From 455e0a925ed9f3211f76ecae7eee8b5bbe4953e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marvin Jones <jonesmc8@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2026 18:09:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] GPU testing

---
 Cargo.lock                                    | 632 +++++++++++++++++-
 bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh                 |  72 ++
 lee/state_machine/Cargo.toml                  |   1 +
 .../privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs |   8 +
 4 files changed, 685 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9d526733..12b97d12 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -106,6 +106,16 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "683d7910e743518b0e34f1186f92494becacb047c7b6bf616c96772180fef923"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "alloy-rlp"
+version = "0.3.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dc90b1e703d3c03f4ff7f48e82dd0bc1c8211ab7d079cd836a06fcfeb06651cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "bytes",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "amm_core"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -209,6 +219,15 @@ version = "1.0.102"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7f202df86484c868dbad7eaa557ef785d5c66295e41b460ef922eca0723b842c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "approx"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cab112f0a86d568ea0e627cc1d6be74a1e9cd55214684db5561995f6dad897c6"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arbitrary"
 version = "1.4.2"
@@ -348,6 +367,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ark-ff"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6b3235cc41ee7a12aaaf2c575a2ad7b46713a8a50bda2fc3b003a04845c05dd6"
+dependencies = [
+ "ark-ff-asm 0.3.0",
+ "ark-ff-macros 0.3.0",
+ "ark-serialize 0.3.0",
+ "ark-std 0.3.0",
+ "derivative",
+ "num-bigint 0.4.6",
+ "num-traits",
+ "paste",
+ "rustc_version 0.3.3",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-ff"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -364,7 +401,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-traits",
  "paste",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
@@ -388,6 +425,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ark-ff-asm"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "db02d390bf6643fb404d3d22d31aee1c4bc4459600aef9113833d17e786c6e44"
+dependencies = [
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-ff-asm"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -408,6 +455,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ark-ff-macros"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "db2fd794a08ccb318058009eefdf15bcaaaaf6f8161eb3345f907222bac38b20"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-bigint 0.4.6",
+ "num-traits",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-ff-macros"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -533,6 +592,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing-subscriber 0.2.25",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ark-serialize"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d6c2b318ee6e10f8c2853e73a83adc0ccb88995aa978d8a3408d492ab2ee671"
+dependencies = [
+ "ark-std 0.3.0",
+ "digest 0.9.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-serialize"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -604,6 +673,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "ark-std 0.5.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ark-std"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1df2c09229cbc5a028b1d70e00fdb2acee28b1055dfb5ca73eea49c5a25c4e7c"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ark-std"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -760,7 +839,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-lite",
  "parking",
  "polling",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "slab",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
@@ -932,6 +1011,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "auto_impl"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ffdcb70bdbc4d478427380519163274ac86e52916e10f0a8889adf0f96d3fee7"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.5.1"
@@ -1122,6 +1212,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "log",
+ "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "regex",
@@ -1213,6 +1305,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "hybrid-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "blst"
+version = "0.3.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dcdb4c7013139a150f9fc55d123186dbfaba0d912817466282c73ac49e71fb45"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "glob",
+ "threadpool",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bollard"
 version = "0.20.2"
@@ -1334,6 +1438,12 @@ version = "3.20.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72f5acc6cb2ba439de613abc23857ec3d78374d8ed5ac84e9d11336e87da8649"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "byte-slice-cast"
+version = "1.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7575182f7272186991736b70173b0ea045398f984bf5ebbb3804736ce1330c9d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
 version = "1.25.0"
@@ -1414,7 +1524,7 @@ checksum = "dd5eb614ed4c27c5d706420e4320fbe3216ab31fa1c33cd8246ac36dae4479ba"
 dependencies = [
  "camino",
  "cargo-platform",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
@@ -1558,6 +1668,35 @@ dependencies = [
