public = account_identities
                         .get(pre_state_position)
                         .is_some_and(InputAccountIdentity::is_public);
@@ -476,11 +467,10 @@ impl ExecutionState {
             // journal we can't derive locally — the resulting `data` — in the same order the host
             // proved these receipts, matching this function's own traversal.
             let data = if let Some(diff_data) = diff.diff_data.clone() {
-                // The diff's materialization logic belongs to the account's *owner* program, not
-                // necessarily the calling program — falling back to the caller only when the
-                // account is still unclaimed (default owner). Must match the host's own
-                // resolution in `circuit::execute_and_prove`, since that's the program whose ELF
-                // actually produced the receipt being checked below.
+                // Owned by the account's *owner* program, not necessarily the caller — falls
+                // back to the caller only when unclaimed (default owner). Must match the host's
+                // resolution in `circuit::execute_and_prove`, the program whose ELF actually
+                // produced the receipt checked below.
                 let owner_id: ProgramId = if pre_account.program_owner == DEFAULT_PROGRAM_OWNER {
                     program_id
                 } else {
@@ -603,14 +593,10 @@ impl ExecutionState {
         authorized_accounts
     }
 
-    /// Consume self and yield the validity windows, the per-position PDA seed/program map
-    /// (recorded during `derive_from_outputs`), the committed signer set, the raw per-call
-    /// public diffs, and an iterator over pre and (internally materialized) post states of every
-    /// account involved in the execution. The materialized post state is only authoritative for
-    /// private accounts — for public ones it was only ever needed internally, for
-    /// chain-threading; `public_diffs` is the real output for those. Returning everything
-    /// together keeps the fields module-private rather than forcing them visible to downstream
-    /// consumers.
+    /// Consumes self into a tuple so the fields stay module-private rather than exposed
+    /// individually. The returned post state is only authoritative for private accounts — for
+    /// public ones it was only ever needed internally, for chain-threading; `public_diffs` is
+    /// the real output for those.
     #[expect(
         clippy::type_complexity,
         reason = "tuple bundles several exit values from one consuming call so all fields stay private; a struct would only rename it"
@@ -765,13 +751,11 @@ fn authorize_first_sight_without_pda_witness(
         assert_family_binding(pda_family_binding, caller_program_id, seed, pre_account_id);
         true
     } else {
-        // Replaces the guarantee live-state reconstruction used to provide: once the sequencer
-        // stops reconstructing pre-states from live state, this is the circuit's only
-        // independent check that `is_authorized` for a top-level public account was derived
-        // honestly rather than self-reported. `is_authorized` has no downstream security
-        // consequence for private accounts (claim semantics are entirely bypassed for them),
-        // and a private `AccountId` can never legitimately appear in `signer_account_ids` (it's
-        // derived from `npk`/`vpk`, not a real-world signature), so the check is public-only.
+        // Replaces the check live-state reconstruction used to provide: this is the circuit's
+        // only remaining proof that a public account's `is_authorized` was derived honestly, not
+        // self-reported. Private accounts are exempt — `is_authorized` has no security
+        // consequence for them, and a private `AccountId` (derived from `npk`/`vpk`) can never
+        // legitimately appear in `signer_account_ids` anyway.
         assert!(
             !is_public || pre_is_authorized == is_signer,
             "is_authorized for account {pre_account_id} doesn't match the canonical signer/PDA-authorization sources",
diff --git a/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/output.rs b/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/output.rs
index 2ccf3e476..d1db28858 100644
--- a/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/output.rs
+++ b/lee/privacy_preserving_circuit/src/output.rs
@@ -42,9 +42,8 @@ pub fn compute_circuit_output(
     {
         match account_identity {
             InputAccountIdentity::Public => {
-                // No longer exported: `pre_state` for public accounts is now witness-only. This
-                // account's effect is captured entirely by `execution_state`'s `public_diffs`
-                // (already merged into `output` above via `into_parts`).
+                // Nothing to add: `pre_state` is witness-only now, and the account's effect is
+                // already in `output.public_diffs` (merged above via `into_parts`).
             }
             InputAccountIdentity::Private(PrivateWitness {
                 vpk,
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/core/src/circuit_io.rs b/lee/state_machine/core/src/circuit_io.rs
index 584802ea9..77ef816b3 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/core/src/circuit_io.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/core/src/circuit_io.rs
@@ -33,11 +33,9 @@ pub struct PrivacyPreservingCircuitInput {
     /// the pre-state), `diff_data` (known from the diff), and this `data`, then checks it via
     /// `env::verify` — so this value is untrusted input, made trustworthy only by that check.
     pub update_from_diff_results: Vec<Data>,
-    /// The accounts this transaction claims are signers. `is_authorized` for every account is
-    /// *derived* from membership in this single list — never accepted as an independent
-    /// per-account witness — and the list itself is committed to the output so the sequencer can
-    /// cross-check it against real signatures. Without that, a prover could satisfy
-    /// claim-eligibility's authorization check for an account it never actually controls.
+    /// Accounts this transaction claims as signers. Every account's `is_authorized` is derived
+    /// from membership here, not trusted individually — and the list is committed to the output
+    /// so the sequencer can cross-check it against real signatures.
     pub signer_account_ids: Vec<AccountId>,
 }
 
