diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/floodsub.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/floodsub.nim
index 48bc711..004b384 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/floodsub.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/floodsub.nim
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 ## This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to
 ## those terms.
 
-import std/[sequtils, sets, tables]
-import chronos, chronicles, metrics
+import std/[sequtils, sets, hashes, tables]
+import chronos, chronicles, metrics, bearssl
 import ./pubsub,
        ./pubsubpeer,
        ./timedcache,
@@ -27,7 +27,17 @@ const FloodSubCodec* = "/floodsub/1.0.0"
 type
   FloodSub* = ref object of PubSub
     floodsub*: PeerTable      # topic to remote peer map
-    seen*: TimedCache[MessageID] # list of messages forwarded to peers
+    seen*: TimedCache[MessageID] # message id:s already seen on the network
+    seenSalt*: seq[byte]
+
+proc hasSeen*(f: FloodSub, msgId: MessageID): bool =
+  f.seenSalt & msgId in f.seen
+
+proc addSeen*(f: FloodSub, msgId: MessageID): bool =
+  # Salting the seen hash helps avoid attacks against the hash function used
+  # in the nim hash table
+  # Return true if the message has already been seen
+  f.seen.put(f.seenSalt & msgId)
 
 method subscribeTopic*(f: FloodSub,
                        topic: string,
@@ -88,7 +98,7 @@ method rpcHandler*(f: FloodSub,
   for msg in rpcMsg.messages:                         # for every message
     let msgId = f.msgIdProvider(msg)
 
-    if f.seen.put(msgId):
+    if f.addSeen(msgId):
       trace "Dropping already-seen message", msgId, peer
       continue
 
@@ -118,13 +128,15 @@ method rpcHandler*(f: FloodSub,
 
     var toSendPeers = initHashSet[PubSubPeer]()
     for t in msg.topicIDs:                     # for every topic in the message
+      if t notin f.topics:
+        continue
       f.floodsub.withValue(t, peers): toSendPeers.incl(peers[])
 
       await handleData(f, t, msg.data)
 
     # In theory, if topics are the same in all messages, we could batch - we'd
     # also have to be careful to only include validated messages
-    f.broadcast(toSeq(toSendPeers), RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
+    f.broadcast(toSendPeers, RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
     trace "Forwared message to peers", peers = toSendPeers.len
 
 method init*(f: FloodSub) =
@@ -157,7 +169,7 @@ method publish*(f: FloodSub,
     debug "Empty topic, skipping publish", topic
     return 0
 
-  let peers = toSeq(f.floodsub.getOrDefault(topic))
+  let peers = f.floodsub.getOrDefault(topic)
 
   if peers.len == 0:
     debug "No peers for topic, skipping publish", topic
@@ -175,7 +187,7 @@ method publish*(f: FloodSub,
   trace "Created new message",
     msg = shortLog(msg), peers = peers.len, topic, msgId
 
-  if f.seen.put(msgId):
+  if f.addSeen(msgId):
     # custom msgid providers might cause this
     trace "Dropping already-seen message", msgId, topic
     return 0
@@ -206,4 +218,8 @@ method unsubscribeAll*(f: FloodSub, topic: string) =
 method initPubSub*(f: FloodSub) =
   procCall PubSub(f).initPubSub()
   f.seen = TimedCache[MessageID].init(2.minutes)
+  var rng = newRng()
+  f.seenSalt = newSeqUninitialized[byte](sizeof(Hash))
+  brHmacDrbgGenerate(rng[], f.seenSalt)
+
   f.init()
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub.nim
index 2cf50a2..3b408e3 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub.nim
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 ## those terms.
 
 import std/[tables, sets, options, sequtils, random]
-import chronos, chronicles, metrics, bearssl
+import chronos, chronicles, metrics
 import ./pubsub,
        ./floodsub,
        ./pubsubpeer,
@@ -98,27 +98,6 @@ proc validateParameters*(parameters: GossipSubParams): Result[void, cstring] =
   else:
     ok()
 