  "inout 0.2.2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "circom-witnesscalc"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba3fb734f91de7e7002678ea3238fddfd4ee7afd33e9ed975176f4a94794a55a"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "ark-bn254 0.5.0",
+ "ark-ff 0.5.0",
+ "ark-serialize 0.5.0",
+ "bindgen",
+ "byteorder",
+ "indicatif 0.17.11",
+ "libc",
+ "memmap2",
+ "num-bigint 0.4.6",
+ "num-traits",
+ "prost 0.13.5",
+ "prost-build",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
+ "ruint",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tempfile",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "winnow 0.7.15",
+ "wtns-file",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clang-sys"
 version = "1.8.1"
@@ -1707,6 +1846,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "winnow 1.0.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "console"
+version = "0.15.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "054ccb5b10f9f2cbf51eb355ca1d05c2d279ce1804688d0db74b4733a5aeafd8"
+dependencies = [
+ "encode_unicode",
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "unicode-width",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
 version = "0.16.3"
@@ -2074,7 +2226,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "curve25519-dalek-derive",
  "digest 0.10.7",
  "fiat-crypto",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "serde",
  "subtle",
  "zeroize",
@@ -2091,6 +2243,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cust"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0d6cc71911e179f12483b9734120b45bd00bf64fab085cc4818428523eedd469"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "cust_core",
+ "cust_derive",
+ "cust_raw",
+ "find_cuda_helper",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cust_core"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "039f79662cb8f890cbf335e818cd522d6e3a53fe63f61d1aaaf859cd3d975f06"
+dependencies = [
+ "cust_derive",
+ "glam",
+ "mint",
+ "vek",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cust_derive"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e8a3bc95fe629aed92b2423de6ccff9e40174b21d19cb6ee6281a4d04ac72f66"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cust_raw"
+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fbf40d6ade12cb9828bbc844b9875c7b93d25e67a3c9bf61c7aa3ae09e402bf8"
+dependencies = [
+ "find_cuda_helper",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cycle_bench"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -2333,11 +2531,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "convert_case 0.10.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "syn 2.0.117",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "digest"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3dd60d1080a57a05ab032377049e0591415d2b31afd7028356dbf3cc6dcb066"
+dependencies = [
+ "generic-array 0.14.7",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
 version = "0.10.7"
@@ -2797,6 +3004,28 @@ version = "2.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fastrlp"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "139834ddba373bbdd213dffe02c8d110508dcf1726c2be27e8d1f7d7e1856418"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "auto_impl",
+ "bytes",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fastrlp"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce8dba4714ef14b8274c371879b175aa55b16b30f269663f19d576f380018dc4"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "auto_impl",
+ "bytes",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "faucet_core"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -2812,7 +3041,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0ce92ff622d6dadf7349484f42c93271a0d49b7cc4d466a936405bacbe10aa78"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2877,6 +3106,33 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5baebc0774151f905a1a2cc41989300b1e6fbb29aff0ceffa1064fdd3088d582"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "find_cuda_helper"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9f9e65c593dd01ac77daad909ea4ad17f0d6d1776193fc8ea766356177abdad"
+dependencies = [
+ "glob",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fixed-hash"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "835c052cb0c08c1acf6ffd71c022172e18723949c8282f2b9f27efbc51e64534"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "rand 0.8.6",
+ "rustc-hex",
+ "static_assertions",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "fixedbitset"
+version = "0.5.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d674e81391d1e1ab681a28d99df07927c6d4aa5b027d7da16ba32d1d21ecd99"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
 version = "1.1.9"
@@ -3195,6 +3451,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "stable_deref_trait",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "glam"
+version = "0.20.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f43e957e744be03f5801a55472f593d43fabdebf25a4585db250f04d86b1675f"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "glob"
 version = "0.3.3"
@@ -3370,7 +3635,7 @@ checksum = "cdc6457c0eb62c71aac4bc17216026d8410337c4126773b9c5daba343f17964f"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-polyfill",
  "hash32",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "serde",
  "spin",
  "stable_deref_trait",
@@ -3962,6 +4227,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "xmltree",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "impl-codec"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba6a270039626615617f3f36d15fc827041df3b78c439da2cadfa47455a77f2f"
+dependencies = [