@@ -173,20 +171,18 @@ pub struct PrivateAction {
     pub encrypted_post_state: EncryptedAccountData,
 }
 
-/// One call's raw, unaggregated diff to a public account.
+/// One call's raw diff to a public account.
 ///
-/// Deliberately not collapsed into one diff per account: `AccountDiff` has no "combine two
-/// diffs" operation, especially for `diff_data`, which only composes by being applied in
-/// sequence. The sequencer replays these one at a time against its own live state — never
-/// trusting anything the circuit internally materialized for a public account, which is why the
-/// account's *value* (as opposed to its diffs) never appears here.
+/// Never aggregated per-account, since `AccountDiff` only composes by sequential application
+/// (no "combine" operation, especially for `diff_data`). The sequencer replays these one at a
+/// time against live state, never trusting what the circuit materialized, which is why only
+/// diffs (not values) appear here.
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize)]
 #[cfg_attr(any(feature = "host", test), derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq))]
 pub struct PublicDiff {
     pub account_id: AccountId,
-    /// Carried alongside the diff because the sequencer's replay-time authorization re-check
-    /// (and PDA claim resolution) needs to know which program produced it — the same role
-    /// `chained_call.program_id` plays in the public-transaction path's live materialize loop.
+    /// Needed for the sequencer's replay-time authorization re-check and PDA claim resolution —
+    /// the same role `chained_call.program_id` plays in the public-transaction path.
     pub executing_program_id: ProgramId,
     pub diff: AccountDiffOutput,
 }
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/mod.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/mod.rs
index ce83fd95a..0d3b074c4 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/mod.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/mod.rs
@@ -98,13 +98,10 @@ pub fn execute_and_prove_with_padded_inputs(
     let mut program_outputs = Vec::new();
     let mut update_from_diff_results = Vec::new();
 