-proc init*(_: type[TopicParams]): TopicParams =
-  TopicParams(
-    topicWeight: 0.0, # disabled by default
-    timeInMeshWeight: 0.01,
-    timeInMeshQuantum: 1.seconds,
-    timeInMeshCap: 10.0,
-    firstMessageDeliveriesWeight: 1.0,
-    firstMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-    firstMessageDeliveriesCap: 10.0,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesWeight: -1.0,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesCap: 10,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesThreshold: 1,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesWindow: 5.milliseconds,
-    meshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 10.seconds,
-    meshFailurePenaltyWeight: -1.0,
-    meshFailurePenaltyDecay: 0.5,
-    invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -1.0,
-    invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5
-  )
-
 proc validateParameters*(parameters: TopicParams): Result[void, cstring] =
   if parameters.timeInMeshWeight <= 0.0 or parameters.timeInMeshWeight > 1.0:
     err("gossipsub: timeInMeshWeight parameter error, Must be a small positive value")
@@ -262,6 +241,37 @@ method subscribeTopic*(g: GossipSub,
 
   trace "gossip peers", peers = g.gossipsub.peers(topic), topic
 
+proc handleControl(g: GossipSub, peer: PubSubPeer, rpcMsg: RPCMsg) =
+  if rpcMsg.control.isSome:
+    let control = rpcMsg.control.get()
+    g.handlePrune(peer, control.prune)
+
+    var respControl: ControlMessage
+    respControl.iwant.add(g.handleIHave(peer, control.ihave))
+    respControl.prune.add(g.handleGraft(peer, control.graft))
+    let messages = g.handleIWant(peer, control.iwant)
+
+    if respControl.graft.len > 0 or respControl.prune.len > 0 or
+      respControl.ihave.len > 0 or messages.len > 0:
+      # iwant and prunes from here, also messages
+
+      for smsg in messages:
+        for topic in smsg.topicIDs:
+          if g.knownTopics.contains(topic):
+            libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_messages.inc(labelValues = [topic])
+          else:
+            libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_messages.inc(labelValues = ["generic"])
+      libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_iwant.inc(respControl.iwant.len.int64)
+      for prune in respControl.prune:
+        if g.knownTopics.contains(prune.topicID):
+          libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_prune.inc(labelValues = [prune.topicID])
+        else:
+          libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_prune.inc(labelValues = ["generic"])
+      trace "sending control message", msg = shortLog(respControl), peer
+      g.send(
+        peer,
+        RPCMsg(control: some(respControl), messages: messages))
+
 method rpcHandler*(g: GossipSub,
                   peer: PubSubPeer,
                   rpcMsg: RPCMsg) {.async.} =
@@ -283,26 +293,12 @@ method rpcHandler*(g: GossipSub,
     # avoid the remote peer from controlling the seen table hashing
     # by adding random bytes to the ID we ensure we randomize the IDs
     # we do only for seen as this is the great filter from the external world
-    if g.seen.put(msgId & g.randomBytes):
+    if g.addSeen(msgId):
       trace "Dropping already-seen message", msgId = shortLog(msgId), peer
-
       # make sure to update score tho before continuing
-      for t in msg.topicIDs:
-        if t notin g.topics:
-          continue
-                         # for every topic in the message
-        let topicParams = g.topicParams.mgetOrPut(t, TopicParams.init())
-                                                # if in mesh add more delivery score
-        g.withPeerStats(peer.peerId) do (stats: var PeerStats):
-          stats.topicInfos.withValue(t, tstats):
-            if tstats[].inMesh:
-              # TODO: take into account meshMessageDeliveriesWindow
-              # score only if messages are not too old.
-              tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries += 1
-              if tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries > topicParams.meshMessageDeliveriesCap:
-                tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries = topicParams.meshMessageDeliveriesCap
-          do: # make sure we don't loose this information
-            stats.topicInfos[t] = TopicInfo(meshMessageDeliveries: 1)
+      # TODO: take into account meshMessageDeliveriesWindow
+      # score only if messages are not too old.
+      g.rewardDelivered(peer, msg.topicIDs, false)
 
       # onto the next message
       continue
@@ -346,28 +342,13 @@ method rpcHandler*(g: GossipSub,
     # store in cache only after validation
     g.mcache.put(msgId, msg)
 