+ "parity-scale-codec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "impl-trait-for-tuples"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a0eb5a3343abf848c0984fe4604b2b105da9539376e24fc0a3b0007411ae4fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "include_bytes_aligned"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -4077,13 +4362,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "indicatif"
+version = "0.17.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "183b3088984b400f4cfac3620d5e076c84da5364016b4f49473de574b2586235"
+dependencies = [
+ "console 0.15.11",
+ "number_prefix",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "unicode-width",
+ "web-time",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indicatif"
 version = "0.18.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "25470f23803092da7d239834776d653104d551bc4d7eacaf31e6837854b8e9eb"
 dependencies = [
- "console",
+ "console 0.16.3",
  "portable-atomic",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "unicode-width",
@@ -4743,7 +5041,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.9.4",
  "reactive_graph",
  "rustc-hash",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "send_wrapper",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4863,7 +5161,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rstml",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "server_fn_macro",
  "syn 2.0.117",
  "uuid",
@@ -4900,7 +5198,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "or_poisoned",
  "percent-encoding",
  "reactive_graph",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "send_wrapper",
  "tachys",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
@@ -5209,7 +5507,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
  "tracing",
- "uint",
+ "uint 0.10.0",
  "web-time",
 ]
 
@@ -5433,6 +5731,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.4.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -6449,6 +6753,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "simd-adler32",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mint"
+version = "0.5.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e53debba6bda7a793e5f99b8dacf19e626084f525f7829104ba9898f367d85ff"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
 version = "1.2.1"
@@ -6560,6 +6870,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "unsigned-varint 0.8.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "multimap"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d87ecb2933e8aeadb3e3a02b828fed80a7528047e68b4f424523a0981a3a084"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "multistream-select"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -6909,6 +7225,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "libm",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num_cpus"
+version = "1.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "91df4bbde75afed763b708b7eee1e8e7651e02d97f6d5dd763e89367e957b23b"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum"
 version = "0.7.6"
@@ -6930,6 +7256,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "number_prefix"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "830b246a0e5f20af87141b25c173cd1b609bd7779a4617d6ec582abaf90870f3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nvtx"
 version = "1.3.0"
@@ -7197,6 +7529,34 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "parity-scale-codec"
+version = "3.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "799781ae679d79a948e13d4824a40970bfa500058d245760dd857301059810fa"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "bitvec",
+ "byte-slice-cast",
+ "const_format",
+ "impl-trait-for-tuples",
+ "parity-scale-codec-derive",
+ "rustversion",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parity-scale-codec-derive"
+version = "3.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34b4653168b563151153c9e4c08ebed57fb8262bebfa79711552fa983c623e7a"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-crate",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "parking"
 version = "2.2.1"
@@ -7294,6 +7654,26 @@ version = "2.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b4f627cb1b25917193a259e49bdad08f671f8d9708acfd5fe0a8c1455d87220"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pest"
+version = "2.8.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e0848c601009d37dfa3430c4666e147e49cdcf1b92ecd3e63657d8a5f19da662"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "ucd-trie",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "petgraph"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3672b37090dbd86368a4145bc067582552b29c27377cad4e0a306c97f9bd7772"
+dependencies = [
+ "fixedbitset",
+ "indexmap 2.14.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project"
 version = "1.1.13"
@@ -7395,7 +7775,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "concurrent-queue",
  "hermit-abi",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
@@ -7486,6 +7866,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "primitive-types"
+version = "0.12.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b34d9fd68ae0b74a41b21c03c2f62847aa0ffea044eee893b4c140b37e244e2"
+dependencies = [
+ "fixed-hash",
+ "impl-codec",
+ "uint 0.9.5",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro-crate"
 version = "3.5.0"
@@ -7648,6 +8039,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.9.4",
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
  "rand_xorshift",
+ "regex-syntax",
  "unarray",
 ]
 
@@ -7671,6 +8063,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "prost-derive 0.14.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "prost-build"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be769465445e8c1474e9c5dac2018218498557af32d9ed057325ec9a41ae81bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "log",