-    // Captured before `pre_states` moves into `initial_call` below — this is the only place
-    // `is_authorized` is caller-supplied (every later pre_state's authorization is resolved
-    // inside the circuit from this same list), so it's also the only place we need to derive
-    // the committed signer set from. Scoped to public accounts only: this list is committed and
-    // cross-checked by the sequencer against real, signature-derived `AccountId`s, which a
-    // private (`npk`/`vpk`-derived) `AccountId` can never match — including a private account
-    // here would make it permanently unverifiable.
+    // Captured before `pre_states` moves below — this is the only place `is_authorized` is
+    // caller-supplied; every later pre_state's authorization is derived inside the circuit from
+    // this same list. Public accounts only: a private (`npk`/`vpk`-derived) `AccountId` could
+    // never match a real signature, so including one would make it permanently unverifiable.
     let signer_account_ids: Vec<AccountId> = pre_states
         .iter()
         .zip(&account_identities)
@@ -141,9 +138,8 @@ pub fn execute_and_prove_with_padded_inputs(
         // Prove `update_from_diff` for every account this call's diff writes data to, in the
         // same order `execution_state::derive_from_outputs` will visit them, so
         // `update_from_diff_results` lines up positionally with the circuit's own traversal.
-        // The diff's materialization logic belongs to the account's *owner* program, not
-        // necessarily the calling program — falling back to the caller only when the account
-        // is still unclaimed (default owner), mirroring the claim-eligibility rule elsewhere.
+        // Dispatched to the account's *owner* program, not necessarily the caller — falls back
+        // to the caller only when the account is still unclaimed (default owner).
         for (pre, diff_output) in program_output
             .pre_states
             .iter()
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/tests.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/tests.rs
index 3979dd439..9a630cab6 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/tests.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit/tests.rs
@@ -101,10 +101,8 @@ fn prove_privacy_preserving_execution_circuit_public_and_private_pre_accounts()
 
     assert!(proof.is_valid_for(&output));
 
-    // The sender's `AccountDiff`, not a materialized post-state — this is the whole point of
-    // `AccountDiff`: the circuit never commits to a specific public post-state, only to what
-    // changed, so the sequencer can replay it against whatever the account's live state is by
-    // the time it processes this transaction.
+    // The sender's diff, not a materialized post-state — the whole point of `PublicDiff`: commit
+    // only to what changed, so the sequencer can replay it against live state.
     let [public_diff] = output.public_diffs.try_into().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(public_diff.account_id, expected_sender_pre.account_id);
     assert_eq!(public_diff.executing_program_id, program.id());
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/message.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/message.rs
index 28e1b05df..a29ba4aa0 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/message.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/message.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ const PREFIX: &[u8; 32] = b"/LEE/v0.3/Message/Privacy/\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00";
 
 #[derive(Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize)]
 pub struct Message {
-    /// Raw, per-call, unaggregated diffs for public accounts. See
-    /// `PrivacyPreservingCircuitOutput::public_diffs`.
+    /// Per-call, unaggregated diffs for public accounts, copied from the circuit's output.
     pub public_diffs: Vec<PublicDiff>,
     pub nonces: Vec<Nonce>,
     pub private_actions: Vec<PrivateAction>,
@@ -88,10 +87,8 @@ impl Message {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    /// The unique set of public accounts this transaction touches. `public_diffs` can
-    /// legitimately repeat an account (multiple calls touching the same account within one
-    /// transaction), so this dedups — callers rely on "each affected account listed once" (see
-    /// `PrivacyPreservingTransaction::affected_public_account_ids`).
+    /// The unique set of public accounts this transaction touches. `public_diffs` can repeat an
+    /// account across calls, so this dedups — callers depend on each account being listed once.
     #[must_use]
     pub fn public_account_ids(&self) -> Vec<AccountId> {
         let mut seen = HashSet::new();
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/circuit.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/circuit.rs
index 0144cb204..655ccb8e4 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/circuit.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/circuit.rs
@@ -865,10 +865,9 @@ fn delegated_public_pda_first_seen_in_callee_is_authorized() {
     )
     .expect("a caller's pda_seeds must authorize a public PDA it delegates at first sight");
 
-    // The callee ran with the PDA authorized (auth_asserting_noop did not panic). The
-    // pre-state's is_authorized view is no longer exported to the journal at all (removed
-    // along with public_pre_states — nothing left to audit once it isn't part of the proven
-    // output), so only the touched account's identity is left to check here.
+    // The callee ran with the PDA authorized (auth_asserting_noop didn't panic). `is_authorized`
+    // is no longer exported to the journal at all, so only the touched account's identity is
+    // left to check here.
     assert_eq!(output.public_diffs.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(output.public_diffs[0].account_id, pda);
 }
@@ -908,11 +907,8 @@ fn public_pda_first_sight_grant_does_not_extend_to_sibling_calls() {
 fn public_account_first_sight_authorization_without_signer_backing_is_rejected() {
     let seed = PdaSeed::new([77; 32]);
 