+    g.rewardDelivered(peer, msg.topicIDs, true)
+
     var toSendPeers = initHashSet[PubSubPeer]()
     for t in msg.topicIDs:                      # for every topic in the message
       if t notin g.topics:
         continue
 
-      let topicParams = g.topicParams.mgetOrPut(t, TopicParams.init())
-
-      g.withPeerStats(peer.peerId) do(stats: var PeerStats):
-        stats.topicInfos.withValue(t, tstats):
-                                                    # contribute to peer score first delivery
-          tstats[].firstMessageDeliveries += 1
-          if tstats[].firstMessageDeliveries > topicParams.firstMessageDeliveriesCap:
-            tstats[].firstMessageDeliveries = topicParams.firstMessageDeliveriesCap
-
-                                                    # if in mesh add more delivery score
-          if tstats[].inMesh:
-            tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries += 1
-            if tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries > topicParams.meshMessageDeliveriesCap:
-              tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries = topicParams.meshMessageDeliveriesCap
-        do: # make sure we don't loose this information
-          stats.topicInfos[t] = TopicInfo(firstMessageDeliveries: 1, meshMessageDeliveries: 1)
-
       g.floodsub.withValue(t, peers): toSendPeers.incl(peers[])
       g.mesh.withValue(t, peers): toSendPeers.incl(peers[])
 
@@ -375,44 +356,15 @@ method rpcHandler*(g: GossipSub,
 
     # In theory, if topics are the same in all messages, we could batch - we'd
     # also have to be careful to only include validated messages
-    let sendingTo = toSeq(toSendPeers)
-    g.broadcast(sendingTo, RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
-    trace "forwared message to peers", peers = sendingTo.len, msgId, peer
+    g.broadcast(toSendPeers, RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
+    trace "forwared message to peers", peers = toSendPeers.len, msgId, peer
     for topic in msg.topicIDs:
       if g.knownTopics.contains(topic):
-        libp2p_pubsub_messages_rebroadcasted.inc(sendingTo.len.int64, labelValues = [topic])
+        libp2p_pubsub_messages_rebroadcasted.inc(toSendPeers.len.int64, labelValues = [topic])
       else:
-        libp2p_pubsub_messages_rebroadcasted.inc(sendingTo.len.int64, labelValues = ["generic"])
+        libp2p_pubsub_messages_rebroadcasted.inc(toSendPeers.len.int64, labelValues = ["generic"])
 
-  if rpcMsg.control.isSome:
-    let control = rpcMsg.control.get()
-    g.handlePrune(peer, control.prune)
-
-    var respControl: ControlMessage
-    respControl.iwant.add(g.handleIHave(peer, control.ihave))
-    respControl.prune.add(g.handleGraft(peer, control.graft))
-    let messages = g.handleIWant(peer, control.iwant)
-
-    if respControl.graft.len > 0 or respControl.prune.len > 0 or
-      respControl.ihave.len > 0 or messages.len > 0:
-      # iwant and prunes from here, also messages
-
-      for smsg in messages:
-        for topic in smsg.topicIDs:
-          if g.knownTopics.contains(topic):
-            libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_messages.inc(labelValues = [topic])
-          else:
-            libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_messages.inc(labelValues = ["generic"])
-      libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_iwant.inc(respControl.iwant.len.int64)
-      for prune in respControl.prune:
-        if g.knownTopics.contains(prune.topicID):
-          libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_prune.inc(labelValues = [prune.topicID])
-        else:
-          libp2p_pubsub_broadcast_prune.inc(labelValues = ["generic"])
-      trace "sending control message", msg = shortLog(respControl), peer
-      g.send(
-        peer,
-        RPCMsg(control: some(respControl), messages: messages))
+  g.handleControl(peer, rpcMsg)
 
 method subscribe*(g: GossipSub,
                   topic: string,
@@ -437,7 +389,7 @@ proc unsubscribe*(g: GossipSub, topic: string) =
     # remove mesh peers from gpeers, we send 2 different messages
     gpeers = gpeers - mpeers
     # send to peers NOT in mesh first
-    g.broadcast(toSeq(gpeers), msg)
+    g.broadcast(gpeers, msg)
 
     for peer in mpeers:
       trace "pruning unsubscribeAll call peer", peer, score = peer.score
@@ -452,9 +404,9 @@ proc unsubscribe*(g: GossipSub, topic: string) =
           backoff: g.parameters.pruneBackoff.seconds.uint64)]))
 