+ "multimap",
+ "once_cell",
+ "petgraph",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "prost 0.13.5",
+ "prost-types 0.13.5",
+ "regex",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+ "tempfile",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "prost-derive"
 version = "0.13.5"
@@ -8059,7 +8471,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "rustc-hash",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "send_wrapper",
  "serde",
  "slotmap",
@@ -8266,7 +8678,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "risc0-zkp",
  "risc0-zkvm-platform",
  "ruint",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "tracing",
 ]
@@ -8288,7 +8700,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "risc0-zkp",
  "risc0-zkvm-platform",
  "rzup",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "stability",
@@ -8338,11 +8750,13 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f8eae53a7bf1c09828dfd46ed5c942cefbf4bef3c4400f6758001569a834c462"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
+ "cust",
  "derive_more",
  "glob",
  "risc0-build-kernel",
  "risc0-core",
  "risc0-sys",
+ "sppark",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8354,6 +8768,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bytemuck",
  "cfg-if",
+ "cust",
  "downloader",
  "hex",
  "lazy-regex",
@@ -8380,6 +8795,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "risc0-build-kernel",
  "risc0-core",
  "risc0-sys",
+ "sppark",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8423,11 +8839,13 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69d677ec41e475534e18e58889ef0626dcdabf5e918804ef847da0c0bbf300b3"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
+ "cust",
  "derive_more",
  "glob",
  "risc0-build-kernel",
  "risc0-core",
  "risc0-sys",
+ "sppark",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8456,17 +8874,32 @@ dependencies = [
  "ark-serialize 0.5.0",
  "bytemuck",
  "cfg-if",
+ "circom-witnesscalc",
  "hex",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-traits",
  "risc0-binfmt",
  "risc0-core",
+ "risc0-groth16-sys",
  "risc0-zkp",
  "rzup",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "tempfile",
  "tracing",
+ "wtns-file",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "risc0-groth16-sys"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "580750e1394c5a79b691c8197906263f17a1d3aa7bb46a934362f1ba1475b1a5"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "blst",
+ "risc0-build-kernel",
+ "sppark",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8476,7 +8909,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "960c8295fbb87e1e73e332f8f7de2fba0252377575042d9d3e9a4eb50a38e078"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "blst",
+ "cust",
  "risc0-build-kernel",
+ "sppark",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8501,6 +8937,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "borsh",
  "bytemuck",
  "cfg-if",
+ "cust",
  "digest 0.10.7",
  "ff",
  "hex",
@@ -8561,7 +8998,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rrs-lib",
  "rustc-demangle",
  "rzup",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "sha2",
  "stability",
@@ -8586,6 +9023,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "stability",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rlp"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bb919243f34364b6bd2fc10ef797edbfa75f33c252e7998527479c6d6b47e1ec"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "rustc-hex",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rocksdb"
 version = "0.24.0"
@@ -8722,10 +9169,23 @@ version = "1.17.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c141e807189ad38a07276942c6623032d3753c8859c146104ac2e4d68865945a"
 dependencies = [
+ "alloy-rlp",
+ "ark-ff 0.3.0",
+ "ark-ff 0.4.2",
+ "ark-ff 0.5.0",
  "borsh",
+ "bytes",
+ "fastrlp 0.3.1",
+ "fastrlp 0.4.0",
+ "num-bigint 0.4.6",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "parity-scale-codec",
+ "primitive-types",
  "proptest",
  "rand 0.8.6",
  "rand 0.9.4",
+ "rlp",
  "ruint-macro",
  "serde_core",
  "valuable",
@@ -8750,13 +9210,28 @@ version = "2.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "94300abf3f1ae2e2b8ffb7b58043de3d399c73fa6f4b73826402a5c457614dbe"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hex"
+version = "2.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e75f6a532d0fd9f7f13144f392b6ad56a32696bfcd9c78f797f16bbb6f072d6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc_version"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0dfe2087c51c460008730de8b57e6a320782fbfb312e1f4d520e6c6fae155ee"
+dependencies = [
+ "semver 0.11.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc_version"
 version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cfcb3a22ef46e85b45de6ee7e79d063319ebb6594faafcf1c225ea92ab6e9b92"
 dependencies = [
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8768,6 +9243,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "nom 7.1.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.38.44"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.12.1",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
 version = "1.1.4"
@@ -8777,7 +9265,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.12.1",
  "errno",
  "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -8896,7 +9384,7 @@ checksum = "5d2aed296f203fa64bcb4b52069356dd86d6ec578593985b919b6995bee1f0ae"
 dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "rsa",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "serde_with",
  "sha2",
@@ -9015,6 +9503,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "semver"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f301af10236f6df4160f7c3f04eec6dbc70ace82d23326abad5edee88801c6b6"
+dependencies = [
+ "semver-parser",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.28"
@@ -9025,6 +9522,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "semver-parser"
+version = "0.10.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9900206b54a3527fdc7b8a938bffd94a568bac4f4aa8113b209df75a09c0dec2"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "send_wrapper"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -9317,7 +9823,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "or_poisoned",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "rustversion",
  "send_wrapper",
  "serde",
@@ -9347,7 +9853,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "convert_case 0.11.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "syn 2.0.117",
  "xxhash-rust",
 ]
@@ -9543,6 +10049,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "der 0.8.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sppark"
+version = "0.1.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bfae3f3e0559cf04e9d9abce56d1db0dab58e03874cf4db5546540710740cfea"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "which",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "stability"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -9749,7 +10265,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "reactive_graph",
  "reactive_stores",
  "rustc-hash",
- "rustc_version",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
  "send_wrapper",
  "slotmap",
  "throw_error",
@@ -9795,7 +10311,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
  "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -9974,6 +10490,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "threadpool"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d050e60b33d41c19108b32cea32164033a9013fe3b46cbd4457559bfbf77afaa"
+dependencies = [
+ "num_cpus",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "throw_error"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -10631,6 +11156,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.117",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ucd-trie"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2896d95c02a80c6d6a5d6e953d479f5ddf2dfdb6a244441010e373ac0fb88971"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "uint"
+version = "0.9.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "76f64bba2c53b04fcab63c01a7d7427eadc821e3bc48c34dc9ba29c501164b52"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "crunchy",
+ "hex",
+ "static_assertions",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uint"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -10892,6 +11435,18 @@ version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "vek"
+version = "0.15.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8085882662f9bc47fc8b0cdafa5e19df8f592f650c02b9083da8d45ac9eebd17"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+ "rustc_version 0.4.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.5"
@@ -10928,7 +11483,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "humantime",
  "humantime-serde",
- "indicatif",
+ "indicatif 0.18.4",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "key_protocol",
  "keycard_wallet",
@@ -11134,7 +11689,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.12.1",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
  "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -11184,6 +11739,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "which"
+version = "4.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "home",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wide"
 version = "0.7.33"
@@ -11613,7 +12180,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "id-arena",
  "indexmap 2.14.0",
  "log",
- "semver",
+ "semver 1.0.28",
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
@@ -11627,6 +12194,15 @@ version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1ffae5123b2d3fc086436f8834ae3ab053a283cfac8fe0a0b8eaae044768a4c4"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wtns-file"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d3b856452298f68a5879e3901918bac5d753ca9fa4be8a983a37a3d25dabf0a"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -11672,7 +12248,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32e45ad4206f6d2479085147f02bc2ef834ac85886624a23575ae137c8aa8156"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh b/bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..0c851820
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Runs the PPE aggregation test (CUDA-accelerated prover) across a range of fixture counts
+# and prints a results table.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   ./bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh
+#
+# Environment:
+#   PPE_FIXTURES          - path to the fixture file (default: ppe_fixtures.bin)
+#   COUNTS                - space-separated list of counts to test (default: powers of 2, 1..256)
+#   PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2 - log2 of the max cycles per segment (default: 19). Lower values
+#                           reduce peak GPU memory at the cost of more segments / proving time —
+#                           needed on memory-constrained GPUs (risc0's default of 20 OOMs on an
+#                           8 GB card past n=1). Set to empty to use risc0's default.