-    // Regression pin for the forgery PR3's signer check closes: `undeclaring_pda_delegator`
-    // self-declares `is_authorized = true` on a plain public account (not the seed's derived
-    // PDA, so no caller-seed match either) with no backing signer. Once `public_pre_states`
-    // stopped being exported, the circuit's signer-set check became the only thing standing
-    // between a self-reported claim and the proof succeeding — it must reject this.
+    // Regression pin: `undeclaring_pda_delegator` self-declares `is_authorized = true` with no
+    // caller-seed match and no backing signer — the signer-set check must reject this claim.
     let result = undeclaring_public_delegation(
         AccountId::new([9; 32]),
         Some(seed),
@@ -931,9 +927,8 @@ fn wrong_seed_public_pda_first_sight_without_signer_backing_is_rejected() {
     let delegator_id = crate::test_methods::undeclaring_pda_delegator().id();
     let pda = AccountId::for_public_pda(&delegator_id, &seed);
 
-    // An unmatched seed falls back to the credential-claim path, which is subject to the same
-    // signer-backing requirement as any other first-sighted public account — regression pin,
-    // see `public_account_first_sight_authorization_without_signer_backing_is_rejected`.
+    // An unmatched seed falls back to the credential-claim path, which needs the same
+    // signer backing as any first-sighted public account.
     let result = undeclaring_public_delegation(
         pda,
         Some(wrong_seed),
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/privacy_preserving.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/privacy_preserving.rs
index f47d99fd7..fea64aa7a 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/privacy_preserving.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/state/tests/privacy_preserving.rs
@@ -306,11 +306,9 @@ fn data_changer_program_should_fail_for_non_owned_account_in_privacy_preserving_
         &program.into(),
     );
 
-    // The account's owner ([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7]) is not `data_changer` itself and isn't declared
-    // as a dependency, so the host can't resolve whose `update_from_diff` logic should interpret
-    // this diff — caught here, before the outer circuit is even proven, rather than surfacing as
-    // a `validate_execution` panic inside the circuit (`CircuitProvingError`) the way it would if
-    // the account were instead owned by some other *declared* program.
+    // The account's owner isn't `data_changer` and isn't a declared dependency, so the host
+    // can't resolve whose `update_from_diff` should run — caught here, before proving, rather
+    // than as a `validate_execution` panic inside the circuit.
     assert!(matches!(
         result,
         Err(LeeError::InvalidProgramBehavior(
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/mod.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/mod.rs
index 9655dd03f..438b870db 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/mod.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/mod.rs
@@ -413,10 +413,9 @@ impl ValidatedStateDiff {
             LeeError::OutOfValidityWindow
         );
 
-        // Anchor the circuit's claimed signer set against real, cryptographically-verified
-        // signatures. Without this, a prover could satisfy claim-eligibility's authorization
-        // check for an account it never actually controls, since `is_authorized` inside the
-        // circuit is derived entirely from this list.
+        // Cross-checks the circuit's claimed signers against real signatures. `is_authorized`
+        // inside the circuit is derived entirely from this list, so without this check a prover
+        // could claim control of an account it doesn't own.
         ensure!(
             message
                 .signer_account_ids
@@ -436,12 +435,9 @@ impl ValidatedStateDiff {
         // 5. Nullifier uniqueness
         state.check_nullifiers_are_valid(&nullifiers)?;
 