     # send to peers IN mesh now
-    g.broadcast(toSeq(mpeers), msg)
+    g.broadcast(mpeers, msg)
   else:
-    g.broadcast(toSeq(gpeers), msg)
+    g.broadcast(gpeers, msg)
 
   g.topicParams.del(topic)
 
@@ -540,19 +492,19 @@ method publish*(g: GossipSub,
 
   trace "Created new message", msg = shortLog(msg), peers = peers.len
 
-  if g.seen.put(msgId & g.randomBytes):
+  if g.addSeen(msgId):
     # custom msgid providers might cause this
     trace "Dropping already-seen message"
     return 0
 
   g.mcache.put(msgId, msg)
 
-  let peerSeq = toSeq(peers)
-  g.broadcast(peerSeq, RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
+  g.broadcast(peers, RPCMsg(messages: @[msg]))
+
   if g.knownTopics.contains(topic):
-    libp2p_pubsub_messages_published.inc(peerSeq.len.int64, labelValues = [topic])
+    libp2p_pubsub_messages_published.inc(peers.len.int64, labelValues = [topic])
   else:
-    libp2p_pubsub_messages_published.inc(peerSeq.len.int64, labelValues = ["generic"])
+    libp2p_pubsub_messages_published.inc(peers.len.int64, labelValues = ["generic"])
 
   trace "Published message to peers"
 
@@ -618,6 +570,3 @@ method initPubSub*(g: GossipSub) =
 
   # init gossip stuff
   g.mcache = MCache.init(g.parameters.historyGossip, g.parameters.historyLength)
-  var rng = newRng()
-  g.randomBytes = newSeqUninitialized[byte](32)
-  brHmacDrbgGenerate(rng[], g.randomBytes)
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/behavior.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/behavior.nim
index d734762..0a2ac61 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/behavior.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/behavior.nim
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import std/[tables, sequtils, sets, algorithm]
 import random # for shuffle
 import chronos, chronicles, metrics
 import "."/[types, scoring]
-import ".."/[pubsubpeer, peertable, timedcache, mcache, pubsub]
+import ".."/[pubsubpeer, peertable, timedcache, mcache, floodsub, pubsub]
 import "../rpc"/[messages]
 import "../../.."/[peerid, multiaddress, utility, switch]
 
@@ -198,11 +198,10 @@ proc handleIHave*(g: GossipSub,
       if ihave.topicID in g.mesh:
         # also avoid duplicates here!
         let deIhavesMsgs = ihave.messageIDs.deduplicate()
-        for m in deIhavesMsgs:
-          let msgId = m & g.randomBytes
-          if msgId notin g.seen:
+        for msgId in deIhavesMsgs:
+          if not g.hasSeen(msgId):
             if peer.iHaveBudget > 0:
-              result.messageIDs.add(m)
+              result.messageIDs.add(msgId)
               dec peer.iHaveBudget
             else:
               return
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/scoring.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/scoring.nim
index 3c82d56..79ff50a 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/scoring.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/scoring.nim
@@ -25,6 +25,27 @@ declareGauge(libp2p_gossipsub_peers_score_appScore, "Detailed gossipsub scoring
 declareGauge(libp2p_gossipsub_peers_score_behaviourPenalty, "Detailed gossipsub scoring metric", labels = ["agent"])
 declareGauge(libp2p_gossipsub_peers_score_colocationFactor, "Detailed gossipsub scoring metric", labels = ["agent"])
 