+#
+# Example:
+#   PPE_FIXTURES=/path/to/ppe_fixtures.bin COUNTS="4 8 16" ./bench_ppe_aggregation_cuda.sh
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# This machine's distro CUDA toolkit (12.0) doesn't recognise the RTX 5050's
+# Blackwell architecture (compute_120); point the build at the NVIDIA-provided
+# CUDA 13.0 toolkit installed under /usr/local instead.
+export NVCC=/usr/local/cuda-13.0/bin/nvcc
+export CUDA_HOME=/usr/local/cuda-13.0
+export PATH="/usr/local/cuda-13.0/bin:$PATH"
+
+FIXTURES="$(realpath "${PPE_FIXTURES:-ppe_fixtures.bin}")"
+COUNTS="${COUNTS:-1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16}"
+SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2="${PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2-19}"
+
+if [ ! -f "$FIXTURES" ]; then
+    echo "ERROR: fixture file '$FIXTURES' not found."
+    echo "Generate it first:"
+    echo "  RISC0_DEV_MODE=1 cargo run --release -p ppe_test_data_gen -- --output $FIXTURES"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+printf "\n%-6s  %14s  %20s\n" "n" "proving_ms" "proof_size_bytes"
+printf "%-6s  %14s  %20s\n" "------" "--------------" "--------------------"
+
+for count in $COUNTS; do
+    # Only forward PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2 when set — the guest panics if it
+    # receives an empty value, whereas an absent var falls back to risc0's default.
+    segment_limit_env=()
+    if [ -n "$SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2" ]; then
+        segment_limit_env=(PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2="$SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2")
+    fi
+
+    line=$(
+        env \
+        PPE_FIXTURES="$FIXTURES" \
+        PPE_FIXTURES_COUNT="$count" \
+        "${segment_limit_env[@]}" \
+        cargo test -p lee --features cuda aggregate_ppe_proofs_from_fixtures -- --nocapture 2>&1 \
+        | grep -v "^test_programs:" \
+        | grep "\[lee::analytics\] ppe_aggregation" || true
+    )
+
+    if [ -z "$line" ]; then
+        printf "%-6s  %14s  %20s\n" "$count" "skipped" "-"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    n=$(echo "$line"          | grep -o 'n=[0-9]*'               | cut -d= -f2)
+    proving_ms=$(echo "$line" | grep -o 'proving_ms=[0-9]*'      | cut -d= -f2)
+    proof_size=$(echo "$line" | grep -o 'proof_size_bytes=[0-9]*'| cut -d= -f2)
+
+    printf "%-6s  %14s  %20s\n" "$n" "$proving_ms" "$proof_size"
+done
+
+printf "\n"
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/Cargo.toml b/lee/state_machine/Cargo.toml
index 8777db09..e1dc4084 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/lee/state_machine/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,4 +43,5 @@ test-case = "3.3.1"
 [features]
 default = []
 prove = ["risc0-zkvm/prove"]
+cuda = ["risc0-zkvm/cuda"]
 test-utils = []
diff --git a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs
index ee968819..2724eb25 100644
--- a/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs
+++ b/lee/state_machine/src/privacy_preserving_transaction/circuit.rs
@@ -1026,6 +1026,14 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let mut env_builder = ExecutorEnv::builder();
+
+        // Smaller segments lower peak prover memory (handy on memory-constrained
+        // GPUs) at the cost of more segments and overall proving time.
+        if let Ok(po2_str) = std::env::var("PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2") {
+            let po2: u32 = po2_str.parse().expect("PPE_SEGMENT_LIMIT_PO2 must be a number");
+            env_builder.segment_limit_po2(po2);
+        }
+
         env_builder.write(&PRIVACY_PRESERVING_CIRCUIT_ID).unwrap();
         env_builder
             .write(&u32::try_from(fixtures.len()).expect("fixture count fits in u32"))