-        // Replay each public diff against live state, one at a time — never trusting anything
-        // the circuit internally materialized for a public account. This, not proof
-        // verification above, is what actually avoids tying this transaction's validity to a
-        // stale public-account snapshot: this step only cares about the diff's shape and this
-        // program's ownership, both independent of whatever pre-state the circuit witnessed
-        // while proving.
+        // Replay each public diff against live state, one at a time, never trusting what the
+        // circuit materialized — this is what actually decouples validity from a stale
+        // snapshot, checking only the diff's shape and ownership, not the witnessed pre-state.
         let mut public_diff: HashMap<AccountId, Account> = HashMap::new();
         for public_diff_entry in &message.public_diffs {
             let account_id = public_diff_entry.account_id;
@@ -453,12 +449,11 @@ impl ValidatedStateDiff {
             let diff = public_diff_entry.diff.diff();
             let account_program_owner = pre_account.program_owner;
             // `program_owner` is `AccountId`-typed; convert once up front rather than at each
-            // comparison below (see `From<ProgramId> for AccountId`'s doc comment).
+            // comparison below.
             let executing_account_id = AccountId::from(executing_program_id);
 
-            // Re-check authorization against *live* state — the circuit's own
-            // `validate_execution` check ran against a witnessed pre-state that isn't trusted
-            // for this purpose (see `check_privacy_preserving_circuit_proof_is_valid`).
+            // Re-check authorization against *live* state: the circuit's own `validate_execution`
+            // ran against a witnessed pre-state, which isn't trusted for this purpose.
             ensure!(
                 !matches!(diff.diff_balance, BalanceDiff::Sub(amount) if amount > 0)
                     || account_program_owner == executing_account_id,
@@ -612,10 +607,9 @@ fn authenticate_public_transaction_signers(
     Ok(signer_account_ids)
 }
 
-/// Verifies the proof against exactly what the circuit witnessed and output. Public account
-/// pre-states are a circuit-internal secret witness never committed to the journal at all, so
-/// there is nothing here to reconcile against live state in the first place. Materialization
-/// (which *does* use live state) happens separately, later, via `message.public_diffs`.
+/// Verifies the proof against exactly what the circuit witnessed and output. Public pre-states
+/// are a circuit-internal secret witness, never committed to the journal — materialization
+/// (which *does* use live state) happens later, via `message.public_diffs`.
 fn check_privacy_preserving_circuit_proof_is_valid(
     proof: &Proof,
     message: &Message,
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/tests.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/tests.rs
index bdb84f8b4..a1c82e148 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/tests.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/validated_state_diff/tests.rs
@@ -469,13 +469,11 @@ fn privacy_garbage_proof_is_rejected() {
     }
 }
 
-/// The race condition this whole `AccountDiff` design exists to fix: a public account touched
-/// by a privacy transaction changes on-chain *after* the proof was generated but *before* the
-/// sequencer validates it (e.g. an unrelated public transfer into/out of the same account
-/// landing first). Proof validity no longer depends on a specific public-account snapshot — only
-/// on what the circuit itself witnessed and output — so the proof still verifies, and the
-/// diff it carries gets replayed against whatever the live balance actually is by the time the
-/// sequencer processes it, not the stale balance captured at proving time.
+/// The race condition this whole `AccountDiff` design fixes: a public account changes on-chain
+/// after proving but before sequencer validation (e.g. an unrelated transfer lands first). Proof
+/// validity no longer depends on a snapshot — only on what the circuit witnessed — so the proof
+/// still verifies, and its diff replays against the live balance at validation time, not the
+/// stale one captured while proving.
 #[test]
 fn privacy_transaction_survives_public_state_changing_after_proving() {
     use lee_core::{
diff --git a/test_fixtures/fixtures/prebuilt_sequencer_db.dump b/test_fixtures/fixtures/prebuilt_sequencer_db.dump
index 180269de8..20747cc5c 100644
Binary files a/test_fixtures/fixtures/prebuilt_sequencer_db.dump and b/test_fixtures/fixtures/prebuilt_sequencer_db.dump differ