+proc init*(_: type[TopicParams]): TopicParams =
+  TopicParams(
+    topicWeight: 0.0, # disabled by default
+    timeInMeshWeight: 0.01,
+    timeInMeshQuantum: 1.seconds,
+    timeInMeshCap: 10.0,
+    firstMessageDeliveriesWeight: 1.0,
+    firstMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
+    firstMessageDeliveriesCap: 10.0,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesWeight: -1.0,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesCap: 10,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesThreshold: 1,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesWindow: 5.milliseconds,
+    meshMessageDeliveriesActivation: 10.seconds,
+    meshFailurePenaltyWeight: -1.0,
+    meshFailurePenaltyDecay: 0.5,
+    invalidMessageDeliveriesWeight: -1.0,
+    invalidMessageDeliveriesDecay: 0.5
+  )
+
 proc withPeerStats*(
     g: GossipSub, peerId: PeerId,
     action: proc (stats: var PeerStats) {.gcsafe, raises: [Defect].}) =
@@ -274,3 +295,26 @@ proc punishInvalidMessage*(g: GossipSub, peer: PubSubPeer, topics: seq[string])
     # update stats
     g.withPeerStats(peer.peerId) do (stats: var PeerStats):
       stats.topicInfos.mgetOrPut(t, TopicInfo()).invalidMessageDeliveries += 1
+
+proc addCapped*[T](stat: var T, diff, cap: T) =
+  stat += min(diff, cap - stat)
+
+proc rewardDelivered*(
+    g: GossipSub, peer: PubSubPeer, topics: openArray[string], first: bool) =
+  for t in topics:
+    if t notin g.topics:
+      continue
+    let topicParams = g.topicParams.mgetOrPut(t, TopicParams.init())
+                                            # if in mesh add more delivery score
+
+    g.withPeerStats(peer.peerId) do (stats: var PeerStats):
+      stats.topicInfos.withValue(t, tstats):
+        if tstats[].inMesh:
+          if first:
+            tstats[].firstMessageDeliveries.addCapped(
+              1, topicParams.firstMessageDeliveriesCap)
+
+          tstats[].meshMessageDeliveries.addCapped(
+            1, topicParams.meshMessageDeliveriesCap)
+      do: # make sure we don't loose this information
+        stats.topicInfos[t] = TopicInfo(meshMessageDeliveries: 1)
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/types.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/types.nim
index bd3a67b..05b6776 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/types.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/gossipsub/types.nim
@@ -150,8 +150,6 @@ type
 
     heartbeatEvents*: seq[AsyncEvent]
 
-    randomBytes*: seq[byte]
-
   MeshMetrics* = object
     # scratch buffers for metrics
     otherPeersPerTopicMesh*: int64
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsub.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsub.nim
index a608bfc..41ccdc8 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsub.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsub.nim
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 import std/[tables, sequtils, sets, strutils]
 import chronos, chronicles, metrics
-import pubsubpeer,
-       rpc/[message, messages],
+import ./pubsubpeer,
+       ./rpc/[message, messages, protobuf],
        ../../switch,
        ../protocol,
        ../../stream/connection,
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ proc send*(p: PubSub, peer: PubSubPeer, msg: RPCMsg) {.raises: [Defect].} =
 
 proc broadcast*(
   p: PubSub,
-  sendPeers: openArray[PubSubPeer],
+  sendPeers: auto, # Iteratble[PubSubPeer]
   msg: RPCMsg) {.raises: [Defect].} =
   ## Attempt to send `msg` to the given peers
 
@@ -174,8 +174,15 @@ proc broadcast*(
 
   trace "broadcasting messages to peers",
     peers = sendPeers.len, msg = shortLog(msg)
-  for peer in sendPeers:
-    p.send(peer, msg)
+
+  if anyIt(sendPeers, it.hasObservers):
+    for peer in sendPeers:
+      p.send(peer, msg)
+  else:
+    # Fast path that only encodes message once
+    let encoded = encodeRpcMsg(msg, p.anonymize)
+    for peer in sendPeers:
+      peer.sendEncoded(encoded)
 
 proc sendSubs*(p: PubSub,
                peer: PubSubPeer,
@@ -205,7 +212,7 @@ method subscribeTopic*(p: PubSub,
 
 method rpcHandler*(p: PubSub,
                    peer: PubSubPeer,
-                   rpcMsg: RPCMsg) {.async, base.} =
+                   rpcMsg: RPCMsg): Future[void] {.base.} =
   ## handle rpc messages
   trace "processing RPC message", msg = rpcMsg.shortLog, peer
   for i in 0..<min(rpcMsg.subscriptions.len, p.topicsHigh):
@@ -253,6 +260,12 @@ method rpcHandler*(p: PubSub,
       else:
         libp2p_pubsub_received_prune.inc(labelValues = ["generic"])
 
+  # Avoid async transformation to avoid copying of rpcMsg into closure - this
+  # is an unnecessary hotspot in gossip
+  var res = newFuture[void]("PubSub.rpcHandler")
+  res.complete()
+  return res
+
 method onNewPeer(p: PubSub, peer: PubSubPeer) {.base.} = discard
 
 method onPubSubPeerEvent*(p: PubSub, peer: PubsubPeer, event: PubsubPeerEvent) {.base, gcsafe.} =
@@ -306,6 +319,7 @@ proc handleData*(p: PubSub, topic: string, data: seq[byte]): Future[void] {.asyn
 
   # gather all futures without yielding to scheduler
   var futs = p.topics[topic].handler.mapIt(it(topic, data))
+  if futs.len() == 0: return # No handlers
 
   try:
     futs = await allFinished(futs)
@@ -488,8 +502,8 @@ method validate*(p: PubSub, message: Message): Future[ValidationResult] {.async,
                                              registered = toSeq(p.validators.keys)
     if topic in p.validators:
       trace "running validators for topic", topicID = topic
-      # TODO: add timeout to validator
-      pending.add(p.validators[topic].mapIt(it(topic, message)))
+      for validator in p.validators[topic]:
+        pending.add(validator(topic, message))
 
   result = ValidationResult.Accept
   let futs = await allFinished(pending)
@@ -500,7 +514,8 @@ method validate*(p: PubSub, message: Message): Future[ValidationResult] {.async,
     let res = fut.read()
     if res != ValidationResult.Accept:
       result = res
-      break
+      if res == ValidationResult.Reject:
+        break
 
   case result
   of ValidationResult.Accept:
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsubpeer.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsubpeer.nim
index 8f64a75..66ebe5c 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsubpeer.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/pubsubpeer.nim
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ proc connected*(p: PubSubPeer): bool =
   not p.sendConn.isNil and not
     (p.sendConn.closed or p.sendConn.atEof)
 
-proc hasObservers(p: PubSubPeer): bool =
+proc hasObservers*(p: PubSubPeer): bool =
   p.observers != nil and anyIt(p.observers[], it != nil)
 
 func outbound*(p: PubSubPeer): bool =
@@ -226,14 +226,26 @@ template sendMetrics(msg: RPCMsg): untyped =
         # metrics
         libp2p_pubsub_sent_messages.inc(labelValues = [$p.peerId, t])
 
-proc send*(p: PubSubPeer, msg: RPCMsg, anonymize: bool) {.raises: [Defect].} =
+proc sendEncoded*(p: PubSubPeer, msg: seq[byte]) {.raises: [Defect].} =
   doAssert(not isNil(p), "pubsubpeer nil!")
 
+  if msg.len <= 0:
+    debug "empty message, skipping", p, msg = shortLog(msg)
+    return
+
   let conn = p.sendConn
   if conn == nil or conn.closed():
-    trace "No send connection, skipping message", p, msg
+    trace "No send connection, skipping message", p, msg = shortLog(msg)
     return
 
+  # To limit the size of the closure, we only pass the encoded message and
+  # connection to the spawned send task
+  asyncSpawn(try:
+    sendImpl(conn, msg)
+  except Exception as exc: # TODO chronos Exception
+    raiseAssert exc.msg)
+
+proc send*(p: PubSubPeer, msg: RPCMsg, anonymize: bool) {.raises: [Defect].} =
   trace "sending msg to peer", peer = p, rpcMsg = shortLog(msg)
 
   # When sending messages, we take care to re-encode them with the right
@@ -253,16 +265,7 @@ proc send*(p: PubSubPeer, msg: RPCMsg, anonymize: bool) {.raises: [Defect].} =
     sendMetrics(msg)
     encodeRpcMsg(msg, anonymize)
 
-  if encoded.len <= 0:
-    debug "empty message, skipping", p, msg
-    return
-
-  # To limit the size of the closure, we only pass the encoded message and
-  # connection to the spawned send task
-  asyncSpawn(try:
-    sendImpl(conn, encoded)
-  except Exception as exc: # TODO chronos Exception
-    raiseAssert exc.msg)
+  p.sendEncoded(encoded)
 
 proc newPubSubPeer*(peerId: PeerID,
                     getConn: GetConn,
diff --git a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/rpc/protobuf.nim b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/rpc/protobuf.nim
index 68794ea..3d499af 100644
--- a/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/rpc/protobuf.nim
+++ b/libp2p/protocols/pubsub/rpc/protobuf.nim
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 ## those terms.
 
 import options
+import stew/assign2
 import chronicles
 import messages,
        ../../../peerid,
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ proc encodeMessage*(msg: Message, anonymize: bool): seq[byte] =
 
   when defined(libp2p_protobuf_metrics):
     libp2p_pubsub_rpc_bytes_write.inc(pb.getLen().int64, labelValues = ["message"])
-  
+
   pb.buffer
 
 proc write*(pb: var ProtoBuffer, field: int, msg: Message, anonymize: bool) =
@@ -320,8 +321,8 @@ proc encodeRpcMsg*(msg: RPCMsg, anonymize: bool): seq[byte] =
 proc decodeRpcMsg*(msg: seq[byte]): ProtoResult[RPCMsg] {.inline.} =
   trace "decodeRpcMsg: decoding message", msg = msg.shortLog()
   var pb = initProtoBuffer(msg)
-  var rpcMsg: RPCMsg
-  rpcMsg.messages = ? pb.decodeMessages()
-  rpcMsg.subscriptions = ? pb.decodeSubscriptions()
-  rpcMsg.control = ? pb.decodeControl()
-  ok(rpcMsg)
+  var rpcMsg = ok(RPCMsg())
+  assign(rpcMsg.get().messages, ? pb.decodeMessages())
+  assign(rpcMsg.get().subscriptions, ? pb.decodeSubscriptions())
+  assign(rpcMsg.get().control, ? pb.decodeControl())
+  rpcMsg
diff --git a/libp2p/stream/lpstream.nim b/libp2p/stream/lpstream.nim
index 5e480b6..923e052 100644
--- a/libp2p/stream/lpstream.nim
+++ b/libp2p/stream/lpstream.nim
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@ proc readLine*(s: LPStream,
 
   while true:
     var ch: char
-    await readExactly(s, addr ch, 1)
+    if (await readOnce(s, addr ch, 1)) == 0:
+      raise newLPStreamEOFError()
 
     if sep[state] == ch:
       inc(state)
@@ -202,12 +203,15 @@ proc readLine*(s: LPStream,
 
 proc readVarint*(conn: LPStream): Future[uint64] {.async, gcsafe.} =
   var
-    varint: uint64
-    length: int
     buffer: array[10, byte]
 
   for i in 0..<len(buffer):
-    await conn.readExactly(addr buffer[i], 1)
+    if (await conn.readOnce(addr buffer[i], 1)) == 0:
+      raise newLPStreamEOFError()
+
+    var
+      varint: uint64
+      length: int
     let res = PB.getUVarint(buffer.toOpenArray(0, i), length, varint)
     if res.isOk():
       return varint
diff --git a/tests/pubsub/testgossipsub.nim b/tests/pubsub/testgossipsub.nim
index 3a08ad5..9b12b21 100644
--- a/tests/pubsub/testgossipsub.nim
+++ b/tests/pubsub/testgossipsub.nim
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import utils, ../../libp2p/[errors,
                             protocols/pubsub/rpc/messages]
 import ../helpers
 
+proc `$`(peer: PubSubPeer): string = shortLog(peer)
+
 proc waitSub(sender, receiver: auto; key: string) {.async, gcsafe.} =
   if sender == receiver:
     return